Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Constituents from Fresh Fruits of Alchornea cordifolia and Canthium subcordatum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Gas Chromatographic—Mass Spectral Analysis
2.3. Antibacterial Screening
2.4. Antifungal Screening
2.5. Cell Culture
2.6. Cytotoxicity Screening
3. Results and Discussion
RI a | RI b | Compound c,d | Area % | QI e % |
---|---|---|---|---|
855 | 854 | (E)-2-Hexenal | 1.7 | 97 |
940 | 939 | α-Pinene | 0.5 | 95 |
982 | 978 | 1-Octen-3-ol | 2.0 | 89 |
1003 | 1005 | α-Phellandrene | 7.4 | 94 |
1023 | 1026 | p-Cymene | 3.6 | 95 |
1031 | 1033 | 1,8-Cineole | 5.5 | 98 |
1086 | 1088 | Terpinolene | 5.7 | 98 |
1111 | 1111 | (Z)-Rose oxide | 0.6 | 93 |
1194 | 1190 | Methyl salicylate | 25.3 | 95 |
1221 | 1228 | Nerol | 0.8 | 96 |
1229 | 1228 | Citronellol | 21.4 | 97 |
1244 | 1240 | Neral | 0.7 | 96 |
1247 | - | Isogeraniol | 1.6 | 94 |
1258 | 1255 | Geraniol | 1.9 | 91 |
1272 | 1270 | Geranial | 1.0 | 95 |
1375 | 1376 | α-Copaene | 0.9 | 99 |
1385 | 1380 | (E)-β-Damascenone | 2.0 | 96 |
1392 | 1391 | β-Elemene | 0.4 | 95 |
1405 | - | Geosmin | 1.0 | 95 |
1408 | 1409 | α-Gurjunene | 0.3 | 99 |
1418 | 1418 | β-Caryophyllene | 2.8 | 99 |
1428 | 1426 | α-(E)-Ionone | 0.2 | 97 |
1452 | 1454 | α-Humulene | 3.0 | 99 |
1459 | 1461 | Alloaromadendrene | 0.3 | 99 |
1480 | 1480 | Germacrene D | 0.4 | 97 |
1484 | 1485 | β-Selinene | 0.7 | 99 |
1495 | 1494 | Bicyclogermacrene | 0.4 | 93 |
1509 | 1508 | (E,E)-α-Farnesene | 0.3 | 89 |
1523 | 1524 | δ-Cadinene | 0.9 | 99 |
1541 | 1542 | α-Calacorene | 0.2 | 98 |
1564 | 1564 | (E)-Nerolidol | 0.6 | 87 |
1579 | 1581 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1.1 | 98 |
1585 | 1583 | (E)-2-Hexenyl benzoate | 0.9 | 97 |
1617 | 1619 | 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol | 0.5 | 98 |
1628 | 1627 | 1-epi-Cubenol | 0.3 | 90 |
1642 | 1642 | Cubenol | 0.2 | 93 |
1683 | 1683 | α-Bisabolol | 0.3 | 94 |
1759 | 1762 | Benzyl benzoate | 0.3 | 96 |
RI a | RI b | Compound c,d | Area % | QI e % |
---|---|---|---|---|
855 | 854 | (E)-2-Hexenal | 0.4 | 90 |
940 | 939 | α-Pinene | 1.0 | 96 |
966 | 961 | Benzaldehyde | 28.0 | 95 |
982 | 978 | 1-Octen-3-ol | 4.4 | 92 |
998 | 993 | 3-Octanol | 1.2 | 83 |
1025 | 1026 | p-Cymene | 1.8 | 93 |
1031 | 1033 | 1,8-Cineole | 1.1 | 98 |
1102 | 1098 | Linalool | 2.0 | 94 |
1175 | 1171 | Nonanol | 0.3 | 94 |
1194 | 1190 | Methyl salicylate | 4.5 | 95 |
1218 | 1218 | β-Cyclocitral | 0.3 | 94 |
1234 | 1235 | Thymol methyl ether | 0.1 | 96 |
1257 | 1255 | Geraniol | 0.8 | 87 |
1350 | 1351 | α-Cubebene | 0.7 | 99 |
1376 | 1376 | α-Copaene | 2.9 | 99 |
1384 | 1384 | β-Bourbonene | 1.1 | 98 |
1391 | 1390 | β-Cubebene | 0.4 | 99 |
1393 | 1391 | β-Elemene | 0.5 | 97 |
1398 | 1398 | Cyperene | 0.2 | 90 |
1410 | 1409 | α-Gurjunene | 0.3 | 99 |
1418 | 1418 | β-Caryophyllene | 15.5 | 99 |
1429 | 1432 | Calarene | 0.5 | 92 |
1437 | 1436 | α-Bergamotene | 0.1 | 95 |
1439 | 1439 | α-Guaiene | 0.2 | 99 |
1453 | 1454 | α-Humulene | 1.2 | 99 |
1456 | - | Nerylacetone | 0.2 | 95 |
1460 | 1458 | (E)-β-Farnesene | 0.1 | 91 |
1468 | 1469 | Drima-7,9(11)-diene | 0.4 | 97 |
1478 | 1477 | γ-Muurolene | 1.1 | 99 |
1482 | 1480 | Germacrene D | 2.1 | 98 |
1486 | 1485 | β-Selinene | 1.3 | 99 |
1496 | 1491 | Valencene | 1.3 | 92 |
1501 | 1499 | α-Muurolene | 0.8 | 98 |
1511 | 1508 | (E,E)-α-Farnesene | 5.3 | 95 |
1524 | 1524 | δ-Cadinene | 2.1 | 99 |
1543 | 1542 | α-Calacorene | 0.4 | 91 |
1567 | 1564 | (E)-Nerolidol | 0.8 | 91 |
1572 | 1570 | (Z)-3-Hexenyl benzoate | 0.5 | 98 |
1583 | 1581 | Caryophyllene oxide | 3.5 | 90 |
1586 | 1583 | (E)-2-Hexenyl benzoate | 0.4 | 90 |
1596 | 1592 | Longiborneol | 2.3 | 98 |
1629 | 1627 | 1-epi-Cubenol | 1.3 | 87 |
1643 | 1642 | Cubenol | 0.9 | 95 |
1648 | 1645 | Torreyol (=α-Murrolol) | 1.9 | 93 |
1656 | 1653 | α-Cadinol | 1.6 | 83 |
1760 | 1762 | Benzyl benzoate | 0.4 | 98 |
Sample | B.c | S.a | E.c | P.a | C.a | A.n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. cordifolia | 625 | 78 | 625 | 625 | 625 | 156 |
C. subcordatum | 156 | 156 | 625 | 625 | 625 | 39 |
Positive control | 1.22 a | 0.61 a | 2.44 a | 1.22 a | 0.61 b | 0.61 b |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Essien, E.E.; Newby, J.S.; Walker, T.M.; Setzer, W.N.; Ekundayo, O. Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Constituents from Fresh Fruits of Alchornea cordifolia and Canthium subcordatum. Medicines 2016, 3, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3010001
Essien EE, Newby JS, Walker TM, Setzer WN, Ekundayo O. Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Constituents from Fresh Fruits of Alchornea cordifolia and Canthium subcordatum. Medicines. 2016; 3(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleEssien, Emmanuel E., Jennifer Schmidt Newby, Tameka M. Walker, William N. Setzer, and Olusegun Ekundayo. 2016. "Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Constituents from Fresh Fruits of Alchornea cordifolia and Canthium subcordatum" Medicines 3, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3010001