Pharmacological Treatment for Long-Term Patients with Schizophrenia and Its Effects on Sleep in Daily Clinical Practice: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Pharmacological Data
2.3. Sleep Inventories
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Total Medication Use
3.2. Antipsychotic Medication
3.3. Sleep Medication
3.4. Additional Medications
3.5. Subjective Quality of Sleep Measurements
3.6. Interaction Effects between Pharmacological Treatment and Quality of Sleep
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kane, J.M.; Correll, C.U. Pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 2010, 12, 345–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tandon, R. Antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: An overview. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2011, 72, 4–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jaffe, A.B.; Levine, J. Efficacy and effectiveness of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2003, 64, 3–6. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- De Oliveira, I.R.; Miranda-Scippa, A.M.; de Sena, E.P.; Pereira, E.L.; Ribeiro, M.G.; de Castro-e-Silva, E.; Bacaltchuk, J. Risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis comparing their efficacy and safety. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 1996, 21, 349–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leucht, C.; Kitzmantel, M.; Chua, L.; Kane, J.; Leucht, S. Haloperidol versus chlorpromazine for treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2008, 34, 813–815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olfson, M.; Marcus, S.C.; Ascher-Svanum, H. Treatment of schizophrenia with long-acting fluphenazine, haloperidol, or risperidone. Schizophr. Bull. 2007, 33, 1379–1387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gardos, G.; Orzack, M.H.; Finn, G.; Cole, J.O. High and low dose thiothixene treatment in chronic schizophrenia. Dis. Nerv. Syst. 1974, 35, 53–58. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Høyberg, O.J.; Fensbo, C.; Remvig, J.; Lingjærde, O.; Sloth-Nielsen, M.; Salvesen, I. Risperidone versus perphenazine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients with acute exacerbations. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1993, 88, 395–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marder, S.R.; Meibach, R.C. Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1994, 151, 825–835. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- McGurk, S.R.; Lee, M.A.; Jayathilake, K.; Meltzer, H.Y. Cognitive effects of olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia. MedGenMed. 2004, 6, 27. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Buckley, P.F. Efficacy of quetiapine for the treatment of schizophrenia: A combined analysis of three placebo-controlled trials. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2004, 20, 1357–1363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marder, S.R.; McQuade, R.D.; Stock, E.; Kaplita, S.; Marcus, R.; Safferman, A.Z.; Saha, A.; Ali, M.; Iwamoto, T. Aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia: Safety and tolerability in short-term, placebo-controlled trials. Schizophr. Res. 2003, 61, 123–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Plosker, G.L.; Deeks, E.D. Asenapine: A review in schizophrenia. CNS. Drugs 2016, 30, 655–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kane, J.M.; Correll, C.U. Past and present progress in the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2010, 71, 1115–1124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, J.P.; Malhotra, A.K. Pharmacogenetics and antipsychotics: Therapeutic efficacy and side effects prediction. Exp. Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2011, 7, 9–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arranz, M.J.; de Leon, J. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia: A review of last decade of research. Mol. Psychiatry 2007, 12, 707–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Hert, M.; Detraux, J.; van Winkel, R.; Yu, W.; Correll, C.U. Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2012, 8, 114–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Divac, N.; Prostran, M.; Jakovcevski, I.; Cerovac, N. Second-generation antipsychotics and extrapyramidal adverse effects. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014, 2014, 656370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leucht, S.; Corves, C.; Arbter, D.; Engel, R.R.; Li, C.; Davis, J.M. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Lancet 2009, 373, 31–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feinstein, R.E. Cardiovascular effects of novel antipsychotic medications. Heart Dis. 2002, 4, 184–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, S. First-generation vs. second-generation antipsychotic drugs: The ongoing saga. Indian. J. Psychiatry. 