Effects of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, and Dioxin-like PCBs on Teeth and Bones in Animals and Humans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Effects of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs on Tooth Growth and Oral Health
3.1.1. Animal Studies
Effects of Gestational and Lactational Exposure to TCDD on Tooth Growth
Effects of Chronic Exposure to TCDD at High Doses in Adulthood on Teeth
3.1.2. Studies of Humans: Epidemiological Studies
Fetal and Lactational Exposure to PCDD/Fs
Exposure to PCDD/Fs in Childhood and Adulthood
3.2. Effects of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs on Bone Growth and Remodeling
3.2.1. Animal Studies
Effects of Fetal and Lactational Exposure to TCDD on Bone Growth
Effects of Exposure to TCDD in Adulthood on Bones
3.2.2. Studies of Humans: Epidemiological and Clinical Studies
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of PCDD/Fs on Teeth and Their Potential Mechanisms
4.2. Effects of PCDD/Fs on Bone and Their Potential Mechanisms
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Authors | Publication Year | Animals | Exposure Time | Exposure Dose of TCDD | Health Effects (Outcomes) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure during fetal period and/or lactation | ||||||
1 | Kattainen et al. [8] | 2001 | Han/Wistar (H/W) and Long-Evans (L/E) rats | Gestation day (GD) 15 | 0.03–1 μg/kg of a single oral dose | Lower percentage of erupted third molars (60% in males and 50% in females exposed to TCDD at 1 mg/kg) and smaller molar size |
2 | Lukinmaa et al. [9] | 2001 | H/W rats | 1 day after delivery | 50 or 1000 μg/kg | Abnormal development of molars and arrested dentin formation in lower incisors |
3 | Miettinen et al. [10] | 2002 | Dioxin-sensitive rats | GD11, GD13, GD19, postnatal day (PND)0, PND2, PND4 | 1 μg/kg | Accelerated eruption of the lower incisors and retarded eruption of the third molars. |
4 | Gao et al. [11] | 2004 | H/W rats | The day after delivery | 50 or 1000 μg/kg | Enamel matrix stagnation and thicker predentin in the first and second molars |
Exposure during adulthood | ||||||
1 | Alaluusua et al. [12] | 1993 | TCDD-resistant H/W young adult male rats | 11–12 weeks of age | 1000 μg/kg of a single intra peritoneal dose | Thinner upper and lower incisors 16 weeks after exposure |
2 | Kiukkonen et al. [13] | 2002 | Resistant H/W female rats and susceptible L/E female rats | 10–30 weeks of age | 0. 17, 1.7, 17, 170 (H/W rats only) μg/kg | Mesenchymal and epithelial elements formation of incisors formation |
No. | Author | Publication Year | Country/Region | Target Population (Gender, Age, Residents/Patients) | Exposure Indicators | Health Effects (Outcomes) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dioxin exposure during fetal and/or lactation period | ||||||
1 | Alaluusua et al. [4] | 1996 | Finland | Children aged 6–7 years (residents) | PCDD/Fs in maternal breast milk | Enamel dysplasia of permanent first molars. |
2 | Laisi et al. [5] | 2008 | Finland | Mothers and their 167 children | PCDD/Fs and PCBs in placentas | No effects on the child’s molars. |
Dioxin exposure during childhood and adulthood | ||||||
1 | Fukuyama et al. [19] | 1979 | Japan | Patients with Yusho (oil disease in Japan) aged at 0 to 15 years | Patients diagnosed as Yusho disease | Delayed eruption of permanent teeth, abnormal number of teeth, and abnormal root shape. |
2 | Guo et al. [20] | 1999 | Taiwan | Patients with Yu-cheng (oil disease in Taiwan) | Patients and controls | High prevalence of broken teeth (reported clinical history) 14 years after of diagnosis. |
3 | Alaluusua et al. [6] | 2004 | Seveso, Italy | Residents exposed to TCDD from industrial explosion | Serum TCDD concentration soon after accident | Enamel dysplasia and defects of teeth. |
4 | Kanagawa et al. [21] | 2008 | Japan | Patients with Yusho (oil disease in Japan) | Serum levels of PCBs, PCDFs, and polyquarterphenyls (PCQs) | Tooth pigmentation 30 years after of diagnosis. |
5 | Ngoc et al. [22] | 2019 | Vietnam | Adults living in the herbicide-sprayed and non-sprayed areas | Residential areas (cases and controls) | Prevalence of enamel dysplasia. |
No. | Author | Publication Year | Experimental Animals | Exposure Time | Exposure Dose | Health Effects (Outcomes) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure during fetal period and/or lactation | ||||||
1 | Miettinen et al. [23] | 2005 | Rat strains with different susceptibility | GD11, GD13, GD19, PND0, PND2, PND4 | 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 μg/kg of single oral doses to dams | Decreased bone length, cortical cross-sectional area, and bone density of tibia, femur, and femoral neck. |
