Extending the Design Life of the Palm Jumeirah Revetment Considering Climate Change Effects
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Setting of Definitions
2.2.1. Service Lifetime
2.2.2. Performance Criteria
- Armor stability: the damage level is set as the initiation of armor damage, with Sd = 2 in Van Der Meer’s formula for the 100-year return period event.
- Toe stability: the damage level is set for the toe stability as the start of damage, with Nod = 0.5.
- Filter criteria: to ensure the long-term stability of the revetment, the filter criteria limits are defined as found in the Rock Manual [15].
- Overtopping criteria: overtopping is the average discharge rate of water along the breakwater per linear meter. In this study, the overtopping criteria at the wave wall of the revetment for the 1-year and 100-year return events are set as 0.03 L/s/m and 1.00 L/s/m, respectively, based on the original design criteria.
2.2.3. Revetment Crest Level
2.2.4. Design Wave Heights
2.3. Climate Change Scenarios
2.4. Upgrading
- Adding an extra armor layer
- Adding an extra armor layer with a milder slope
- Adding a flat berm
- Adding a submerged breakwater offshore
3. Results
3.1. Assessment of the Existing Structure
3.1.1. Armor Stability
3.1.2. Toe Stability
3.1.3. Overtopping
3.1.4. Filter Design
3.2. Proposed Solutions
3.2.1. Solution 1: Extra Armor Layer with a Milder Slope
3.2.2. Solution 2: Flat Berm
3.2.3. Solution 3: Submerged Breakwater on the Foreshore
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Return Period (Years) | Hm0 (m) | Tp (s) |
---|---|---|
1 | 3.00 | 8.7 |
100 | 4.37 | 10.3 |
Model | DHWL 1-Year | DLWL 1-Year | DHWL 100 Years | DLWL 100 Years |
---|---|---|---|---|
Water level | +2.52 | 0 | +3.12 | 0 |
Spectral significant wave height—Hm0 (m) | 2.86 | 2.86 | 4.23 | 3.66 |
Peak period—RTP (S) | 8.96 | 8.96 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Mean absolute wave period—TM01 (S) | 6.9 | 6.2 | 7.0 | 6.3 |
Period based on first negative moment of energy spectrum—TMM10 (S) | 7.6 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 7.5 |
Direction spreading of waves—DSPR (Deg) | 30 | 30 | 30 | 27 |
Water depth—DEPTH (m) | 12.02 | 9.50 | 12.63 | 9.58 |
Mean wave height of the highest 1/3rd of the waves—H1/3 (m) | 2.91 | 2.96 | 4.39 | 3.78 |
Wave height exceeded by 2% of the waves—H2% (m) | 4.08 | 3.82 | 5.47 | 4.60 |
Scenarios | Hs (m) | ht (m) | h (m) | Dn50 (m) | M50 (kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-year | 3.0 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 0.50 | 333 |
100-year | 3.8 | 6.6 | 9.6 | 0.58 | 537 |
Armor (3–6 t) | Filter (0.3–1 t) | Core (1–500 kg) | |
---|---|---|---|
NLL | 3000 | 300 | 1 |
NUL | 6000 | 1000 | 1000 |
M50 | 5800 | 671 | 64 |
D10 | 1.28 | 0.61 | 0.12 |
D15 | 1.32 | 0.64 | 0.15 |
D60 | 1.47 | 0.78 | 0.40 |
D85 | 1.54 | 0.84 | 0.61 |
Dn50 | 1.22 | 0.63 | 0.29 |
Filter Criteria | Armor (3–6 t) | Filter (0.3–1 t) | Core (1–500 kg) | Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|
Migration, M50f/M50b | 6.92 | - | - | <15–20 |
Interface stability, D15f/D85b | 1.57 | 1.05 | - | <5 |
Internal stability, D60/D10 | 1.15 | 1.28 | 3.33 | <10 |
Permeability, D15f/D15b | - | 4.27 | - | >1 |
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Elkersh, K.; Atabay, S.; Yilmaz, A.G.; Morad, Y.; Nouar, N. Extending the Design Life of the Palm Jumeirah Revetment Considering Climate Change Effects. Hydrology 2023, 10, 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10050111
Elkersh K, Atabay S, Yilmaz AG, Morad Y, Nouar N. Extending the Design Life of the Palm Jumeirah Revetment Considering Climate Change Effects. Hydrology. 2023; 10(5):111. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10050111
Chicago/Turabian StyleElkersh, Khaled, Serter Atabay, Abdullah Gokhan Yilmaz, Yomna Morad, and Nour Nouar. 2023. "Extending the Design Life of the Palm Jumeirah Revetment Considering Climate Change Effects" Hydrology 10, no. 5: 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10050111
APA StyleElkersh, K., Atabay, S., Yilmaz, A. G., Morad, Y., & Nouar, N. (2023). Extending the Design Life of the Palm Jumeirah Revetment Considering Climate Change Effects. Hydrology, 10(5), 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10050111