2010, 52, 77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zink, M.; Englisch, S.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Polypharmacy in schizophrenia. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 2010, 23, 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van den Noort, M.; Staudte, H.; Perriard, B.; Yeo, S.; Lim, S.; Bosch, P. Schizophrenia and comorbid sleep disorders. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 2016, 3, 225–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monti, J.M.; Torterolo, P.; Pandi Perumal, S.R. The effects of second generation antipsychotic drugs on sleep variables in healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Sleep. Med. Rev. 2017, 33, 51–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Monti, J.M.; Monti, D. Sleep disturbance in schizophrenia. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 2005, 17, 247–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krystal, A.D.; Goforth, H.W.; Roth, T. Effects of antipsychotic medications on sleep in schizophrenia. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2008, 23, 150–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Touyz, S.W.; Beaumont, P.J.V.; Saayman, G.S.; Zabow, T.A. A psychophysiological investigation of the short-term effects of clozapine upon sleep parameters of normal young adults. Biol. Psychiatry 1977, 12, 801–822. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Sharpley, A.L.; Vassallo, C.M.; Cowen, P.J. Olanzapine increases slow wave sleep: Evidence for blockade of central 5-HT2c receptors in vivo. Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 47, 468–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohrs, S.; Rodenbeck, A.; Guan, Z.; Pohlmann, K.; Jordan, W.; Meier, A.; Rüther, E. Sleep-promoting properties of quetiapine in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology 2004, 174, 421–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohrs, S.; Meier, A.; Neumann, A.C.; Jordan, W.; Rüther, E.; Rodenbeck, A. Improved sleep continuity and increased slow wave sleep and REM latency during ziprasidone treatment: A randomized, controlled, crossover trial of 12 healthy male subjects. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2005, 66, 989–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salin-Pascual, R.J.; Herrera-Estrella, M.; Galicia-Polo, L.; Rosas, M.; Brunner, E. Low delta sleep predicted a good clinical response to olanzapine administration in schizophrenic patients. Rev. Invest. Clin. 2004, 56, 345–350. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Luthringer, R.; Staner, L.; Noel, N.; Muzet, M.; Gassmann-Mayer, C.; Talluri, K.; Cleton, A.; Eerdekens, M.; Battisti, W.P.; Palumbo, J.M. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study evaluating the effect of paliperidone extended-release tablets on sleep architecture in patients with schizophrenia. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2007, 22, 299–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keshavan, M.S.; Prasad, K.M.; Montrose, D.M.; Miewald, J.M.; Knupfer, D.J. Sleep quality and architecture in quetiapine, risperidone, or never-treated schizophrenia patients. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2007, 27, 703–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Waite, F.; Myers, E.; Harvey, A.G.; Espie, C.A.; Startup, H.; Sheaves, B.; Freeman, D. Treating sleep problems in patients with schizophrenia. Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 2016, 44, 273–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benson, K.L. Sleep in schizophrenia: Impairments, correlates, and treatment. Psychiatr. Clin. North. Am. 2006, 29, 1033–1045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kajimura, N.; Kato, M.; Okuma, T.; Onuma, T. Effects of zopiclone on sleep and symptoms in schizophrenia: Comparison with benzodiazepine hypnotics. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 1994, 18, 477–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pagel, J.F.; Parnes, B.L. Medications for the treatment of sleep disorders: An overview. Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry 2001, 3, 118–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keating, D.; McWilliams, S.; Schneider, I.; Hynes, C.; Cousins, G.; Strawbridge, J.; Clarke, M. Pharmacological guidelines for schizophrenia: A systematic review and comparison of recommendations for the first episode. BMJ Open 2017, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anderson, G.D. Gender differences in pharmacological response. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2008, 83, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Crawford, M.B.; DeLisi, L.E. Issues related to sex differences in antipsychotic treatment. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 2016, 29, 211–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines; World Health Organization Press: Geneva, CH, USA, 1992; pp. 1–374. ISBN 978-9241544221. [Google Scholar]
