Determinants Analysis Regarding Household Chemical Indoor Pollution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting and Sample
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
- (1)
- Knowledge regarding household chemical air pollution and the related risks (Model 1);
- (2)
- Attitudes toward household chemical air pollution (Model 2);
- (3)
- Behavior related to household chemical air pollution (Model 3).
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Population | N (1332) | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 677 | 50.83 |
Female | 655 | 49.17 |
Age | ||
<30 | 327 | 24.55 |
31–35 | 209 | 15.69 |
36–40 | 91 | 6.83 |
41–45 | 93 | 6.98 |
46–50 | 105 | 7.88 |
>51 | 507 | 38.06 |
Education | ||
Primary school | 51 | 3.83 |
Middle school | 332 | 24.92 |
High school | 506 | 37.99 |
University Degree | 443 | 33.26 |
Children | ||
Yes | 675 | 50.68 |
No | 657 | 49.32 |
Smoking habits | ||
Yes | 537 | 40.32 |
No | 795 | 59.68 |
Marital Status | ||
Single | 379 | 28.45 |
In a relationship | 953 | 71.55 |
N. | Statement (Variables) | Agree (%) | Uncertain (%) | Disagree (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
K1 | The chemical pollution of the air in the household environment is less than that of outdoors * | 6.53 | 18.99 | 74.25 |
K2 | Gas stoves contribute to household pollution | 38.29 | 24.77 | 36.94 |
K3 | Plants at night release substances dangerous to health | 50.00 | 35.36 | 14.64 |
K4 | Secondhand smoke comes from the smoke exhaled by a smoker | 52.48 | 24.55 | 22.97 |
K5 | Thirdhand smoke derives from the toxic substances of the smoke deposited in the environment | 40.24 | 20.35 | 39.41 |
K6 | Thirdhand smoke is less toxic than secondhand smoke | 34.68 | 25.80 | 40.24 |
K7 | Inadequate ventilation causes more than 50% of the chemical pollution of the air in the domestic environment | 65.24 | 29.13 | 5.63 |
K8 | The main household pollutant is carbon monoxide | 68.17 | 24.17 | 7.66 |
K9 | Formaldehyde is one of the household chemical pollutants | 71.02 | 25.38 | 7.06 |
K10 | Formaldehyde is a certain carcinogen | 46.62 | 42.79 | 10.59 |
K11 | The Sick Building Syndrome is a condition in which the occupants of a building show a series of symptoms and pathologies without specific causes | 50.83 | 30.93 | 18.24 |
K12 | There are laws governing the pollution of domestic environments | 47.90 | 30.71 | 21.40 |
N. | Statement (Variables) | Agree (%) | Uncertain (%) | Disagree (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | Opening windows is a good habit | 90.90 | 8.78 | 1.13 |
A2 | It is necessary to open the windows even with the air conditioner on | 52.48 | 22.52 | 25.00 |
A3 | In winter, it is still necessary to ventilate the house several times a day | 45.95 | 20.05 | 34.00 |
A4 | House cleaning is a waste of time | 13.96 | 9.91 | 76.13 |
A5 | A cleaning product is as good as another | 20.72 | 22.52 | 56.76 |
A6 | It is convenient to use spray deodorant | 48.87 | 28.15 | 22.97 |
A7 | It is nice to have plants in the house | 56.53 | 19.82 | 23.65 |
A8 | Lightning candles at home is relaxing | 41.67 | 22.75 | 35.59 |
A9 | Induction stoves are no more comfortable than the gas ones | 44.59 | 21.85 | 33.56 |
A10 | A fireplace graces the house | 64.19 | 18.02 | 17.79 |
A11 | Smoking on the sofa is relaxing | 38.29 | 13.29 | 48.49 |
N. | Questions | Yes/Always (%) | Often (%) | Sometimes (%) | Never (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | Do you ventilate your home? | 55.18 | 27.70 | 6.98 | 10.14 |
B2 | Do you use air purifiers? | 10.81 | 18.69 | 30.63 | 39.86 |
B3 | Do you use gas stoves? | 43.47 | 15.09 | 12.16 | 29.28 |
