Determinants of Cocoa Farmers’ Compliance with Agrochemical Safety Precautions in Ogun and Osun States, Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Sampling Procedures
2.2. Limitations of the Study
2.3. Analytical Methods
2.3.1. Construction of Safety Compliance Indicators
2.3.2. Endogenous Regressor Tobit Model
3. Results
3.1. Cocoa Farmers’ Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Determinants of Agrochemical Safety Compliance Indicators among Cocoa Farmers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Osun State | Ogun State | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ayedaade | Irewole LGA | Yewa North | Yewa South | ||||
Location | Frequency | Location | Frequency | Location | Frequency | Location | Frequency |
Aba Otun | 7 | Agbopo | 7 | Igbogila | 3 | Eredo | 4 |
Ago Igbira | 3 | Baraloje | 7 | Igbota | 3 | Idogo | 4 |
Agodo | 1 | Fagbemi | 2 | Ijowun | 3 | Igbo Igbin | 45 |
Akinrepo | 8 | Odeyinka | 16 | Imasayi | 1 | Ijado | 1 |
Akorede | 1 | - | - | Owode Ketu | 25 | Ilaro | 2 |
Bembe | 11 | - | - | Sawanjo | 85 | Itoro | 8 |
Mokore I, II, III | 19 | - | - | Tata | 36 | Iweke | 2 |
- | - | - | - | - | - | Odan-Itoro | 2 |
- | - | - | - | - | - | Olokuta | 18 |
- | - | - | - | - | - | Orile-Itoro | 2 |
Total | 50 | - | 32 | - | 156 | - | 88 |
Yewa North (n = 156) | Yewa South (n = 88) | Ayedaade (n = 50) | Irewole (n = 32) | All Farmers (n = 326) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | |
Married | 0.019 | 0.091 | 0.060 | 0.063 | 0.049 | |||||
Male | 0.936 | 0.886 | 0.880 | 0.969 | 0.917 | |||||
No Education | 0.231 | 0.409 | 0.260 | 0.156 | 0.276 | |||||
Primary Occupation (Farming) | 0.904 | 0.864 | 0.940 | 0.875 | 0.896 | |||||
Household Size | 7.064 | 3.592 | 7.773 | 4.784 | 7.440 | 4.427 | 7.781 | 4.757 | 7.383 | 4.183 |
Cocoa Farming Experience | 23.936 | 16.188 | 22.091 | 16.018 | 23.460 | 15.695 | 22.750 | 14.560 | 23.248 | 15.864 |
Age of Farmers | 50.032 | 16.181 | 52.705 | 15.690 | 51.960 | 16.411 | 51.563 | 15.604 | 51.199 | 15.999 |
Number of PPE owned | 1.2179 | 1.6629 | 2.2955 | 1.8579 | 2.1400 | 1.8953 | 0.4375 | 0.8776 | 1.574 | 1.799 |
Cocoa land areas | 6.3590 | 6.8866 | 8.1193 | 9.3931 | 9.1000 | 9.8768 | 9.0000 | 11.3216 | 7.514 | 8.632 |
Perceived Health as Excellent | 0.288 | 0.261 | 0.160 | 0.313 | 0.264 | |||||
Perceived Health as Very Good | 0.442 | 0.523 | 0.420 | 0.344 | 0.451 | |||||
Perceived Health as Good | 0.237 | 0.182 | 0.300 | 0.281 | 0.236 | |||||
Perceived Health as Fair | 0.026 | 0.034 | 0.120 | 0.063 | 0.046 | |||||
Perceived Health as Poor | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 |
Compliance Index | Yewa North (n = 136) | Yewa South (n = 88) | Ayedaade (n = 50) | Irewole (n = 32) | All Farmers (n = 326) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | |
Insecticides | −0.491 | 1.543 | 0.381 | 1.853 | 0.089 | 1.998 | −1.196 | 0.871 | −0.236 | 1.724 |
Herbicides | −0.328 | 1.367 | −0.079 | 1.762 | −0.012 | 1.748 | −1.103 | 0.833 | −0.288 | 1.529 |
Fertilizers | −0.366 | 1.617 | −0.078 | 2.081 | −0.185 | 2.114 | −1.273 | 0.698 | −0.350 | 1.799 |
Fungicides | −0.509 | 1.440 | 0.230 | 1.753 | 0.131 | 1.644 | −1.069 | 0.794 | −0.266 | 1.569 |
