Use of Plant Protection Products in Lombardy, Italy and the Health Risk for the Ingestion of Contaminated Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Lombardy Agricultural Territory
2.2. Plant Protection Products: Sale Data and Toxicity
2.3. Plant Protection Products in Groundwater
2.4. Health Risk Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Lombardy Agricultural Territory
3.2. Plant Protection Products: Sale Data and Toxicity
3.3. Plant Protection Products in the Groundwater and Health Risk Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics of the Territory | Unit | Parameter Value |
---|---|---|
Provinces | N | 12 |
Municipalities | N | 1539 |
Total area (ST) | h | 2,382,132 |
Total agricultural area (SAT) | 1,221,244 | |
Utilised agricultural area (SAU) | 980,112 | |
SAT/ST | % | 51.2 |
SAU/SAT | 80.0 | |
Cereals area/SAU | 74 | |
Vineyards area/SAU | 2 | |
Fruit and vegetables area/SAU | <1 | |
Other crops area/SAU 1 | 24 |
Unit | Traditional Farming | Organic Farming | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PPPs | Number | N | 2354 | |
2103 | 251 | |||
Quantity | kg | 1.3 × 107 | ||
All classes | kg (%) | 1.2 × 107 (100) | 2.0 × 106 (100) | |
Herbicides Fungicides Insecticides Multiple actions Other | 5.6 × 106 (49) 1.3 × 106 (12) 2.8 × 106 (24) 1.7 × 106 (14) 9.8 × 104 (1) | - 1.7 × 106 (85) 1.4 × 105 (7) 9.8 × 104 (5) 6.2 × 104 (3) | ||
Active substances | Number | N | 410 | |
370 | 40 | |||
Quantity | kg | 4.5 × 106 | ||
3.5 × 106 | 1.1 × 106 |
Active Substance | CAS | Functional Class | Quantity (kg) | Classification (CLP EU) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health Hazards | Environmental Hazards | ||||
Glyphosate | 1071-83-6 | herbicide | 6.0 × 105 | H318 | H411 |
Metam Sodium | 137-42-8 | multiple action | 4.8 × 105 | H302, H314, H317 | H400, H410 |
Metazaclor | 67129-08-2 | herbicide | 4.0 × 105 | H317, H351 | H400, H410 |
Terbuthylazine | 5915-41-3 | herbicide | 1.9 × 105 | H302, H373 | H400, H410 |
Metam Potassium | 137-41-7 | multiple action | 1.3 × 105 | H302, H312, H314, H317, H332 | H400, H410 |
Metolachlor | 51218-45-2 | herbicide | 1.3 × 105 | H317, H330 | H400, H410 |
Metiram | 9006-42-2 | fungicide | 7.9 × 104 | H317, H330 | - |
Pendimetalin | 40478-42-1 | herbicide | 6.1 × 104 | H317 | H400, H410 |
Glyphosate-isopropylammonium | 38641-94-0 | herbicide | 5.2 × 104 | - | H411 |
Fosetil Aluminium | 39148-24-8 | fungicide | 5.0 × 104 | H318 | - |
Total | 2.2 × 106 |
Active Substance | Monitored Molecule | Active Substance Sold in 2016 | Monitoring Points (n) | Monitoring Points with Exceedances n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Autumn | Spring | Autumn | |||
(MCPA) 2,4 acetic meticlorophenoxy acid | (MCPA) 2,4 acetic meticlorophenoxy acid | ✓ | 134 | 131 | 0 | 0 |
2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4 D) | 2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4 D) | 107 | 95 | 0 | 0 | |
Alachlor | Alachlor | ✓ | 126 | 123 | 0 | 0 |
Aldrin | Aldrin | 147 | 148 | 0 | 0 | |
