Seasonal Variations in the Trace Elements and Mineral Profiles of the Bivalve Species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Chamelea gallina and Donax trunculus, and Human Health Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Sample Treatment
2.2. Reagents and Standard Solutions
2.3. Analytical Procedure
2.4. Quality Assurance and Quality Control of the Method
2.5. Hazard Risk Estimation
2.5.1. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ)
2.5.2. Hazard Index (HI)
2.5.3. Target Risk (TR)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Trace Elements in Bivalve Species Tissues
3.2. Macro Elements
3.3. Nutritional Contribution of the Species in Terms of Essential Elements (Benefits)
3.4. Potential Health Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Striped venus clam (C. gallina) | ||||
Total weight (g) | 3.01 ± 0.12 | 3.15 ± 0.09 | 3.09 ± 0.02 | 3.32 ± 0.39 |
Soft tissue weight (g) | 1.42 ± 0.68 | 1.46 ± 0.22 | 1.51 ± 0.26 | 1.54 ± 0.32 |
Total size (cm) | 2.09 ± 0.34 | 2.11 ± 0.14 | 2.01 ± 0.84 | 2.31 ± 0.61 |
Mussel (M. galloprovincialis) | ||||
Total weight (g) | 3.00 ± 0.59 | 3.06 ± 0.51 | 3.60 ± 0.29 | 3.90 ± 0.69 |
Soft tissue weight (g) | 1.89 ± 0.12 | 1.76 ± 0.34 | 1.87 ± 0.05 | 1.95 ± 0.13 |
Total size (cm) | 4.41 ± 1.52 | 4.61 ± 0.31 | 5.10 ± 0.9 | 4.20 ± 1.12 |
Wedge clam (D. trunculus) | ||||
Total weight (g) | 4.02 ± 0.59 | 4.10 ± 0.49 | 4.32 ± 0.29 | 4.91 ± 0.05 |
Soft tissue weight (g) | 1.56 ± 0.12 | 1.13 ± 0.03 | 0.89 ± 0.13 | 1.26 ± 0.13 |
Total size (cm) | 2.9 ± 1.52 | 3.1 ± 0.19 | 3.3 ± 0.92 | 3.4 ± 1.11 |
Microwave Digestion System “MARS 6”, Acid Mixture | Step | Initial Power (W) | Time (min) | Final Power (W) | Fan | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T °C (max) | 200 °C | 1 | 100 | 5 | 600 | 1 |
Pressure (max) | 75 bar | 2 | 600 | 5 | 600 | 1 |
Quartz vessels | EasyPrepTM Plus | 3 | 600 | 5 | 800 | 1 |
Sample amount | 1 g | 4 | 800 | 15 | 800 | 1 |
Toxic Elements | Essential Elements | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | Pb | Ni | Zn | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | |
Chamelea gallina | ||||||||
Spring | 0.24 ± 0.01 c | 0.03 ± 0.01 c | 0.03 ± 0.01 b | 8.68 ± 0.31 c | 0.05 ± 0.03 b | 1.34 ± 0.06 c | 30.35 ± 2.83 b | 0.69 ± 0.03 b |
Summer | 0.43 ± 0.08 b | 0.11 ± 0.02 b | 0.11 ± 0.09 b | 13.96 ± 1.47 b | 0.17 ± 0.05 b | 1.89 ± 0.35 b | 53.19 ± 18.27 a | 1.42 ± 0.32 a |
Autumn | 0.22 ± 0.05 c | 0.12 ± 0.02 b | 0.13 ± 0.13 b | 7.96 ± 3.41 c | 0.07 ± 0.03 b | 1.73 ± 0.51 b | 16.62 ± 5.12 c | 1.57 ± 0.19 a |
Winter | 0.91 ± 0.02 a | 0.55 ± 0.03 a | 0.51 ± 0.41 a | 19.75 ± 0.38 a | 1.53 ± 0.13 a | 9.27 ± 0.34 a | 48.76 ± 5.51 a | 0.71 ± 0.02 b |
Mytilus galloprovincialis | ||||||||
Spring | 0.28 ± 0.03 c | 0.07 ± 0.02 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 16.00 ± 3.75 b,c | 0.01 ± 0.01 d | 0.38 ± 0.05 d | 13.98 ± 1.11 c | 0.83 ± 0.04 b |
Summer | 0.44 ± 0.07 b | 0.11 ± 0.02 b | 0.15 ± 0.09 a,b | 14.21 ± 1.38 c | 0.17 ± 0.04 c | 1.92 ± 0.32 b | 53.91 ± 1.72 b | 1.44 ± 0.30 b |
