Effect of Pesticide Exposure over DNA Damage in Farmers from Los Reyes, Michoacan in Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Study Population
2.2. Comet Assay
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Features of the Study Groups
3.2. Comet Assay
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Control Group | Exposed Group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 18 | 41 | ||
Gender (M/F) (%) | 6/12 | (33.33/66.67) | 33/8 | (80.49/19.51) |
Age (years, mean ± SD) (range) | 43.56 ± 4.02 | (21-85) | 40.98 ± 2.24 | (23–73) |
BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) (range) | 25.73 ± 0.81 | (20.79-32.44) | 29.09 ± 0.94 | (14.52–41.73) |
Exposure time (in years, mean ± SD) (range) | NA | 7.07 ± 0.51 | (1 ≥ 10) | |
Smoking | ||||
Smokers, n (%) | 7 | (38.89) | 6 | (14.63) |
Non-smokers, n (%) | 11 | (61.11) | 35 | (85.37) |
Alcohol intake | ||||
yes, n (%) | 7 | (38.89) | 6 | (14.63) |
no, n (%) | 11 | (61.11) | 35 | (85.37) |
PPM, n (%) | NA | 37 of 41 | (90) |
P | CC | Compound | IUPAC Name | WHO | USEPA/IARC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Carbamate | Carbofuran (Furadan) | 2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate | Ib | NLC/NE |
Methomyl (Lannate) | (E,Z)-methyl N-{[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy}ethanimidothioate | Ib | Group E/NE | ||
Oxamyl (Vydate) | Methyl 2-(dimethylamino)-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]-2-oxoethanimidothioate | Ia | Group E/NE | ||
Glycoside | Abamectin (Agrimec) | Mix of: (10E,14E,16E)-(1R,4S,5′S,6S,6′R,8R,12S,13S,20R,21R,24S)-6′-[(S)-sec-butyl]-21,24-dihydroxy-5′,11,13,22-tetramethyl-2-oxo-(3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo [15.6.1.14,8.020,24]pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene)-6-spiro-2′-(5′,6′-dihydro-2′H-pyran)-12-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-α-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-α-L-arabino-hexopyranoside and (10E,14E,16E)-(1R,4S,5′S,6S,6′R,8R,12S,13S,20R,21R,24S)-21,22-dihydroxy-6′-isopropyl-5′,11,13,22-tetramethyl-2-oxo-(3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo [15.6.1.14,8.020,24] pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene)-6-spiro-2′-(5′,6′-dihydro-2′H-pyran)-12-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-α-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-α-L-arabino-hexopyranoside. | Ib | NE/NE | |
Imide | Imidacloprid | (EZ)-1-(6-cloro-3-piridilmetil)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ilidenoamina | II | Group E/NE | |
Organochlorine | Aldrin | 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene | O | Group B2/Group 2A | |
Dicofol (Kelthane) | 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol | II | Group C/Group 3 | ||
Endosulfan | 6,7,8,9,10,10-Hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro- 6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide | II | NLC/NE | ||
Organophosphate | Acephate (Orthene) | N-(Methoxy-methylsulfanylphosphoryl)acetamide | II | Group C /NE | |
Azinphos-ethyl (Gusathion) | O,O-Diethyl S-[(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-yl)methyl] phosphorodithioate | 1b | NE/NE | ||
Chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) | O,O-Diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl phosphorothioate | II | Group E/NE | ||
Diazinon | O,O-Diethyl O-[4-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl] phosphorothioate | II | NLC /Group 2A | ||
Dimethoate | O,O-dimethyl S-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] dithiophosphate | II | Group C/NE | ||
Malathion | Diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]butanedioate | III | SEC/Group 2A | ||
Methamidophos (Tamaron or Tramophos) | O,S-Dimethyl phosphoramidothioate | Ib | NLC/NE | ||
Parathion (Folidol) | O,O-Diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate | Ia | Group C/Group 2B | ||
Pyrethrin | Pyrethrin | (Z)-(S)-2-metil-4-oxo-3-(penta-2,4-dienil)ciclopent-2-enil (1R,3R)-2,2- dimetil-3-(2-metilprop-1-enil)ciclopropancarboxilato | II | NLC/NE | |
Pyrethroids | Cyfluthrin (Baytroid) | (RS)-α-ciano-4-fluoro-3-fenoxibencil (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2- diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropanocarboxilato | Ib | NLC/NE | |
Lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate) | (R)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1S)-cis-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropenyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate and (S)-a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropenyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate | II | Group D/NE | ||
Permethrin | 3-fenoxibencil (1RS,3RS,1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2- dimetilciclopropancarboxilato | II | SEC/NE | ||
Zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max) | Mix of (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate | II | NLC/NE | ||
H | Organophosphate | Paraquat | 1,1′-Dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride | II | Group C/NE |
Phosphonomethylglycine | Glyphosate | N-(fosfonometil)glicina-isopropilamina (1:1) o isopropilaminio N-(fosfonometil)glicinato | III | NLC/Group 2A | |
F | Benzimidazole | Thiabendazole (Tecto-60) | 2-(tiazol-4-il) benzimidazol | III | SEC/NE |
Carbamate | Mancozeb (Manzate) | Zinc;manganese(2±);N-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate | U | Group B/Group 2B | |
Ureic | Diuron | 3-(3,4-Diclorofenil)-1,1-dimetilurea | III | Known/Likely carcinogen/NE |
Assay/Parameters | Control Group (n = 18) | Exposed Group (n = 41) | Level of Significance (p) |
---|---|---|---|
Tail Length | 20.58 ± 1.04 | 22.89 ± 1.29 | 0.271 |
Tail Intensity | 9.51 ± 0.83 | 12.55 ± 1.24 | 0.262 |
Tail Moment | 0.90 ± 0.10 | 1.44 ± 0.25 | 0.169 |
Olive Tail Moment | 0.80 ± 0.09 | 1.02 ± 0.34 | 0.220 |
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Valencia-Quintana, R.; Milić, M.; Bonassi, S.; Ochoa-Ocaña, M.A.; Campos-Peña, V.; Tenorio-Arvide, M.G.; Pérez-Flores, G.A.; Sánchez-Alarcón, J. Effect of Pesticide Exposure over DNA Damage in Farmers from Los Reyes, Michoacan in Mexico. Toxics 2023, 11, 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020122
Valencia-Quintana R, Milić M, Bonassi S, Ochoa-Ocaña MA, Campos-Peña V, Tenorio-Arvide MG, Pérez-Flores GA, Sánchez-Alarcón J. Effect of Pesticide Exposure over DNA Damage in Farmers from Los Reyes, Michoacan in Mexico. Toxics. 2023; 11(2):122. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020122
Chicago/Turabian StyleValencia-Quintana, Rafael, Mirta Milić, Stefano Bonassi, Maria Antonieta Ochoa-Ocaña, Victoria Campos-Peña, Maria Guadalupe Tenorio-Arvide, Guillermo Alejandro Pérez-Flores, and Juana Sánchez-Alarcón. 2023. "Effect of Pesticide Exposure over DNA Damage in Farmers from Los Reyes, Michoacan in Mexico" Toxics 11, no. 2: 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020122