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Article

Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficient of Economically Important Fruit Trees in the Eastern Amazon

by
Matheus Lima Rua
1,*,
Gabriel Siqueira Tavares Fernandes
1,
Tayssa Menezes Franco
1,
Miguel Gabriel Moraes Santos
1,
Maryelle Kleyce Machado Nery
1,
Andressa Julia Santos Vasconcelos
1,
Leandro Monteiro Navarro
1,
Juliane Samara da Costa Dias
1,
Joshuan Bessa da Conceição
1,
Israel Alves de Oliveira
1,
Marcus José Alves de Lima
2,
Vivian Dielly da Silva Farias
3,
Hildo Giuseppe Garcia Caldas Nunes
4,
Adriano Marlisom Leão de Sousa
1,
Everaldo Barreiros de Souza
5,
Glauco de Souza Rolim
6,
Mirta Teresinha Petry
7,
Samuel Orlando Ortega-Farias
8 and
Paulo Jorge de Oliveira Ponte de Souza
1
1
Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Interaction in Amazonia Research Group, Socio-Environmental and Water Resources Institute, Belém Campus, Federal Rural University of Amazonia—UFRA, Belém 66077-830, PA, Brazil
2
Capitão Poço Campus, Federal Rural University of Amazonia—UFRA, Capitão Poço 68650-000, PA, Brazil
3
Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Altamira Campus, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Altamira 68371-040, PA, Brazil
4
Secretariat for the Environment, Climate and Sustainability—SEMAS—PA, Belém 66093-671, PA, Brazil
5
Institute of Geosciences, Belém Campus, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
6
Department of Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho—UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
7
Department of Rural Engineering, Center for Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria—UFSM, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
8
Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Riego y Agroclimatología (CITRA), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Hydrology 2026, 13(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13040108
Submission received: 6 February 2026 / Revised: 17 March 2026 / Accepted: 27 March 2026 / Published: 10 April 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Resources Management Under Uncertainty and Climate Change (Second Edition))
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Abstract

This study aimed to determine the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act) and the crop coefficient (Kc) of economically important fruit crops in the Amazon, under both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. The ETc act was determined using the soil water balance method, while Kc was determined using the ratio of ETc act to reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The treatments were evaluated during the rainy period (RP) and the less rainy period (LRP). During the RP, ETc act showed no significant differences between treatments, ranging from 2.26 to 3.03 mm day−1. During the LRP, the irrigated treatment (2.91 to 4.02 mm day−1) showed higher ETc act compared to the non-irrigated treatment (1.53 to 2.87 mm day−1). For the non-irrigated treatment, only the dwarf green coconut and the acid lime had a higher ETc act in the LRP than the RP, while the açaí palm and the cocoa showed lower values during the LRP. In general, ETc act remained below ETo, with Kc values ranging from 0.81 to 0.85 during the RP and increasing to 0.89–0.93 during the LRP. Irrigation provided water support to the studied fruit crops during periods of lower rainfall, meeting the higher atmospheric demand during the less rainy period.
Keywords: water demand; fruit growing; soil water balance water demand; fruit growing; soil water balance

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Rua, M.L.; Fernandes, G.S.T.; Franco, T.M.; Santos, M.G.M.; Nery, M.K.M.; Vasconcelos, A.J.S.; Navarro, L.M.; Dias, J.S.d.C.; Conceição, J.B.d.; Oliveira, I.A.d.; et al. Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficient of Economically Important Fruit Trees in the Eastern Amazon. Hydrology 2026, 13, 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13040108

AMA Style

Rua ML, Fernandes GST, Franco TM, Santos MGM, Nery MKM, Vasconcelos AJS, Navarro LM, Dias JSdC, Conceição JBd, Oliveira IAd, et al. Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficient of Economically Important Fruit Trees in the Eastern Amazon. Hydrology. 2026; 13(4):108. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13040108

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rua, Matheus Lima, Gabriel Siqueira Tavares Fernandes, Tayssa Menezes Franco, Miguel Gabriel Moraes Santos, Maryelle Kleyce Machado Nery, Andressa Julia Santos Vasconcelos, Leandro Monteiro Navarro, Juliane Samara da Costa Dias, Joshuan Bessa da Conceição, Israel Alves de Oliveira, and et al. 2026. "Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficient of Economically Important Fruit Trees in the Eastern Amazon" Hydrology 13, no. 4: 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13040108

APA Style

Rua, M. L., Fernandes, G. S. T., Franco, T. M., Santos, M. G. M., Nery, M. K. M., Vasconcelos, A. J. S., Navarro, L. M., Dias, J. S. d. C., Conceição, J. B. d., Oliveira, I. A. d., Lima, M. J. A. d., Farias, V. D. d. S., Nunes, H. G. G. C., Sousa, A. M. L. d., Souza, E. B. d., Rolim, G. d. S., Petry, M. T., Ortega-Farias, S. O., & Souza, P. J. d. O. P. d. (2026). Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficient of Economically Important Fruit Trees in the Eastern Amazon. Hydrology, 13(4), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13040108

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