Autumn | 0.30 ± 0.03 b,c | 0.11 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.21 ± 0.10 a | 24.97 ± 6.03 a | 0.28 ± 0.06 b | 0.90 ± 0.17 c | 108.07 ± 7.33 a | 3.27 ± 0.75 a |
Winter | 0.74 ± 0.06 a | 0.41 ± 0.13 a | 0.13 ± 0.03 a,b | 21.41 ± 1.52 a,b | 0.36 ± 0.05 a | 2.72 ± 0.30 a | 59.16 ± 3.54 b | 0.97 ± 0.01 b |
Donax trunculus | ||||||||
Spring | 0.04 ± 0.01 a,b | nd | nd | 10.85 ± 1.07 b | nd | 11.34 ± 2.71 c | 13.92 ± 1.78 d | 0.68 ± 0.06 a |
Summer | 0.04 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | nd | 12.47 ± 0.79 b | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 16.01 ± 1.29 b | 39.78 ± 4.24 c | 1.98 ± 0.73 a |
Autumn | 0.03 ± 0.02 b | 0.05 ± 0.03 b | 0.005 ± 0.008 a | 7.91 ± 5.18 b | 0.36 ± 0.43 a | 14.13 ± 2.88 b,c | 83.24 ± 1.63 b | 2.47 ± 1.72 a |
Winter | 0.09 ± 0.05 a | 0.17 ± 0.09 a | 0.006 ± 0.131 a | 27.46 ± 2.53 a | 0.44 ± 0.10 a | 26.53 ± 1.71 a | 120.57 ± 13.52 a | 0.37 ± 0.04 b |
DRI /mg/day/ | Chamelea gallina | Mytilus galloprovincialis | Donax trunculus | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/kg | EDI | %DRI | mg/kg | EDI | %DRI | mg/kg | EDI | %DRI | |||
Ca | 1000–1200 * | Sp | 786.39 ± 91.04 | 118 | 9.8 | 1365.64 ± 30.16 | 205 | 17.1 | 1167.42 ± 37.18 | 175 | 14.6 |
S | 749.50 ± 96.75 | 112 | 9.4 | 588.27 ± 32.43 | 88 | 7.4 | 806.05 ± 37.53 | 121 | 10.1 | ||
A | 1759.14 ± 46.52 | 264 | 22.0 | 385.48 ± 37.08 | 58 | 4.8 | 1946.55 ± 37.08 | 292 | 24.3 | ||
W | 1173.00 ± 51.31 | 176 | 14.7 | 2282.43 ± 38.76 | 342 | 28.5 | 3905.96 ± 26.82 | 586 | 48.8 | ||
K | 4700 * | Sp | 1605.20 ± 66.03 | 241 | 5.1 | 2505.04 ± 19.54 | 376 | 8.0 | 2559.81 ± 58.16 | 384 | 8.2 |
S | 1527.33 ± 37.15 | 229 | 4.9 | 1581.99 ± 52.03 | 237 | 5.0 | 2820.50 ± 13.09 | 423 | 9.0 | ||
A | 2171.43 ± 29.29 | 326 | 6.9 | 1701.83 ± 66.07 | 255 | 5.4 | 1171.04 ± 17.67 | 176 | 3.7 | ||
W | 1891.00 ± 15.39 | 284 | 6.0 | 3346.48 ± 19.23 | 502 | 10.7 | 1702.34 ± 13.02 | 255 | 5.4 | ||
Mg | 310–420 ** | Sp | 573.52 ± 31.95 | 86 | 20.5 | 341.51 ± 10.93 | 51 | 12.2 | 511.67 ± 12.30 | 77 | 18.3 |
S | 546.22 ± 36.59 | 82 | 19.5 | 388.29 ± 13.58 | 58 | 13.9 | 471.26 ± 13.77 | 71 | 16.8 | ||
A | 958.52 ± 12.17 | 144 | 34.2 | 426.98 ± 17.42 | 64 | 15.2 | 493.85 ± 12.95 | 74 | 17.6 | ||
W | 452.95 ± 14.73 | 68 | 16.2 | 773.45 ± 21.73 | 116 | 27.6 | 742.57 ± 15.13 | 111 | 26.5 | ||
Na | 1200–1500 * | Sp | 2089.37 ± 86.07 | 313 | 20.9 | 1835.89 ± 7.33 | 275 | 18.4 | 2223.96 ± 13.06 | 334 | 22.2 |
S | 1988.43 ± 66.81 | 298 | 19.9 | 1150.27 ± 64.09 | 173 | 11.5 | 2112.19 ± 14.63 | 317 | 21.1 | ||
A | 3804.41 ± 16.36 | 571 | 38.0 | 2019.48 ± 47.27 | 303 | 20.2 | 2668.44 ± 29.77 | 400 | 26.7 | ||
W | 2180.00 ± 0.96 | 327 | 21.8 | 3813.63 ± 18.36 | 572 | 38.1 | 2699.63 ± 14.76 | 405 | 27.0 |
Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) | Hazard Index (HI) | Target Risk (TR) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn | Cr | Pb | ||
Chamelea gallina | |||||||||||
Spring | 0.0027 | 0.0002 | 0.0004 | 0.0005 | 0.0001 | 0.00002 | 0.0001 | 0.0003 | 0.004 | 1.2 × 10−7 | 1.2 × 10−9 |
