Neuropathy with Cerebral Features Induced by Nitrous Oxide Abuse—A Case Report
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case Description
3. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Recreational Use of Nitrous Oxide: A Growing Concern for Europe; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hornbein, T.F.; Eger, E.I., 2nd; Winter, P.M.; Smith, G.; Wetstone, D.; Smith, K.H. The Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Nitrous Oxide in Man. Anesth. Analg. 1982, 61, 553–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jevtović-Todorović, V.; Todorović, S.M.; Mennerick, S.; Powell, S.; Dikranian, K.; Benshoff, N.; Zorumski, C.F.; Olney, J.W. Nitrous Oxide (laughing Gas) Is an NMDA Antagonist, Neuroprotectant and Neurotoxin. Nat. Med. 1998, 4, 460–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banks, R.G.S.; Henderson, R.J.; Pratt, J.M. Reactions of Gases in Solution. Part III. Some Reactions of Nitrous Oxide with Transition-Metal Complexes. J. Chem. Soc. 1968, 2886–2889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holloway, K.L.; Alberico, A.M. Postoperative Myeloneuropathy: A Preventable Complication in Patients with B12 Deficiency. J. Neurosurg. 1990, 72, 732–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flippo, T.S.; Holder, W.D., Jr. Neurologic Degeneration Associated with Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia in Patients with Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Arch. Surg. 1993, 128, 1391–1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lassen, H.C.; Henriksen, E.; Neukirch, F.; Kristensen, H.S. Treatment of Tetanus; Severe Bone-Marrow Depression after Prolonged Nitrous-Oxide Anaesthesia. Lancet 1956, 270, 527–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Layzer, R.B.; Fishman, R.A.; Schafer, J.A. Neuropathy Following Abuse of Nitrous Oxide. Neurology 1978, 28, 504–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Layzer, R.B. Myeloneuropathy after Prolonged Exposure to Nitrous Oxide. Lancet 1978, 2, 1227–1230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amess, J.A.; Burman, J.F.; Rees, G.M.; Nancekievill, D.G.; Mollin, D.L. Megaloblastic Haemopoiesis in Patients Receiving Nitrous Oxide. Lancet 1978, 2, 339–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, J.M. Folate–vitamin B12 Interrelationships in the Central Nervous System. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1992, 51, 219–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dinn, J.J.; McCann, S.; Wilson, P.; Reed, B.; Weir, D.; Scott, J. Animal Model for Subacute Combined Degeneration. Lancet 1978, 2, 1154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dinn, J.J.; Weir, D.G.; McCann, S.; Reed, B.; Wilson, P.; Scott, J.M. Methyl Group Deficiency in Nerve Tissue: A Hypothesis to Explain the Lesion of Subacute Combined Degeneration. Ir. J. Med. Sci. 1980, 149, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Savage, D.G.; Lindenbaum, J. Folate-Cobalamin Interactions. In Folate in Health and Disease; Bailey, L.B., Ed.; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1995; pp. 237–285. ISBN 9780824792800. [Google Scholar]
- Savage, D.G.; Lindenbaum, J. Neurological Complications of Aquired Cobalamin Deficeincy: Clinical Aspects. In Folate in Health and Disease; Bailey, L.B., Ed.; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1995; pp. 657–678. ISBN 9780824792800. [Google Scholar]
- Davidson, S. Clinical Picture of Pernicious Anaemia prior to Introduction of Liver Therapy in 1926 and in Edinburgh Subsequent to 1944. Br. Med. J. 1957, 1, 241–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Healton, E.B.; Savage, D.G.; Brust, J.C.; Garrett, T.J.; Lindenbaum, J. Neurologic Aspects of Cobalamin Deficiency. Medicine 1991, 70, 229–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garakani, A.; Jaffe, R.J.; Savla, D.; Welch, A.K.; Protin, C.A.; Bryson, E.O.; McDowell, D.M. Neurologic, Psychiatric, and Other Medical Manifestations of Nitrous Oxide Abuse: A Systematic Review of the Case Literature. Am. J. Addict. 2016, 25, 358–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thompson, A.G.; Leite, M.I.; Lunn, M.P.; Bennett, D.L.H. Whippits, Nitrous Oxide and the Dangers of Legal Highs. Pract. Neurol. 2015, 15, 207–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nordmark Grass, J.; Westerbergh, J.; Lindeman, E. Recurrent use of nitrous oxide can give rise to severe complications. Lakartidningen 2022, 119, 21157. (In Swedish) [Google Scholar]
- J Siddiqui, A.; Gautam, G.; Ågren, A.; Nordmark Grass, J. Life threatening thrombosis after massive consumption of laughing gas. Lakartidningen 2023, 120, 22151. [Google Scholar]