- Edwards, B.A.; O’Driscoll, D.M.; Ali, A.; Jordan, A.S.; Trinder, J.; Malhotra, A. Aging and sleep: Physiology and pathophysiology. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010, 31, 618–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van den Noort, M.; Perriard, B.; Lim, S.; Bosch, P. Why are self-rating results in patients with schizophrenia often unreliable? Psychiatry Res. 2017, 251, 76–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lehrl, S. Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest MWT-B [Multiple-Choice-Vocabulary-Intelligence Test MWT-B]; Spitta Verlag: Balingen, DE, USA, 2005; ISBN 978-3921883471. [Google Scholar]
- Buysse, D.J.; Reynolds III, C.F.; Monk, T.H.; Berman, S.R.; Kupfer, D.J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989, 28, 193–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johns, M.W. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep 1991, 14, 540–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Noort, M.V.; Struys, E.; Perriard, B.; Staudte, H.; Yeo, S.; Lim, S.; Bosch, P. Schizophrenia and depression: The relation between sleep quality and working memory. Asian J. Psychiatr. 2016, 24, 73–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hametner, E.; Frauscher, B.; Högl, B.; Wenning, G.; Hussl, A.; Poewe, W.; Seppi, K. L01 sleep in patients with Huntington’s disease: An interim analysis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2012, 83, A43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bleakley, S. Identifying and reducing the risk of antipsychotic drug interactions. Prog. Neurol. Psychiatry 2012, 16, 20–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Razzouk, D.; Kayo, M.; Sousa, A.; Gregorio, G.; Cogo-Moreira, H.; Cardoso, A.A.; Mari Jde, J. The impact of antipsychotic polytherapy costs in the public health care in Sao Paulo, Brazil. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0124791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Faries, D.; Ascher-Svanum, H.; Zhu, B.; Correll, C.; Kane, J. Antipsychotic monotherapy and polypharmacy in the naturalistic treatment of schizophrenia with atypical antipsychotics. BMC. Psychiatry 2005, 5, 26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jablensky, A. Schizophrenia or schizophrenias? The challenge of genetic parsing of a complex disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 2015, 172, 105–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1994; pp. 1–886. ISBN 978-0890420621. [Google Scholar]
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed.; text rev.; American Psychiatric Association Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2000; pp. 1–943. ISBN 978-0890420256. [Google Scholar]
- Lieberman, J.A.; Stroup, T.S.; McEvoy, J.P.; Swartz, M.S.; Rosenheck, R.A.; Perkins, D.O.; Keefe, R.S.; Davis, S.M.; Davis, C.E.; Lebowitz, B.D.; et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353, 1209–1223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharma, P.; Dikshit, R.; Shah, N.; Karia, S.; De Sousa, A. Excessive daytime sleepiness in schizophrenia: A naturalistic clinical study. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2016, 10, VC06–VC08. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Monti, J.M.; Monti, D. Sleep in schizophrenia patients and the effects of antipsychotic drugs. Sleep Med. Rev. 2004, 8, 133–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Falkenburg, J.; Tracy, D.K. Sex and schizophrenia: A review of gender differences. Psychosis 2012, 6, 61–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lange, B.; Mueller, J.K.; Leweke, F.M.; Bumb, J.M. How gender affects the pharmacotherapeutic approach to treating psychosis: A systematic review. Expert. Opin. Pharmacother. 2017, 18, 351–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kando, J.C.; Yonkers, K.A.; Cole, J.O. Gender as a risk factor for adverse events to medications. Drugs 1995, 50, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rademaker, M. Do women have more adverse drug reactions? Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2001, 2, 349–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA Approves New Label Changes and Dosing for Zolpidem Products and A Recommendation to Avoid Driving the Day After Using Ambien CR. 2013. Available online: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm352085.htm (accessed on 23 April 2018).
