Assessment and Mitigation of Fecal Bacteria Exports from a Coastal North Carolina Watershed

Humphrey, Charles P.; Lyons, Nicole; Bond, Ryan; Bean, Eban; O’Driscoll, Michael; White, Avian

doi:10.3390/hydrology10070156

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Assessment and Mitigation of Fecal Bacteria Exports from a Coastal North Carolina Watershed

by

Charles P. Humphrey, Jr.

^1,*

,

Nicole Lyons

²,

Ryan Bond

³,

Eban Bean

⁴,

Michael O’Driscoll

⁵ and

Avian White

¹

Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA

²

US Food and Drug Administration, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA

³

NC Department of Environmental Quality, Winston-Salem, NC 27105, USA

⁴

Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

⁵

Department of Coastal Studies, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Hydrology 2023, 10(7), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10070156

Submission received: 27 June 2023 / Revised: 20 July 2023 / Accepted: 20 July 2023 / Published: 23 July 2023

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Abstract

Urban runoff from the Boat House Creek watershed was suspected as a main delivery mechanism for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) to the lower White Oak River Estuary in coastal North Carolina, but the dominant source of waste (animal or human) was unknown. Water samples from eight locations within the watershed were collected approximately monthly for two years for enumeration of Escherichia coli (E. coli), enterococci, physicochemical characterization, and microbial source tracking analyses. Concentrations and loadings of E. coli and enterococci were typically elevated during stormflow relative to baseflow conditions, and most samples (66% of enterococci and 75% of E. coli) exceeded the US EPA statistical threshold values. Concentrations of FIB were significantly higher during warm relative to colder months. Human sources of FIB were not observed in the samples, and FIB concentrations increased in locations with wider buffers, thus wildlife was the suspected main FIB source. Stormwater control measures including a rain garden, water control structures, swale modifications, and check dams were implemented to reduce runoff and FIB loadings to the estuary. Stormflow reductions of >5700 m³ year⁻¹ are estimated from the installation of the practices. More work will be needed to improve/maintain water quality as watershed development continues.

Keywords: coastal; fecal bacteria; runoff; stormwater

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MDPI and ACS Style

Humphrey, C.P., Jr.; Lyons, N.; Bond, R.; Bean, E.; O’Driscoll, M.; White, A. Assessment and Mitigation of Fecal Bacteria Exports from a Coastal North Carolina Watershed. Hydrology 2023, 10, 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10070156

AMA Style

Humphrey CP Jr., Lyons N, Bond R, Bean E, O’Driscoll M, White A. Assessment and Mitigation of Fecal Bacteria Exports from a Coastal North Carolina Watershed. Hydrology. 2023; 10(7):156. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10070156

Chicago/Turabian Style

Humphrey, Charles P., Jr., Nicole Lyons, Ryan Bond, Eban Bean, Michael O’Driscoll, and Avian White. 2023. "Assessment and Mitigation of Fecal Bacteria Exports from a Coastal North Carolina Watershed" Hydrology 10, no. 7: 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10070156

APA Style

Humphrey, C. P., Jr., Lyons, N., Bond, R., Bean, E., O’Driscoll, M., & White, A. (2023). Assessment and Mitigation of Fecal Bacteria Exports from a Coastal North Carolina Watershed. Hydrology, 10(7), 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10070156

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Assessment and Mitigation of Fecal Bacteria Exports from a Coastal North Carolina Watershed

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