Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of Eight Major Herbicide Active Ingredients in Comparison to Their Commercial Formulations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Mammalian Cell Tissue Culture
2.3. Cytotoxicity Assays
2.4. ToxiLight Cell Membrane Damage Assay
2.5. Oxidative Stress
2.6. ToxTracker Assay System
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Active Ingredient | Formulation | Area Spray in (Hectares) | Active Ingredients Applied (kg) | Declared Co-Formulants |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glyphosate | Roundup Probio | 2,812,366 | 2,556,968 | Alkylpolyglycoside, nitroryl, water and minor formulating ingredients |
Pendimethalin | Stomp Aqua | 309,809 | 295,480 | methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, Isocyanic acid, polymethylenepolyphenylene ester (P-MDI), 4,4’-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate; diphenylmethane-4,4’-diisocyanate, Magnesium sulphate |
Propyzamide | Kerb flo | 228,341 | 105,406 | Propylene glycol, 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-hydroxy-,polymer with formaldehyde and methylphenol, sodium salt |
Metazachlor | Sultan 50C | 51,656 | 30,958 | - |
Fluroxypyr | Hurler | 675,157 | 83,041 | BUTANOL-norm, Hydrocarbons, C9, aromatics, Organic sulfonate–proprietary, Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aromatic |
Dicamba | Hunter | 76,083 | 39,591 | - |
Quizalofop-p-ethyl | Targa Super | N/A | N/A | Calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate, Ethoxylated lauryl alcohol C12, Solvent naphtha (petroleum), super heavy aromatic (<1% naphthalene), solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic (<1% naphthalene) |
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) | Anti-liserons | N/A | N/A | - |
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Ferguson, S.; Mesnage, R.; Antoniou, M.N. Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of Eight Major Herbicide Active Ingredients in Comparison to Their Commercial Formulations. Toxics 2022, 10, 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110711
Ferguson S, Mesnage R, Antoniou MN. Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of Eight Major Herbicide Active Ingredients in Comparison to Their Commercial Formulations. Toxics. 2022; 10(11):711. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110711
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerguson, Scarlett, Robin Mesnage, and Michael N. Antoniou. 2022. "Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of Eight Major Herbicide Active Ingredients in Comparison to Their Commercial Formulations" Toxics 10, no. 11: 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110711