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Volume 14
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10.3390/toxics14010080
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Article

Integrated 13C-DNA Stable Isotope Probing and Metagenomics Approaches to Identify Bisphenol A Assimilating Microorganisms and Metabolic Pathways in Biofilms

by
Di Wang
1,
Jiayue Sun
1,
Yunian Zhang
1,
Lingjue Yuan
1,
Xia Xu
2,
Yingang Xue
1,* and
Haohao Sun
1,*
1
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
2
College of Urban Construction, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxics 2026, 14(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010080
Submission received: 2 December 2025 / Revised: 11 January 2026 / Accepted: 13 January 2026 / Published: 15 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a persistent environmental contaminant requiring effective removal strategies. Biofilms offer advantages over conventional activated sludge for refractory compound degradation, yet the specific microorganisms and mechanisms driving BPA removal in biofilms remain poorly understood. This study employed an integrated approach, combining 13C-DNA stable isotope probing (SIP) and metagenomics to identify BPA-assimilating microorganisms and elucidate their metabolic pathways in biofilms. Two moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) were operated at contrasting BPA concentrations (500 μg/L and 10 mg/L) to enrich distinct microbial communities. Using DNA-SIP, we revealed differences in assimilating bacteria across diverse concentrations of BPA-enriched biofilms. Simultaneously, we reconstructed the genomes of these assimilating bacteria, dissecting the functional genes essential to the degradation process and identifying significant gene variations among different assimilating bacteria. By integrating these gene functions, we constructed the BPA metabolic pathway, which surprisingly comprised genes from various assimilating bacteria. This research significantly advances our understanding of BPA-assimilating bacteria within biofilms and provides valuable insights for refining biofilm technologies aimed at BPA removal from wastewater.
Keywords: biofilm; bisphenol A; DNA-SIP; assimilating bacteria; metabolic pathway biofilm; bisphenol A; DNA-SIP; assimilating bacteria; metabolic pathway

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, D.; Sun, J.; Zhang, Y.; Yuan, L.; Xu, X.; Xue, Y.; Sun, H. Integrated 13C-DNA Stable Isotope Probing and Metagenomics Approaches to Identify Bisphenol A Assimilating Microorganisms and Metabolic Pathways in Biofilms. Toxics 2026, 14, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010080

AMA Style

Wang D, Sun J, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Xu X, Xue Y, Sun H. Integrated 13C-DNA Stable Isotope Probing and Metagenomics Approaches to Identify Bisphenol A Assimilating Microorganisms and Metabolic Pathways in Biofilms. Toxics. 2026; 14(1):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010080

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Di, Jiayue Sun, Yunian Zhang, Lingjue Yuan, Xia Xu, Yingang Xue, and Haohao Sun. 2026. "Integrated 13C-DNA Stable Isotope Probing and Metagenomics Approaches to Identify Bisphenol A Assimilating Microorganisms and Metabolic Pathways in Biofilms" Toxics 14, no. 1: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010080

APA Style

Wang, D., Sun, J., Zhang, Y., Yuan, L., Xu, X., Xue, Y., & Sun, H. (2026). Integrated 13C-DNA Stable Isotope Probing and Metagenomics Approaches to Identify Bisphenol A Assimilating Microorganisms and Metabolic Pathways in Biofilms. Toxics, 14(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010080

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