Atrazine | Atrazine | 126 | 123 | 9 (7.1) | 5 (4.1) | |
Atrazine-desethyl | 126 | 123 | 6 (4.8) | 5 (4.1) | ||
Atrazine-desisopropyl | 126 | 123 | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.6) | ||
Azimsulfuron | Azimsulfuron | ✓ | 107 | 105 | 0 | 0 |
Bensulfuron methyl | Bensulfuron methyl | 107 | 105 | 0 | 0 | |
Bentazone | Bentazone | ✓ | 134 | 131 | 16 (11.9) | 15 (11.5) |
Lindane | β-Hexachlorocyclohexane | 126 | 123 | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.6) | |
Bromacil | Bromacil | 127 | 124 | 3 (2.4) | 1 (0.8) | |
DDD, DDT, DDE | DDD, DDT, DDE | 73 | 71 | 0 | 0 | |
Dicamba | Dicamba | ✓ | 134 | 131 | 0 | 0 |
Dichlorobenil | 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide | 127 | 124 | 11 (8.7) | 13 (10.5) | |
Diedrin | Diedrin | 147 | 148 | 0 | 0 | |
Dimethoate | Dimethoate | ✓ | 100 | 99 | 0 | 0 |
Diuron | Diuron | ✓ | 108 | 124 | 0 | 0 |
Endrin | Endrin | 147 | - | 0 | 0 | |
Glyphosate | Glyphosate | ✓ | 132 | 131 | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.5) |
AMPA | 125 | 123 | 5 (4.0) | 3 (2.4) | ||
Imidacloprid | Imidacloprid | ✓ | 107 | 105 | 0 | 0 |
Isodrin | Isodrin | 147 | - | 0 | 0 | |
Isoproturon | Isoproturon | 115 | 131 | 0 | 0 | |
Linuron | Linuron | ✓ | 134 | 131 | 0 | 0 |
Mecoprop | Mecoprop | ✓ | 134 | 131 | 0 | 0 |
Metolachlor | Metolachlor | ✓ | 126 | 123 | 3 (2.4) | 1 (0.8) |
Molinate | Molinate | 126 | 123 | 3 (2.4) | 3 (2.4) | |
Nicosulfuron | Nicosulfuron | ✓ | 107 | 105 | 0 | 0 |
Propanil | Propanil | ✓ | 127 | 124 | 0 | 0 |
Quinclorac | Quinclorac | ✓ | 107 | 105 | 0 | 2 (1.9) |
Simazine | Simazine | 126 | 123 | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | |
Sulcotrione | Sulcotrione | ✓ | 115 | 131 | 0 | 0 |
Terbuthylazine | Terbuthylazine | ✓ | 126 | 123 | 2 (1.6) | 1 (0.8) |
Terbuthylazine desethyl | 125 | 122 | 4 (3.2) | 6 (4.9) | ||
31 | 35 | 17 | 157 | 158 | 51 | 48 |
Active Substance | Monitored Molecule | Hazard Identification (CLP) | No. of Exceedances | Concentration of Exceedances (µg/L) | 20% ADI (mg/kg Body Weigth) | HQ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Maximum | HQmean | HQmax | |||||
Atrazine | Atrazine | H317, H373 | 14 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.004 | 7.1 × 10−4 | 2.9 × 10−3 |
Atrazine-desethyl | H302, H319, H332 | 11 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.004 | 7.1 × 10−4 | 2.1 × 10−3 | |
Atrazine-desisopropyl | H302, H319, H332 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.004 | 1.4 × 10−3 | 1.4 × 10−3 | |
Bentazone | Bentazone | H302, H317, H319 | 31 | 76.3 | 1319 | 0.018 | 1.2 × 10−1 | 2.0 |
Bromacil | Bromacil | H302, H315, H319 | 4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.026 | 2.2 × 10−4 | 3.3 × 10−4 |
Dichlorobenil | 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide | H312 | 24 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.002 | 4.3 × 10−3 | 1.6 × 10−2 |
Glyphosate | Glyphosate | H318 | 3 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 8.1 × 10−4 | 2.5 × 10−3 |