- van Riel, A.J.H.P.; Hunault, C.C.; van den Hengel-Koot, I.S.; Nugteren-van Lonkhuyzen, J.J.; de Lange, D.W.; Hondebrink, L. Alarming Increase in Poisonings from Recreational Nitrous Oxide Use after a Change in EU-Legislation, Inquiries to the Dutch Poisons Information Center. Int. J. Drug Policy 2022, 100, 103519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borch, K.; Liedberg, G. Prevalence and Incidence of Pernicious Anemia. An Evaluation for Gastric Screening. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1984, 19, 154–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pike, N.A.; Poulsen, M.K.; Woo, M.A. Validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Screener in Adolescents and Young Adults with and without Congenital Heart Disease. Nurs. Res. 2017, 66, 222–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lindeman, E.; Abdulhameed, I.; Nordmark Grass, J. Rapid Normalization of Homocysteine after Cessation of Nitrous Oxide Exposure: A Case Series. Clin. Toxicol. 2023, 61, 65–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alberts, B. Molecular Biology of the Cell; Garland Science: New York, NY, USA, 2017; ISBN 9781317563754. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, H.-J.; Huang, C.-S. Nitrous Oxide-Induced Subacute Combined Degeneration Presenting with Dystonia and Pseudoathetosis: A Case Report. Acta Neurol. Taiwan 2016, 25, 50–55. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Tsao, D.; Diatchenko, L.; Dokholyan, N.V. Structural Mechanism of S-Adenosyl Methionine Binding to Catechol O-Methyltransferase. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e24287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lettström, C.; Tournavitis, A.; Eriksson, L. Large amounts of nitrous oxide can give rise to psychiatric and neruologic symptoms. Lakartidningen 2023, 120, 22146. (In Swedish) [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Chiew Angela, L.; Raubenheimer Jacques, E.; Ingrid, B.; Buckley Nicholas, A.; Therese, B.; Betty, C.; Jonathan, B. Just “Nanging” around—Harmful Nitrous Oxide Use. A Retrospective Case Series and Review of Internet Searches, Social Media Posts and the Coroner’s Database. Intern. Med. J. 2021, 52, 1724–1732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheldon, R.J.G.; Reid, M.; Schon, F.; Poole, N.A. Just Say N2O—Nitrous Oxide Misuse: Essential Information for Psychiatrists. BJPsych Adv. 2020, 26, 72–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alt, R.S.; Morrissey, R.P.; Gang, M.A.; Hoffman, R.S.; Schaumburg, H.H. Severe Myeloneuropathy from Acute High-Dose Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Abuse. J. Emerg. Med. 2011, 41, 378–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Halleux, C.; Juurlink, D.N. Diagnosis and Management of Toxicity Associated with the Recreational Use of Nitrous Oxide. CMAJ 2023, 195, E1075–E1081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brodsky, L.; Zuniga, J. Nitrous Oxide: A Psychotogenic Agent. Compr. Psychiatry 1975, 16, 185–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Svensson, S.; Johnsson, M. Serious and multi-faceted consequences of nitrous oxide use. Lakartidningen 2023, 120, 23116. (In Swedish) [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Consumption of Foodstuffs of Animal Origin. Preliminary Data 2021. The Swedish Board of Agriculture. Website in Swedish. Available online: https://jordbruksverket.se/om-jordbruksverket/jordbruksverkets-officiella-statistik/jordbruksverkets-statistikrapporter/statistik/2022-03-17-livsmedelskonsumtion-av-animalier.-preliminara-uppgifter-2021 (accessed on 13 November 2023).
- Lindenbaum, J.; Healton, E.B.; Savage, D.G.; Brust, J.C.; Garrett, T.J.; Podell, E.R.; Marcell, P.D.; Stabler, S.P.; Allen, R.H. Neuropsychiatric Disorders Caused by Cobalamin Deficiency in the Absence of Anemia or Macrocytosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988, 318, 1720–1728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lindeman, E.; Melin, S.; Paucar, M.; Ågren, R. Neuropathy with Cerebral Features Induced by Nitrous Oxide Abuse—A Case Report. Toxics 2023, 11, 959. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120959
Lindeman E, Melin S, Paucar M, Ågren R. Neuropathy with Cerebral Features Induced by Nitrous Oxide Abuse—A Case Report. Toxics. 2023; 11(12):959. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120959
Chicago/Turabian StyleLindeman, Erik, Sara Melin, Martin Paucar, and Richard Ågren. 2023. "Neuropathy with Cerebral Features Induced by Nitrous Oxide Abuse—A Case Report" Toxics 11, no. 12: 959. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120959
APA StyleLindeman, E., Melin, S., Paucar, M., & Ågren, R. (2023). Neuropathy with Cerebral Features Induced by Nitrous Oxide Abuse—A Case Report. Toxics, 11(12), 959. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120959