Rapid Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Harbour Porpoise Liver Tissue by HybridSPE®–UPLC®–MS/MS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.3. UPLC®–MS/MS Analysis
2.4. Method Validation and Data Analysis
2.5. Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. HybridSPE® Extraction
3.2. UPLC®-MS/MS Method Performance
3.3. Method Application
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Analytes | LOD (ng/g w.w.) | LOQ (ng/g w.w.) |
---|---|---|
PFPeA | 0.30 | 0.99 |
PFHxA | 0.20 | 0.67 |
PFHpA | 0.12 | 0.39 |
PFOA | 0.09 | 0.29 |
PFNA | 0.04 | 0.13 |
PFDA | 0.07 | 0.22 |
PFUnA | 0.03 | 0.09 |
PFDoA | 0.08 | 0.25 |
PFTrA | 0.12 | 0.41 |
PFTeA | 0.11 | 0.35 |
PFBS | 0.04 | 0.12 |
PFHxS | 0.01 | 0.04 |
PFOS | 0.02 | 0.08 |
PFOSA | 0.003 | 0.01 |
EtFOSA | 0.01 | 0.04 |
Reproducibility | PFBS | PFHxS | PFOS | PFPeA | PFHxA | PFHpA | PFOA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 ng (external) | 4.38 | 4.87 | 16.1 | 4.00 | 16.4 | 3.27 | 2.58 |
10 ng (internal) | 3.54 | 2.15 | 5.93 | 8.39 | 15.4 | 4.14 | 3.56 |
20 ng (external) | 2.07 | 2.00 | 9.71 | 4.82 | 14.5 | 2.07 | 1.92 |
20 ng (internal) | 5.25 | 5.19 | 3.94 | 7.00 | 10.5 | 4.63 | 4.81 |
Reproducibility | PFNA | PFDA | PFUnA | PFDoA | PFTrA | PFTeA | EtFOSA | PFOSA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 ng (external) | 2.79 | 3.43 | 1.71 | 4.37 | 3.59 | 6.19 | 4.73 | 2.16 |
10 ng (internal) | 3.94 | 3.45 | 3.91 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 2.42 | 4.63 |
20 ng (external) | 3.21 | 2.62 | 3.07 | 3.03 | 2.93 | 3.53 | 2.10 | 2.37 |
20 ng (internal) | 3.98 | 3.46 | 4.45 | 4.09 | 3.89 | 4.25 | 2.96 | 2.94 |
Target Analytes | Mean (ng/g w.w.) | Median (ng/g w.w.) | Min (ng/g w.w.) | Max (ng/g w.w.) | Detection Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFPeA | 46.7 | 46.7 | 46.7 | 46.7 | 5 * |
PFHxA | 159 | 159 | 159 | 159 | 5 * |
PFHpA | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 5 * |
PFOA | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 5 * |
PFNA | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.32 | 2.12 | 90 |
PFDA | 3.03 | 2.02 | 0.51 | 12.7 | 95 |
PFUnA | 4.94 | 3.03 | 0.94 | 16.7 | 95 |
PFDoA | 0.93 | 0.69 | 0.29 | 2.31 | 70 |
PFTrA | 1.81 | 1.62 | 0.50 | 4.32 | 70 |
PFTeA | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.77 | 25 |
PFBS | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 5 * |
PFHxS | 0.88 | 0.75 | 0.51 | 1.50 | 25 |
PFOS | 69.2 | 60.1 | 2.63 | 194 | 100 |
PFOSA | 0.61 | 0.53 | 0.20 | 1.11 | 100 |
EtFOSA | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 5 * |
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Trimmel, S.; Vike-Jonas, K.; Gonzalez, S.V.; Ciesielski, T.M.; Lindstrøm, U.; Jenssen, B.M.; Asimakopoulos, A.G. Rapid Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Harbour Porpoise Liver Tissue by HybridSPE®–UPLC®–MS/MS. Toxics 2021, 9, 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9080183
Trimmel S, Vike-Jonas K, Gonzalez SV, Ciesielski TM, Lindstrøm U, Jenssen BM, Asimakopoulos AG. Rapid Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Harbour Porpoise Liver Tissue by HybridSPE®–UPLC®–MS/MS. Toxics. 2021; 9(8):183. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9080183
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrimmel, Simone, Kristine Vike-Jonas, Susana V. Gonzalez, Tomasz Maciej Ciesielski, Ulf Lindstrøm, Bjørn Munro Jenssen, and Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos. 2021. "Rapid Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Harbour Porpoise Liver Tissue by HybridSPE®–UPLC®–MS/MS" Toxics 9, no. 8: 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9080183