B4 | Do you operate the hood in the kitchen? | 29.28 | 15.99 | 18.47 | 36.26 |
B5 | Do you use gas and/or a pellet heater? | 54.50 | 12.61 | 18.92 | 13.96 |
B6 | Do you use filters for heating/air conditioning systems? | 47.07 | 7.43 | 17.34 | 28.15 |
B7 | Do you periodically check the heating, air conditioning, and ventilation systems? | 49.55 | 10.36 | 12.84 | 27.25 |
B8 | Do you use insecticides at home? | 16.67 | 16.22 | 11.71 | 55.41 |
B9 | Do you use air fresheners? | 23.42 | 14.19 | 5.63 | 56.76 |
B10 | Do you wash curtains and carpets? | 18.24 | 10.81 | 10.59 | 60.36 |
B11 | Do you decorate your home with plants? | 45.95 | 18.47 | 18.24 | 17.34 |
B12 | Do you smoke traditional cigarettes in your home? | 22.75 | 9.46 | 13.29 | 54.50 |
B13 | Do you smoke heated tobacco cigarettes in your home? | 14.64 | 8.11 | 15.77 | 61.49 |
Coefficients Not Standardized | Coefficients Standardized | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | Standard Error | t | 95% Conf. Interval | p-Value | ||
Model I—Dependent variable: Knowledge | ||||||
Prob > F = 0.000 | R-squared = 0.0323 | Root MSE = 3.929 | ||||
Age | −0.022 | 0.009 | −2.33 | −0.041 | −0.003 | 0.020 |
Sex | −0.175 | 0.216 | −0.081 | −0.599 | 0.025 | 0.416 |
Marital status | −0.218 | 0.274 | 0.80 | −0.319 | 0.755 | 0.425 |
Children | 0.082 | 0.306 | 0.27 | −0.517 | 0.681 | 0.681 |
Education | 0.544 | 0.140 | 3.88 | 0.269 | 0.818 | 0.000 |
Smoking habits | 0.004 | 0.220 | 0.02 | −0.427 | 0.435 | 0.099 |
Model II—Dependent variable: Attitudes | ||||||
Prob > F = 0.000 | R−squared = 0.0532 | Root MSE = 3.386 | ||||
Age | 0.021 | 0.008 | 2.58 | 0.005 | 0.037 | 0.010 |
Sex | −0.396 | 0.186 | −2.13 | −0.761 | −0.032 | 0.033 |
Marital status | −0.455 | 0.236 | −1.93 | −0.918 | 0.007 | 0.054 |
Children | 0.238 | 0.263 | −0.090 | 0.278 | 0.754 | 0.366 |
Education | 0.597 | 0.121 | 4.92 | 0.359 | 0.835 | 0.000 |
Smoking habits | 0.862 | 0.189 | 4.55 | 0.490 | 1.23 | 0.000 |
Knowledge | −0.1199 | 0.024 | −5.08 | −0.166 | −0.074 | 0.000 |
Model III—Dependent variable: Behavior | ||||||
Prob > F = 0.000 | R−squared = 0.1617 | Root MSE = 6.901 | ||||
Age | 0.004 | 0.017 | 0.22 | −0.029 | 0.037 | 0.825 |
Sex | −0.013 | 0.379 | −0.03 | −0.757 | 0.731 | 0.973 |
Marital status | 1.05 | 0.482 | 2.19 | 0.109 | 1.99 | 0.029 |
Children | −0.262 | 0.537 | −0.49 | −1.31 | 0.790 | 0.626 |
Education | 1.39 | 0.249 | 5.59 | 0.905 | 1.88 | 0.000 |
Smoking habits | 1.77 | 0.389 | 4.56 | 1.01 | 2.54 | 0.000 |
Knowledge | −0.415 | −0.048 | −8.55 | −0.510 | −0.319 | 0.000 |
Attitude | 0.516 | 0.056 | 9.24 | 0.406 | 0.625 | 0.000 |
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Montuori, P.; Gioia, M.; Sorrentino, M.; Di Duca, F.; Pennino, F.; Messineo, G.; Maccauro, M.L.; Riello, S.; Trama, U.; Triassi, M.; et al. Determinants Analysis Regarding Household Chemical Indoor Pollution. Toxics 2023, 11, 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030264
Montuori P, Gioia M, Sorrentino M, Di Duca F, Pennino F, Messineo G, Maccauro ML, Riello S, Trama U, Triassi M, et al. Determinants Analysis Regarding Household Chemical Indoor Pollution. Toxics. 2023; 11(3):264. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030264
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontuori, Paolo, Mariagiovanna Gioia, Michele Sorrentino, Fabiana Di Duca, Francesca Pennino, Giuseppe Messineo, Maria Luisa Maccauro, Simonetta Riello, Ugo Trama, Maria Triassi, and et al. 2023. "Determinants Analysis Regarding Household Chemical Indoor Pollution" Toxics 11, no. 3: 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030264