AMPA | H302, H314, H315, H319, H332 | 8 | 1.7 | 5.3 | 0.06 | 2.4 × 10−4 | 4.9 × 10−4 | |
Lindane | β-Hexachlorocyclohexane | H301, H311, H312, H330, H351 | 3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.001 | 1.1 × 10−2 | 1.4 × 10−2 |
Metolachlor | Metolachlor | H317, H330 | 4 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 0.02 | 1.3 × 10−3 | 4.3 × 10−3 |
Molinate | Molinate | H302, H317, H332, H351, H361f, H373 | 6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0016 | 1.8 × 10−3 | 7.1 × 10−3 |
Quinclorac | Quinclorac | H317 | 2 | 2.6 | 4.9 | 0.08 | 9.3 × 10−4 | 1.7 × 10−3 |
Simazine | Simazine | H351 | 2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.004 | 7.1 × 10−4 | 7.1 × 10−4 |
Terbuthylazine | Terbuthylazine | H351 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0008 | 7.1 × 10−3 | 1.0 × 10−2 |
Terbuthylazine desethyl | H302, H373 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0008 | 3.6 × 10−3 | 7.1 × 10−3 |
Season | Monitoring Point | Province | Monitored Molecules | Levels (µg/L) | HQ | HI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Systemic toxicity | ||||||
Spring | PO0170290UB135 | BS | Atrazine | 0.01 | 7.1 × 10−5 | 1.6 × 10−2 |
β-hexachlorocyclohexane | 0.54 | 1.5 × 10−2 | ||||
Terbuthylazine | 0.01 | 4.6 × 10−4 | ||||
Local toxicity | ||||||
Spring | PO0161010R0004 | BG | Metolachlor | 3.00 | 4.3 × 10−3 | 4.6 × 10−3 |
Terbuthylazine desethyl | 0.01 | 3.6 × 10−4 | ||||
PO018003NR0009 | PV | Bentazone | 0.67 | 1.1 × 10−3 | 1.1 × 10−3 | |
Quinclorac | 0.03 | 1.2 × 10−5 | ||||
PO018162NUP001 | PV | Bentazone | 0.33 | 5.2 × 10−4 | 7.8 × 10−3 | |
Molinate | 0.41 | 7.3 × 10−3 | ||||
Autumn | PO098012NR0011 | LO | Bentazone | 0.23 | 3.7 × 10−4 | 2.2 × 10−3 |
Quinclorac | 0.24 | 8.4 × 10−5 | ||||
Terbuthylazine desethyl | 0.05 | 1.8 × 10−3 | ||||
PO018003NR0009 | PV | Bentazone | 1.48 | 2.3 × 10−3 | 2.4 × 10−3 | |
Quinclorac | 0.08 | 2.8 × 10−5 | ||||
PO018176NUP001 | PV | Bentazone | 1.06 | 1.7 × 10−3 | 3.5 × 10−3 | |
Molinate | 0.10 | 1.8 × 10−3 | ||||
PO018162NUP001 | PV | Bentazone | 0.27 | 4.2 × 10−4 | 8.1 × 10−3 | |
Molinate | 0.43 | 7.7 × 10−3 |
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Mercadante, R.; Dezza, B.; Mammone, T.; Moretto, A.; Fustinoni, S. Use of Plant Protection Products in Lombardy, Italy and the Health Risk for the Ingestion of Contaminated Water. Toxics 2021, 9, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9070160
Mercadante R, Dezza B, Mammone T, Moretto A, Fustinoni S. Use of Plant Protection Products in Lombardy, Italy and the Health Risk for the Ingestion of Contaminated Water. Toxics. 2021; 9(7):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9070160
Chicago/Turabian StyleMercadante, Rosa, Beatrice Dezza, Teresa Mammone, Angelo Moretto, and Silvia Fustinoni. 2021. "Use of Plant Protection Products in Lombardy, Italy and the Health Risk for the Ingestion of Contaminated Water" Toxics 9, no. 7: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9070160