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Volume 14
Issue 9
10.3390/toxics14090762
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Association Between Lifetime Cadmium Intake and Urinary Cadmium Concentration Among Residents of the Jinzu River Basin Following Soil Remediation

by
Yu Fujiwara
1,
Kazuhiro Nogawa
1,*,
Masaru Sakurai
2,
Yuuka Watanabe
1,
Masao Ishizaki
2,
Yasumitsu Ogra
3,
Yu-ki Tanaka
3,
Hirotaro Iwase
4,
Kayo Tanaka
4,
Teruhiko Kido
5,
Hideaki Nakagawa
2 and
Yasushi Suwazono
1
1
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
2
Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku 920-0293, Japan
3
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
4
Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
5
Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxics 2026, 14(9), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14090762
Submission received: 27 July 2026 / Revised: 19 August 2026 / Accepted: 24 August 2026 / Published: 26 August 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)
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Abstract

Cadmium (Cd), a widespread pollutant, is primarily absorbed via diet and smoking. Chronic Cd exposure has been associated with various adverse health effects, including renal tubular and skeletal damage. Urinary Cd concentration accurately reflects cumulative Cd exposure owing to its strong correlation with renal cortical Cd levels. This study evaluated the accuracy of estimated lifetime Cd intake by examining its correlation with urinary Cd levels after soil remediation, an aspect unreported even in the Kakehashi River Basin. A total of 565 men and 450 women were included. Lifetime Cd intake (g) was estimated using an established exposure assessment model that incorporated individual residential history, rice Cd concentrations, and dietary assumptions. Urinary Cd concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Linear regression analyses were conducted between lifetime cadmium intake and urinary cadmium concentration. The obtained standardized regression coefficients were 0.49 for men and 0.54 for women (both p < 0.001), indicating strong associations. Despite possible exposure misclassification, these findings support the utility of lifetime cadmium intake as a useful surrogate indicator of cumulative cadmium exposure and provide further evidence for its application in risk assessment and the derivation of tolerable cadmium intake values.
Keywords: lifetime cadmium intake; urinary cadmium; soil remediation lifetime cadmium intake; urinary cadmium; soil remediation
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MDPI and ACS Style

Fujiwara, Y.; Nogawa, K.; Sakurai, M.; Watanabe, Y.; Ishizaki, M.; Ogra, Y.; Tanaka, Y.-k.; Iwase, H.; Tanaka, K.; Kido, T.; et al. Association Between Lifetime Cadmium Intake and Urinary Cadmium Concentration Among Residents of the Jinzu River Basin Following Soil Remediation. Toxics 2026, 14, 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14090762

AMA Style

Fujiwara Y, Nogawa K, Sakurai M, Watanabe Y, Ishizaki M, Ogra Y, Tanaka Y-k, Iwase H, Tanaka K, Kido T, et al. Association Between Lifetime Cadmium Intake and Urinary Cadmium Concentration Among Residents of the Jinzu River Basin Following Soil Remediation. Toxics. 2026; 14(9):762. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14090762

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fujiwara, Yu, Kazuhiro Nogawa, Masaru Sakurai, Yuuka Watanabe, Masao Ishizaki, Yasumitsu Ogra, Yu-ki Tanaka, Hirotaro Iwase, Kayo Tanaka, Teruhiko Kido, and et al. 2026. "Association Between Lifetime Cadmium Intake and Urinary Cadmium Concentration Among Residents of the Jinzu River Basin Following Soil Remediation" Toxics 14, no. 9: 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14090762

APA Style

Fujiwara, Y., Nogawa, K., Sakurai, M., Watanabe, Y., Ishizaki, M., Ogra, Y., Tanaka, Y.-k., Iwase, H., Tanaka, K., Kido, T., Nakagawa, H., & Suwazono, Y. (2026). Association Between Lifetime Cadmium Intake and Urinary Cadmium Concentration Among Residents of the Jinzu River Basin Following Soil Remediation. Toxics, 14(9), 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14090762

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