Summer | 0.0049 | 0.0007 | 0.0005 | 0.0009 | 0.0001 | 0.00009 | 0.00003 | 0.0005 | 0.008 | 4.2 × 10−7 | 4.4 × 10−9 |
Autumn | 0.0025 | 0.0003 | 0.0005 | 0.0003 | 0.0001 | 0.00007 | 0.0001 | 0.0003 | 0.004 | 1.8 × 10−7 | 7.7 × 10−10 |
Winter | 0.0129 | 0.0058 | 0.0026 | 0.0008 | 0.0001 | 0.00029 | 0.00018 | 0.0008 | 0.025 | 3.7 × 10−6 | 2.3 × 10−8 |
Mytilus galloprovincialis | |||||||||||
Spring | 0.0032 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | 0.00002 | 0.0002 | 0.0006 | 0.004 | 3.5 × 10−8 | 2.9 × 10−9 |
Summer | 0.0050 | 0.0007 | 0.0005 | 0.0009 | 0.0001 | 0.00009 | 0.00004 | 0.0005 | 0.008 | 4.3 × 10−7 | 4.7 × 10−9 |
Autumn | 0.0035 | 0.0011 | 0.0003 | 0.0018 | 0.0003 | 0.00012 | 0.0001 | 0.0010 | 0.008 | 6.8 × 10−7 | 7.8 × 10−10 |
Winter | 0.0084 | 0.0014 | 0.0008 | 0.0010 | 0.0001 | 0.00007 | 0.0013 | 0.0008 | 0.014 | 8.9 × 10−7 | 1.7 × 10−8 |
Donax trunculus | |||||||||||
Spring | 0.0004 | - | 0.0032 | 0.0002 | 0.00006 | - | - | 0.0004 | 0.004 | - | - |
Summer | 0.0005 | 0.0004 | 0.0017 | 0.0006 | 0.00016 | - | 0.0002 | 0.0005 | 0.004 | 2.7 × 10−7 | 2.2 × 10−9 |
Autumn | 0.0003 | 0.0014 | 0.0012 | 0.0014 | 0.00020 | 0.000003 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | 0.005 | 8.7 × 10−7 | 2.0 × 10−9 |
Winter | 0.0010 | 0.0017 | 0.0076 | 0.0020 | 0.00003 | 0.000003 | 0.0006 | 0.0010 | 0.014 | 1.1 × 10−6 | 7.4 × 10−9 |
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Peycheva, K.; Panayotova, V.; Stancheva, R.; Merdzhanova, A.; Dobreva, D.; Parrino, V.; Cicero, N.; Fazio, F.; Licata, P. Seasonal Variations in the Trace Elements and Mineral Profiles of the Bivalve Species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Chamelea gallina and Donax trunculus, and Human Health Risk Assessment. Toxics 2023, 11, 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040319
Peycheva K, Panayotova V, Stancheva R, Merdzhanova A, Dobreva D, Parrino V, Cicero N, Fazio F, Licata P. Seasonal Variations in the Trace Elements and Mineral Profiles of the Bivalve Species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Chamelea gallina and Donax trunculus, and Human Health Risk Assessment. Toxics. 2023; 11(4):319. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040319
Chicago/Turabian StylePeycheva, Katya, Veselina Panayotova, Rositsa Stancheva, Albena Merdzhanova, Diana Dobreva, Vincenzo Parrino, Nicola Cicero, Francesco Fazio, and Patrizia Licata. 2023. "Seasonal Variations in the Trace Elements and Mineral Profiles of the Bivalve Species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Chamelea gallina and Donax trunculus, and Human Health Risk Assessment" Toxics 11, no. 4: 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040319
APA StylePeycheva, K., Panayotova, V., Stancheva, R., Merdzhanova, A., Dobreva, D., Parrino, V., Cicero, N., Fazio, F., & Licata, P. (2023). Seasonal Variations in the Trace Elements and Mineral Profiles of the Bivalve Species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Chamelea gallina and Donax trunculus, and Human Health Risk Assessment. Toxics, 11(4), 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040319