Gestational Exposure to Phthalates and Phthalate Replacements in Relation to Neurodevelopmental Delays in Early Childhood
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Phthalate Metabolite Measurements
2.3. Neurobehavioral Assessments
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Intrauterine Phthalate Exposure and BDI-2 in Early Childhood
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PROTECT (N = 1576) | Analysis Group (N = 274) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Maternal Characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | |
Alcohol Use | Never | 836 (53) | 125 (46) |
Pre-pregnancy | 608 (39) | 123 (45) | |
Currently Employed | No | 573 (36) | 75 (27) |
Yes | 953 (60) | 185 (68) | |
Maternal Education | GED or less | 337 (21) | 29 (11) |
Some college | 515 (33) | 98 (36) | |
Bachelors or higher | 674 (43) | 130 (47) | |
Annual Income | <10 k | 431 (27) | 52 (19) |
10 k– < 30 k | 413 (26) | 84 (31) | |
30 k– < 50 k | 300 (19) | 63 (23) | |
≥50 k | 195 (12) | 34 (12) | |
Maternal Age (years) | 18–24 | 583 (37) | 68 (25) |
25–29 | 490 (31) | 91 (33) | |
30–34 | 324 (21) | 58 (21) | |
35–41 | 173 (11) | 43 (16) | |
Marital Status | Single | 302 (19) | 27 (10) |
Married | 805 (51) | 151 (55) | |
Cohabitating | 422 (27) | 78 (28) | |
BMI | ≤25 | 755 (48) | 128 (47) |
>25 to <30 | 427 (27) | 76 (28) | |
≥30 | 289 (18) | 43 (16) | |
Number of Children | 0 | 651 (41) | 109 (40) |
1 | 534 (34) | 79 (29) | |
2–5 | 347 (22) | 72 (26) | |
Child Characteristics | Mean ± SD or n (%) | ||
Gestational Age (weeks) | 38.9 ± 1.9 | 39.0 ± 1.7 | |
Birth Weight (grams) | 3174 ± 547 | 3162.47 ± 564 | |
Sex | Female | 521 (33) | 137 (50) |
Male | 566 (36) | 137 (50) |
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Park, S.; Zimmerman, E.; Huerta-Montañez, G.; Rosario-Pabón, Z.; Vélez-Vega, C.M.; Cordero, J.F.; Alshwabekah, A.; Meeker, J.D.; Watkins, D.J. Gestational Exposure to Phthalates and Phthalate Replacements in Relation to Neurodevelopmental Delays in Early Childhood. Toxics 2023, 11, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010065
Park S, Zimmerman E, Huerta-Montañez G, Rosario-Pabón Z, Vélez-Vega CM, Cordero JF, Alshwabekah A, Meeker JD, Watkins DJ. Gestational Exposure to Phthalates and Phthalate Replacements in Relation to Neurodevelopmental Delays in Early Childhood. Toxics. 2023; 11(1):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010065
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Seonyoung, Emily Zimmerman, Gredia Huerta-Montañez, Zaira Rosario-Pabón, Carmen M. Vélez-Vega, José F. Cordero, Akram Alshwabekah, John D. Meeker, and Deborah J. Watkins. 2023. "Gestational Exposure to Phthalates and Phthalate Replacements in Relation to Neurodevelopmental Delays in Early Childhood" Toxics 11, no. 1: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010065