Fungicides | Fertilizers | Herbicides | Insecticides | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coefficients | Robust Std Error | Coefficients | Robust Std. Error | Coefficients | Robust Std. Error | Coefficients | Robust Std. Error |
PPE Owned | 0.7376 *** | 0.0700 | 0.4962 *** | 0.0917 | 0.7318 *** | 0.1247 | 0.8349 *** | 0.0590 |
Married | 0.0329 | 0.1434 | 0.0218 | 0.2598 | −0.1642 | 0.2819 | −0.0227 | 0.1539 |
Male | −0.0637 | 0.1322 | −0.1366 | 0.2030 | −0.3585 | 0.2838 | −0.1503 | 0.1756 |
No Education | −0.2131 ** | 0.1045 | 0.2257 * | 0.1230 | −0.1653 | 0.1364 | −0.1327 * | 0.0788 |
Primary Occupation (Farming) | 0.1367 | 0.1501 | 0.1182 | 0.2185 | 0.0485 | 0.1946 | 0.0584 | 0.1417 |
Household Size | 0.0132 | 0.0080 | 0.0101 | 0.0142 | −0.0035 | 0.0165 | 0.0084 | 0.0098 |
Cocoa Farming Experience | 0.0024 | 0.0029 | 0.0038 | 0.0046 | 0.0100 ** | 0.0049 | 0.0042 * | 0.0024 |
Age of Farmers | −0.0003 | 0.0037 | −0.0115 ** | 0.0050 | −0.0064 | 0.0061 | 0.0001 | 0.0031 |
Aware of Manufacturers’ Instructions | 1.3051 *** | 0.2389 | 1.9615 *** | 0.1144 | 3.1094 *** | 0.2186 | 1.2036 *** | 0.2838 |
Perceived Health as Very Good | −0.0156 | 0.1106 | 0.2178 | 0.1424 | −0.1850 | 0.1752 | 0.0329 | 0.0986 |
Perceived Health as Good | −0.0488 | 0.1207 | 0.4022 *** | 0.1552 | −0.0450 | 0.2094 | −0.0146 | 0.1137 |
Perceived Health as Fair | 0.0419 | 0.1726 | 0.2120 | 0.2468 | −0.4537 *** | 0.2067 | −0.0933 | 0.2162 |
Perceived Health as Poor | 1.1813 *** | 0.2354 | 1.7144 *** | 0.1731 | 2.9827 *** | 0.3078 | 1.1113 *** | 0.2791 |
Constant | −2.7315 *** | 0.2876 | −2.0221 *** | 0.3996 | −3.2393 *** | 0.5056 | −2.6944 *** | 0.3224 |
corr(e.ppeowned,e.insectindica) | 0.0256 | 0.1851 | 0.1050 | 0.1546 | −0.2269 | 0.2093 | 0.0999 | 0.1572 |
sd(e.insectindica) | 0.6860 | 0.0716 | 1.0148 | 0.0450 | 0.9847 | 0.0855 | 0.6102 | 0.0656 |
sd(e.ppeowned) | 1.5930 | 0.0557 | 1.6127 | 0.0586 | 1.6307 | 0.0577 | 1.5988 | 0.0555 |
Number of observations | 326 | 326 | 326 | 326 | ||||
Log pseudolikelihood | −942.94 | −1083.93 | −948.61 | −911.77 | ||||
Wald chi2(12) | 2449.03 *** | 473.78 *** | 1148.62 *** | 4182.60 *** | ||||
Wald test of exogeneity | 0.02 | 0.45 | 1.10 | 0.40 |
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Oyekale, A.S. Determinants of Cocoa Farmers’ Compliance with Agrochemical Safety Precautions in Ogun and Osun States, Nigeria. Toxics 2022, 10, 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080454
Oyekale AS. Determinants of Cocoa Farmers’ Compliance with Agrochemical Safety Precautions in Ogun and Osun States, Nigeria. Toxics. 2022; 10(8):454. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080454
Chicago/Turabian StyleOyekale, Abayomi Samuel. 2022. "Determinants of Cocoa Farmers’ Compliance with Agrochemical Safety Precautions in Ogun and Osun States, Nigeria" Toxics 10, no. 8: 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080454
APA StyleOyekale, A. S. (2022). Determinants of Cocoa Farmers’ Compliance with Agrochemical Safety Precautions in Ogun and Osun States, Nigeria. Toxics, 10(8), 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080454