2 | Nishimura et al. [24] | 2009 | C57BL/6J mice | day 1 after delivery | 15 μg/kg of a single oral dose to dams | Abnormal calcification of the tibia, increased 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, and decreased osteogenic biomarker activity. No alteration of bone resorptive marker activity. |
3 | Finnilä et al. [25] | 2010 | Female Sprague Dawley rats | GD 11 | 1 μg/kg of a single dose in gavage | Normal bone development, such as decreased plasticity, increased dynamic hardness, storage modulus, and composite modulus. |
4 | Yamada et al. [26] | 2014 | Pregnant ICR strain mice | Embryonic Day 12.5 | 40 μg/kg of a single dose in gavage | Palatal osteogenesis and myogenesis related with occurrence of cleft palates. |
Exposure during adulthood | ||||||
1 | Alaluusua et al. [12] | 1993 | Young adult male H/W rats | 11–12 weeks of age | 1000 μg/kg of a single intraperitoneal dose | Smaller skull size |
2 | Jamsa et al. [27] | 2001 | H/W and L/E rats | 10–30 weeks of age | 1.7 to 170 μg/kg of percutaneous doses | Decreased tibia size, 3-point bending fracture force, and stiffness of the tibia, but no alteration of bone mineral density (BMD). |
3 | Herlin et al. [28] | 2010 | Female L/E and H/W rats | 10–30 weeks of age | 0, 0.14, 1.4, 14 and 140 μg/kg for total dose of percutaneous doses | Altered bone geometry and bone biomechanical parameters, but no effect on bone mineral density parameters. |
4 | Herlin et al. [29] | 2013 | AhR knockout (Ahr(−/−)) and wild-type (Ahr(+/+)) mice | 18–22 weeks of age | 200 µg/kg for total dose in gavage | Harder bone matrix, thinner cortical bone, mechanically weaker bone, and increased trabecular bone volume fraction. |
5 | Fader et al. [30] | 2018 | Male and female C57BL/6 mice | PND25-53 (every 4 days) | 0.01–30 μg/kg of oral doses | Increased trabecular bone volume of femur bone, inhibition of bone resorption markers, increased number of osteoblasts on the trabecular bone surface, increased regulator of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, increased serum 1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3. |
No. | Author | Publication Year | Country/Region | Target Population (Gender, Age, Residents/Patients) | Exposure Indicators | Bone Effect Markers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Akamine et al. [31] | 1985 | Japan | Yusho patients aged at 20 s to 60 s | dl-PCB and PCDF congeners in sera | Higher prevalence of sever alveolar bone resorption in patients compared with healthy subjects in the same age groups. |
2 | Shimizu et al. [32] | 1992 | Japan | Yusho patients | dl-PCB and PCDF congeners in sera | Increased morbidity of periodontal diseases with horizontal alveolar bone resorption during 12-year observation |
3 | Hodgson et al. [33] | 2008 | Sweden | Residents aged at 60–81 year (154 men and 167 women) living in Baltic Sea coast areas | Five dl-PCBs PCB118, three non-dl PCBs, and p,p′-DDE in blood | Low bone density correlated with PCB118 in men, but positive correlation between bone density and PCB118 in women. |
4 | Eskenazi et al. [7] | 2014 | Seveso, Italy | 350 women who were under 20 years old in 1976 | TCDD in sera taken immediately after the explosion | Bone density and size and strength indices of the three hip-forming bone regions. Better bone structure in highly exposed women, but no association between bone density and TCDD. |
5 | Fukushi et al. [34] | 2016 | Japan | Residents (262 women and 227 men) including Yusho patients (61.5% in women and 69.6% in men) | PCDDs, PCDFs, and non-ortho PCBs in blood | 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD may have a negative effect on bone mineral density in women, but serum levels of this conjugate were not increased in patients with Yusho. |
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Takiguchi, T.; Vu, H.T.; Nishino, Y. Effects of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, and Dioxin-like PCBs on Teeth and Bones in Animals and Humans. Toxics 2023, 11, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010007
Takiguchi T, Vu HT, Nishino Y. Effects of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, and Dioxin-like PCBs on Teeth and Bones in Animals and Humans. Toxics. 2023; 11(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakiguchi, Tomoya, Hoa Thi Vu, and Yoshikazu Nishino. 2023. "Effects of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, and Dioxin-like PCBs on Teeth and Bones in Animals and Humans" Toxics 11, no. 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010007
APA StyleTakiguchi, T., Vu, H. T., & Nishino, Y. (2023). Effects of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, and Dioxin-like PCBs on Teeth and Bones in Animals and Humans. Toxics, 11(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010007