Evaluation of Toxic Effects Induced by Sub-Acute Exposure to Low Doses of α-Cypermethrin in Adult Male Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Compounds
2.2. Animals and Experimental Design
2.3. Collection of Blood and Tissues
2.4. Biochemical Analysis
2.5. DNA Damage Detected by the Alkaline Comet Assay
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body and Organ Weight
3.2. Biochemical Markers of Toxicity
3.3. The Alkaline Comet Assay
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect on Body and Organ Weight
4.2. Cholinesterase Activity
4.3. Oxidative Stress Response
4.4. Genotoxic Effects of Exposure to α-Cypermethrin
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Negative Control | Positive Control | Solvent Control | 2.186 µg/kg bw/Day | 0.015 mg/kg bw/Day | 0.157 mg/kg bw/Day | 0.786 mg/kg bw/Day |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial weight/g | 333 ± 2 | 312 ± 3 | 307 ± 3 | 357 ± 8 | 337 ± 3 | 360 ± 6 | 342 ± 7 |
Final weight/g | 409 ± 8 c | 341 ± 6 a,b,d | 388 ± 6 c,e | 392 ± 8 c,e | 346 ± 7 a,b,d | 369 ± 9 a | 366 ± 9 a |
Weight change/g | 76.6 ± 9.5 c | 29.0 ± 5.8 | 80.4 ± 7.00 c,d,e,f,g | 35.6 ± 2.6 a,b,e,f | 9.40 ± 4.58 a,b,d | 8.80 ± 4.99 a,b,d | 24.0 ± 2.81 a,b |
Liver weight/g | 12.4 ± 0.5 c,e,f | 9.24 ± 0.18 a,b,d | 11.41 ± 0.34 c,e,f | 11.70 ± 0.47 c,e,f | 8.39 ± 0.34 a,b,d,g | 8.68 ± 0.45 a,b,d,g | 10.96 ± 0.41 e,f |
Relative liver weight | 3.03 ± 0.09 e,f | 2.71 ± 0.04 f | 2.94 ± 0.09 e,f | 2.98 ± 0.07 e,f | 2.42 ± 0.06 a,b,d,g | 2.35 ± 0.07 a,b,c,d,g | 2.99 ± 0.08 e,f |
Kidney weight/g | 1.29 ± 0.05 a,e,f | 1.10 ± 0.03 a | 1.15 ± 0.03 | 1.22 ± 0.03 e | 1.01 ± 0.02 a,d | 1.06 ± 0.04 a | 1.16 ± 0.05 |
Relative kidney weight | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.01 |
Brain weight/g | 1.38 ± 0.05 | 1.33 ± 0.04 | 1.44 ± 0.04 | 1.52 ± 0.03 | 1.41 ± 0.04 | 1.44 ± 0.05 | 1.47 ± 0.06 |
Relative brain weight | 0.34 ± 0.02 e,g | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.002 | 0.41 ± 0.01 a | 0.39 ± 0.01 a | 0.40 ± 0.01 |
Liver | Kidney | Brain | Plasma | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ChE | AChE | BChE | ChE | AChE | BChE | AChE | ChE | AChE | BChE | |
Negative control | 0.467 0.412–0.549 | 0.215 0.170–0.304 | 0.241 0.227–0.274 | 0.204 0.163–0.227 | 0.124 0.095–0.148 | 0.084 0.039–0.112 | 23.9 20.0–35.9 | 0.079 0.077–0.108 | 0.063 0.056–0.084 | 0.023 0.014–0.030 |
Solvent control | 0.244 a 0.212–0.274 | 0.169 0.138–0.188 | 0.074 a 0.056–0.125 | 0.262 0.166–0.282 | 0.180 0.122–0.219 | 0.062 0.039–0.090 | 22.5 13.6–31.5 | 0.046 c 0.042–0.089 | 0.030 a 0.024–0.054 | 0.019 0.010–0.035 |
2.186 µg/kg bw/day | 0.245 a 0.207–0.276 | 0.101 a 0.073–0.153 | 0.134 0.092–0.167 | 0.096 a,b 0.084–0.111 | 0.079 0.058–0.106 | 0.019 0.0–0.049 | 25.6 22.3–34.7 | 0.068 0.044–0.089 | 0.047 0.032–0.060 | 0.016 0.012–0.032 |
0.015 mg/kg bw/day | 0.284 0.212–0.413 | 0.155 0.139–0.264 | 0.129 a 0.073–0.149 | 0.136 0.102–0.188 | 0.066 b 0.048–0.083 | 0.088 0.031–0.105 | 25.4 20.0–30.9 | 0.067 0.043–0.081 | 0.043 0.031–0.072 | 0.012 c 0.007–0.029 |
0.157 mg/kg bw/day | 0.259 0.235–0.333 | 0.125 0.098–0.182 | 0.137 0.131–0.159 | 0.128 0.101–0.142 | 0.064 b 0.052–0.074 | 0.069 0.037–0.087 | 27.1 25.6–33.9 | 0.053 0.051–0.081 | 0.048 0.042–0.056 | 0.008 c 0.0–0.027 |
0.786 mg/kg bw/day | 0.247 a 0.216–0.264 | 0.094 a 0.072–0.122 | 0.151 0.132–0.158 | 0.098 a,b 0.090–0.101 | 0.052 a,b 0.047–0.067 | 0.038 0.032–0.053 | 29.5 26.0–32.2 | 0.117 0.087–0.142 | 0.059 0.047–0.073 | 0.059 0.034–0.069 |
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Kašuba, V.; Tariba Lovaković, B.; Lucić Vrdoljak, A.; Katić, A.; Kopjar, N.; Micek, V.; Milić, M.; Pizent, A.; Želježić, D.; Žunec, S. Evaluation of Toxic Effects Induced by Sub-Acute Exposure to Low Doses of α-Cypermethrin in Adult Male Rats. Toxics 2022, 10, 717. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120717
Kašuba V, Tariba Lovaković B, Lucić Vrdoljak A, Katić A, Kopjar N, Micek V, Milić M, Pizent A, Želježić D, Žunec S. Evaluation of Toxic Effects Induced by Sub-Acute Exposure to Low Doses of α-Cypermethrin in Adult Male Rats. Toxics. 2022; 10(12):717. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120717
Chicago/Turabian StyleKašuba, Vilena, Blanka Tariba Lovaković, Ana Lucić Vrdoljak, Anja Katić, Nevenka Kopjar, Vedran Micek, Mirta Milić, Alica Pizent, Davor Želježić, and Suzana Žunec. 2022. "Evaluation of Toxic Effects Induced by Sub-Acute Exposure to Low Doses of α-Cypermethrin in Adult Male Rats" Toxics 10, no. 12: 717. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120717