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Volume 12
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Article

Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements Based on PCA and PMF Model in Black Soil Area of Hailun City, Northeast China

by
Zhiwei Yang
1,2,3,
Junbo Yu
1,2,
Ke Yang
1,2,4,*,
Qipeng Zhang
1,2,
Yangyang Chen
1,2 and
Shaozhong Qiao
1,2
1
Harbin Center for Integrated Natural Resources Survey, China Geological Survey, Harbin 150086, China
2
Observation and Research Station of Earth Critical Zone in Black Soil, Ministry of Natural Resources, Harbin 150086, China
3
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
4
Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxics 2024, 12(9), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090683
Submission received: 25 August 2024 / Revised: 15 September 2024 / Accepted: 18 September 2024 / Published: 20 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)
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Abstract

This study assessed the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in China’s northeastern black soil belt, an area with limited prior research. We collected 304 soil samples (0–20 cm) from Gonghe Town, Hailun City, and analyzed the PTE contamination degree using the single-factor pollution index and Nemerow pollution index. The results demonstrated that the mean concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were 11.16, 0.11, 65.29, 22.56, 0.03, 27.07, 26.09, and 66.01 mg/kg, respectively. Source apportionment was conducted via correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and positive matrix factorization, identifying four main sources: natural (33.2%), irrigation (29.5%), fuel (23.4%), and fertilizer (13.2%). The ecological risk index indicated a slight ecological risk, while the human health risk showed that non-carcinogenic risks were negligible and carcinogenic risks were acceptable. Our findings emphasize the need to prioritize controlling PTEs from fertilizer, particularly cadmium, and to a lesser extent, irrigation and fuel sources, focusing on As, Pband Hg. This research provides critical insights for policymakers aiming to manage PTE contamination in black soils.
Keywords: potentially toxic elements; PCA; PMF; source apportionment; risk assessment; black soil; Hailun City; northeast China potentially toxic elements; PCA; PMF; source apportionment; risk assessment; black soil; Hailun City; northeast China

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yang, Z.; Yu, J.; Yang, K.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, Y.; Qiao, S. Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements Based on PCA and PMF Model in Black Soil Area of Hailun City, Northeast China. Toxics 2024, 12, 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090683

AMA Style

Yang Z, Yu J, Yang K, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Qiao S. Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements Based on PCA and PMF Model in Black Soil Area of Hailun City, Northeast China. Toxics. 2024; 12(9):683. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090683

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang, Zhiwei, Junbo Yu, Ke Yang, Qipeng Zhang, Yangyang Chen, and Shaozhong Qiao. 2024. "Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements Based on PCA and PMF Model in Black Soil Area of Hailun City, Northeast China" Toxics 12, no. 9: 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090683

APA Style

Yang, Z., Yu, J., Yang, K., Zhang, Q., Chen, Y., & Qiao, S. (2024). Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements Based on PCA and PMF Model in Black Soil Area of Hailun City, Northeast China. Toxics, 12(9), 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090683

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