- Norman, J.L.; Fixen, D.R.; Saseen, J.J.; Saba, L.M.; Linnebur, S.A. Zolpidem prescribing practices before and after Food and Drug Administration required product labeling changes. SAGE Open Med. 2017, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Drake, C.; Roehrs, T.; Shambroom, J.; Roth, T. Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 h before going to bed. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2013, 9, 1195–1200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jaehne, A.; Loessl, B.; Bárkai, Z.; Riemann, D.; Hornyak, M. Effects of nicotine on sleep during consumption, withdrawal and replacement therapy. Sleep Med. Rev. 2009, 13, 363–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gan, W.Q.; Cohen, S.B.; Man, S.F.; Sin, D.D. Sex-related differences in serum cotinine concentrations in daily cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2008, 10, 1293–1300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schennach, R.; Riedel, M.; Musil, R.; Möller, H.J. Treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci. 2012, 10, 78–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baandrup, L.; Glenthøj, B.Y.; Jennum, P.J. Objective and subjective sleep quality: Melatonin versus placebo add-on treatment in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder withdrawing from long-term benzodiazepine use. Psychiatry Res. 2016, 240, 163–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Birchwood, M.; Spencer, E.; McGovern, D. Schizophrenia: Early warning signs. Adv. Psychiatr. Treat. 2000, 6, 93–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sannohe, T.; Ohnuma, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Tani, E.; Miki, Y.; Takeda, M.; Katsuta, N.; Takebayashi, Y.; Nakamura, T.; Nishimon, S.; et al. High doses of antipsychotic polypharmacy are related to an increase in serum levels of pentosidine in patients with schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2017, 76, 42–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xiu, M.H.; Lin, C.G.; Tian, L.; Tan, Y.L.; Chen, J.; Chen, S.; Tan, S.P.; Wang, Z.R.; Yang, F.; Chen, D.C.; et al. Increased IL-3 serum levels in chronic patients with schizophrenia: Associated with psychopathology. Psychiatry Res. 2015, 229, 225–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krysta, K.; Krzystanek, M.; Bratek, A.; Krupka-Matuszczyk, I. Sleep and inflammatory markers in different psychiatric disorders. J. Neural Transm. 2017, 124, S179–S186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bäuml, J.; Pitschel-Walz, G.; Volz, A.; Lüscher, S.; Rentrop, M.; Kissling, W.; Jahn, T. Psychoeducation improves compliance and outcome in schizophrenia without an increase of adverse side effects: A 7-year follow-up of the Munich PIP-study. Schizophr. Bull. 2016, 42, S62–S70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Medication | Total | Male Group | Female Group |
---|---|---|---|
Total number of medications | 2.98 (SD = 1.90) | 2.95 (SD = 2.01) | 3.00 (SD = 1.84) |
Number of antipsychotics | 2.07 (SD = 1.30) | 2.11 (SD = 1.37) | 2.04 (SD = 1.27) |
Number of specific sleep medications | 0.05 (SD = 0.21) | 0.11 (SD = 0.32) | 0.00 (SD = 0.00) |
Number of evening sleep-enhancing medications | 0.84 (SD = 0.37) | 0.84 (SD = 0.37) | 0.83 (SD = 0.38) |
Number of other medications | 0.33 (SD = 0.57) | 0.37 (SD = 0.60) | 0.29 (SD = 0.55) |
Number of antidepressants | 0.44 (SD = 0.59) | 0.37 (SD = 0.60) | 0.50 (SD = 0.59) |
Number of anxiolytics | 0.07 (SD = 0.26) | 0.00 (SD = 0.00) | 0.13 (SD = 0.34) |
Sleep Inventories | Total | Male Group | Female Group |
---|---|---|---|
PSQI | 8.52 (SD = 4.70) | 7.80 (SD = 4.69) | 9.13 (SD = 4.72) |
ESS | 6.07 (SD = 4.01) | 6.30 (SD = 4.18) | 5.88 (SD = 3.95) |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bosch, P.; Lim, S.; Staudte, H.; Yeo, S.; Lee, S.-H.; Barisch, P.; Perriard, B.; Van den Noort, M. Pharmacological Treatment for Long-Term Patients with Schizophrenia and Its Effects on Sleep in Daily Clinical Practice: A Pilot Study. Medicines 2018, 5, 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5020044
Bosch P, Lim S, Staudte H, Yeo S, Lee S-H, Barisch P, Perriard B, Van den Noort M. Pharmacological Treatment for Long-Term Patients with Schizophrenia and Its Effects on Sleep in Daily Clinical Practice: A Pilot Study. Medicines. 2018; 5(2):44. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5020044
Chicago/Turabian StyleBosch, Peggy, Sabina Lim, Heike Staudte, Sujung Yeo, Sook-Hyun Lee, Pia Barisch, Benoît Perriard, and Maurits Van den Noort. 2018. "Pharmacological Treatment for Long-Term Patients with Schizophrenia and Its Effects on Sleep in Daily Clinical Practice: A Pilot Study" Medicines 5, no. 2: 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5020044