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Volume 13
Issue 9
10.3390/toxics13090710
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Effects of Dioxin Exposure on Brain Regional Volumes of Fathers from Birth Cohorts in Herbicide-Sprayed and Unsprayed Areas in Vietnam

by
Hai Minh Nguyen
1,
Hoa Thi Vu
2,*,
Thao Ngoc Pham
3,
Tai Pham-The
4,
Takashi Yokawa
5,
Ryo Matsuda
6,
Masafumi Nakamura
6,
Muneko Nishijo
7,
Yutaro Takahashi
7,
Yoshikazu Nishino
7,
Nghi Tran Ngoc
8 and
Hisao Nishijo
9,*
1
Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam
2
Department of Military Hygiene, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam
3
Department of Functional Diagnosis, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam
4
Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Vietnamese Military Medical University, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam
5
Kobe Imaging Center, Bio View Co., Kobe 650-0047, Japan
6
Hiyoshi Corporation, Omihachiman 523-8555, Japan
7
Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan
8
Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi 12108, Vietnam
9
Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki 751-8503, Japan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxics 2025, 13(9), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13090710 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 21 May 2025 / Revised: 17 August 2025 / Accepted: 21 August 2025 / Published: 23 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

We previously reported that the fathers of the Bien Hoa birth cohort in Vietnam showed altered brain regional gray matter volumes, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and social anxiety traits associated with perinatal dioxin exposure. In the present study, we aimed to compare gray matter volumes and social anxiety scale scores between dioxin-exposed fathers in Bien Hoa and unexposed controls in an unsprayed area. Fat-based bioassay-toxic equivalency levels in serum were used to indicate dioxin exposure in adulthood. Results indicated that the longer Bien Hoa residency group (≥30 years) exposed to dioxins during the perinatal period and early childhood showed higher gray matter volumes in the right and left temporal lobes than controls. However, no significant differences in temporal lobe gray matter volumes were found between the shorter Bien Hoa residency group (<30 years) and controls. Furthermore, the longer, but not shorter, Bien Hoa residency group showed higher social–emotional subscale scores than controls. Additionally, fat-based bioassay-toxic equivalency levels were inversely correlated with gray matter volumes in several right temporal gyri. These findings suggest biphasic life stage-dependent adverse effects of dioxin exposure: perinatal dioxin exposure increases gray matter volumes, especially in the temporal lobe, which leads to neurodevelopmental disorders with socio-emotional disturbances, whereas dioxin exposure after brain development decreases cortical gray matter volumes, possibly leading to cognitive dysfunction.
Keywords: dioxins; neuro imaging analysis; brain regional volume; residency; biological equivalency; Vietnamese men; Agent Orange dioxins; neuro imaging analysis; brain regional volume; residency; biological equivalency; Vietnamese men; Agent Orange

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nguyen, H.M.; Vu, H.T.; Pham, T.N.; Pham-The, T.; Yokawa, T.; Matsuda, R.; Nakamura, M.; Nishijo, M.; Takahashi, Y.; Nishino, Y.; et al. Effects of Dioxin Exposure on Brain Regional Volumes of Fathers from Birth Cohorts in Herbicide-Sprayed and Unsprayed Areas in Vietnam. Toxics 2025, 13, 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13090710

AMA Style

Nguyen HM, Vu HT, Pham TN, Pham-The T, Yokawa T, Matsuda R, Nakamura M, Nishijo M, Takahashi Y, Nishino Y, et al. Effects of Dioxin Exposure on Brain Regional Volumes of Fathers from Birth Cohorts in Herbicide-Sprayed and Unsprayed Areas in Vietnam. Toxics. 2025; 13(9):710. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13090710

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nguyen, Hai Minh, Hoa Thi Vu, Thao Ngoc Pham, Tai Pham-The, Takashi Yokawa, Ryo Matsuda, Masafumi Nakamura, Muneko Nishijo, Yutaro Takahashi, Yoshikazu Nishino, and et al. 2025. "Effects of Dioxin Exposure on Brain Regional Volumes of Fathers from Birth Cohorts in Herbicide-Sprayed and Unsprayed Areas in Vietnam" Toxics 13, no. 9: 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13090710

APA Style

Nguyen, H. M., Vu, H. T., Pham, T. N., Pham-The, T., Yokawa, T., Matsuda, R., Nakamura, M., Nishijo, M., Takahashi, Y., Nishino, Y., Ngoc, N. T., & Nishijo, H. (2025). Effects of Dioxin Exposure on Brain Regional Volumes of Fathers from Birth Cohorts in Herbicide-Sprayed and Unsprayed Areas in Vietnam. Toxics, 13(9), 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13090710

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