Anthropogenic Activity in the Topo-Climatic Interaction of the Tapajós River Basin, in the Brazilian Amazon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- (1)
- From this grid, time series of data were extracted pointwise at each grid cell, thus allowing for the creation of tables and the performance of statistical calculations. The sampling aimed for the greatest uniformity of the internal landscape of each grid cell, allowing the relationship to have a more direct correspondence with the dominant land cover (deforested area).
- (2)
- After selection, the total DFT value, accumulated PREC and average TMAX and TMIN for the CHU+ and CHU− stations were calculated for each grid cell from 2008 to 2018 (11 years). Microsoft Excel was used along with Pearson’s correlation r tests (the quotient between covariance and the product of their standard deviations), Equation (4) and the coefficient of determination—R² (a measure (in percentage) of the amount of variation in one variable explained by the other; this is the square of Pearson’s correlation coefficient) were applied to the tabulated data, which were then applied to the values of these variables [30,35]:
3. Results
3.1. Climatological Normal and Precipitation and Temperature Anomaly
3.2. Integrated Analysis between Deforestation and Meteorological Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PREC | TMAX | TMIN | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CHU+ | CHU− | CHU+ | CHU− | CHU+ | CHU− | |
Year | 2011–2012 (CHU+)/2012 (CHU−) | |||||
Average | 1835.6 | 242.9 | 30.8 | 33.2 | 20.9 | 19.0 |
Standard deviation | 131.3 | 111.7 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.4 |
Year | 2014–2015 (CHU+)/2015 (CHU−) | |||||
Average | 1816.8 | 237.8 | 31.3 | 33.9 | 21.3 | 19.7 |
Standard deviation | 206.7 | 116.8 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.0 |
Year | 2016–2017 (CHU+)/2017 (CHU−) | |||||
Average | 1897.6 | 246.2 | 31.1 | 33.5 | 21.2 | 21.2 |
Standard deviation | 126.2 | 111.3 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
Sub-Basins | Squares | TMAXCHU+ | TMAXCHU− | TMINCHU+ | TMINCHU− | PRECCHU+ | PRECCHU− | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | R² | r | R² | r | R² | r | R² | r | R² | r | R² | ||
Low | C26 | 0.37 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.21 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.15 |
J24 | −0.30 | 0.09 | −0.28 | 0.08 | −0.58 | 0.34 | −0.51 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.11 | −0.02 | 0.00 | |
L28 | −0.34 | 0.11 | −0.66 | 0.43 | −0.43 | 0.19 | −0.70 | 0.49 | 0.19 | 0.04 | −0.22 | 0.05 | |
N22 | −0.28 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.14 | −0.19 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.17 | |
Average | Q22 | −0.14 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.03 | −0.08 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.01 | −0.60 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.19 |
V13 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 0.75 | 0.56 | 0.40 | 0.16 | 0.47 | 0.22 | −0.19 | 0.04 | −0.17 | 0.03 | |
Z20 | 0.44 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.03 | −0.10 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Y26 | −0.62 | 0.39 | −0.63 | 0.40 | −0.63 | 0.40 | −0.61 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.32 | 0.10 | |
AG26 | −0.45 | 0.20 | −0.14 | 0.02 | −0.45 | 0.20 | −0.14 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.24 | 0.06 | |
High | AL10 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.20 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.2 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.00 | −0.11 | 0.01 |
AM18 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.06 | −0.19 | 0.04 | −0.16 | 0.03 | |
AP10 | −0.49 | 0.24 | −0.24 | 0.06 | −0.48 | 0.23 | −0.24 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | |
AS30 | −0.43 | 0.19 | −0.06 | 0.00 | −0.43 | 0.19 | −0.06 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.03 | |
BH19 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.31 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.31 | −0.16 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.01 |
Mann Kendall Test | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Statistic S | Var (S) | Tau | p-Value | Alpha |
PRECCHU+ | 4320 | 2,896,013 | 0.099 | 0.01115 | 0.05 |
PRECCHU− | −4670 | 2,925,206 | −0.106 | 0.00634 | 0.05 |
DFT | 2600 | 268,666 | 0.333 | 0.1272 | 0.05 |
TMAXCHU+ | 4597 | 1,639,297 | 0.167 | 0.0003 | 0.05 |
TMAXCHU− | 2615 | 2,590,038 | 0.072 | 0.1043 | 0.05 |
TMINCHU+ | 8049 | 2,706,214 | 0.211 | 0.0000 | 0.05 |
TMINCHU− | 17,580 | 2,797,603 | 0.441 | 0.0000 | 0.05 |
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Share and Cite
Franco, V.d.S.; Lima, A.M.M.d.; Oliveira, R.R.S.d.; Souza, E.B.d.; Sodré, G.R.C.; Santos, D.C.; Adami, M.; Serrão, E.A.d.O.; Dias, T.S.d.S. Anthropogenic Activity in the Topo-Climatic Interaction of the Tapajós River Basin, in the Brazilian Amazon. Hydrology 2024, 11, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11060082
Franco VdS, Lima AMMd, Oliveira RRSd, Souza EBd, Sodré GRC, Santos DC, Adami M, Serrão EAdO, Dias TSdS. Anthropogenic Activity in the Topo-Climatic Interaction of the Tapajós River Basin, in the Brazilian Amazon. Hydrology. 2024; 11(6):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11060082
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranco, Vânia dos Santos, Aline Maria Meiguins de Lima, Rodrigo Rafael Souza de Oliveira, Everaldo Barreiros de Souza, Giordani Rafael Conceição Sodré, Diogo Correa Santos, Marcos Adami, Edivaldo Afonso de Oliveira Serrão, and Thaiane Soeiro da Silva Dias. 2024. "Anthropogenic Activity in the Topo-Climatic Interaction of the Tapajós River Basin, in the Brazilian Amazon" Hydrology 11, no. 6: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11060082