A Review of Methods Used to Detect Methamphetamine from Indoor Air and Textiles in Confined Spaces
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Extraction and Detection of Indoor Airborne Methamphetamine from Manufacture
4.2. Extraction and Detection of Indoor Airborne Methamphetamine from Smoking
4.3. Clothing and Textile Methamphetamine Extraction and Detection
4.4. Detection Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Search Terms | |
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Key Words | amphetamine OR amfetamine OR methamphetamine OR metamfetamine OR methylamphetamine OR “clandestine laborator *” air OR “indoor air” OR airborne OR vapo?r OR “vapo?r phase” OR “air phase” OR “gas phase” OR gaseous OR volatile OR volatili?ation OR “free base” OR “meth * smok *” OR cloth * OR fabric OR textile OR upholstery |
AND title/abstract/keywords |
Sample Type | Air Extraction Method | Media Desorption | Detection Method | State, Country | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Two former clandestine laboratories. | Personal sampling pump (1.5 L/min flow rate) connected to a silica gel sorbent tube followed by glass fiber filter in a clear styrene cassette. | 15 mL methanol | LC-MS Agilent 1100 LC-MSD | Minnesota, USA | Raynor and Carmody 2006 [40] |
Suspected clandestine laboratories and controlled methamphetamine manufacture in abandoned structures using red phosphorus, hypophosphorous, phosphorus flake, and anhydrous ammonia methods. | Personal sampling pump (2 L/min flow rate) with 37 mm sampling cassettes and acid-treated glass fiber filters. | Method under development at time of paper publication. | GC-MS Make not specified | Colorado, USA | Martyny et al. 2007 [12] |
Controlled “smoking” of methamphetamine in a dwelling. | Personal sampling pump (2 L/min flow rate) with acid-treated glass fiber filters. | As specified in NIOSH draft method 9106, a method used for methamphetamine analysis on wipes by liquid-liquid extraction. | GC-MS Make not specified | Colorado, USA | Martyny et al. 2008 [11] |
Controlled methamphetamine manufacture in a home using a red phosphorus method. | Personal sampling pump (2 or 2.5 L/min flow rate) with closed-face, acid-treated glass fiber filter cassette and with an aluminum cyclone filter cassette. Sioutas Personal Cascade Impactor (9 L/min flow) with acid-treated glass fiber media. | As specified in NIOSH draft method 9106. | GC-MS Make not specified | Colorado, USA | Van Dyke et al. 2008 [16] |
Suspected former clandestine laboratories. | Dynamic SPME field sampler coupled to an air sampling pump (sampling for 5–30 min at 1 L/min flow rate). | SPME fiber introduced into GC inlet set at 250 °C. | GC-MS HP 6890 GC + HP 5973 MS Positive Ion Mode, 70 eV | New Zealand | McKenzie, Miskelly and Butler 2013 [41,42], McKenzie 2014 [43] * |
Contaminated home from known methamphetamine manufacture. | Personal sampling pump (1 L/min flow rate) with ORBO™-49P (XAD®-2 resin) sampling tubes. | Based on NIOSH method 9111, a method used for methamphetamine analysis on wipe samples. | LC-MS Agilent 1290 Infinity UHPLC system 6460/6470 Triple Quadrupole, LC-MS electrospray source | Australia | Wright et al. 2021 [13] |
Sample Type | Sample Composition and Contamination | Extraction Method | Detection Method | State, Country | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clothing | 100% cotton garment as control spiked with 0.8–1492.4 ng methamphetamine/0.1 g sample. Methamphetamine users’ clothing. | Liquid extraction of swatches using 1 mL chloroform:propan-2-ol (3:1, v/v). | HPLC-FL system Shimadzu LC-10ADvp pump with Shimadzu RF_10AXL spectrofluorometer HPLC-UV system Tosoh CCPD pump with Waters 484 absorbance detector | Japan | Al-Dirbashi et al. 2001 [44] |
Clothing | Protective clothing worn during controlled methamphetamine manufacture in a property using red phosphorus, hypophosphorous, phosphorus flake, and anhydrous ammonia methods. | Method under development at the laboratory at time of the paper publication. | GC-MS Make not specified | Colorado, USA | Martyny et al. 2007 [12] |
Textile | 100% cotton and 100% polyester samples spiked with 2.5 ng each of cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine. | Not applicable. | DESI-MS Prosolia Omni Spray™ ion source and Thermo Electron LTQ MS | Indiana, USA | Talaty et al. 2008 [45] |
Textile | Carpet in a property after controlled methamphetamine manufacture using a red phosphorus method. | Carpet vacuumed using a Eureka Sanitare Commercial vacuum cleaner fitted with a Mitest Dust collection device. Samples then underwent extraction according to NIOSH draft method 9106, a method used for methamphetamine analysis of wipes using liquid-liquid extraction. | GC-MS Make not specified | Colorado, USA | Van Dyke et al. 2008 [16] |
Clothing | Cotton sweatshirt spiked with known concentrations of methamphetamine. Fabric and clothing (including jeans, t-shirts, undergarments, socks, and car seat covers) from suspected or known methamphetamine users or cooks. | Liquid extraction of swatches using different solvents. | GC-MS Agilent Technologies 6890N GC 5975 with Agilent Mass Selective Detector | Alabama, USA | Keasey 2011 [46] |
Clothing | Cotton denim (tight weave), cotton blanket (looser weave), fire department turnout jackets, law enforcement ballistic vest, Nomex coveralls and polyester/cotton coveralls contaminated with laboratory-generated methamphetamine aerosol. | Liquid extraction of swatches using NIOSH method 9111, a method used for methamphetamine analysis of wipe samples. | LC-MS Make not specified | Colorado, USA | Serrano et al. 2012 [15] |
Textile | Loosely woven upholstery fabric (19% cotton, 79% olefin, 2% rayon). Transfer of methamphetamine from fabric to skin. | Not applicable | Radioactivity using a PerkinElmer Tri-Carb 2900 TR liquid scintillation spectrometer | California, USA | Salocks et al. 2014 [47] |
Textile | Low-pile, synthetic carpet contaminated with methamphetamine from simulated “smoking”. Cotton glove used to determine the dermal transfer of methamphetamine from a contaminated surface. | Liquid extraction of swatches and surface wipe sampling media using NIOSH method 9111. | LC-MS Make not specified | Colorado, USA | Van Dyke, Martyny, and Serrano 2014 [17] |
Clothing/Textile | Polyester baby blankets, polyester baby toy ‘book’, polyester woman’s shirts, cotton baby T-shirt and cotton/polyester blend upholstery which were exposed to methamphetamine gas. | Liquid extraction of swatches with 6.5 mL ethyl acetate with 10 µL of 1000 ppm internal standard bromofluorobenzene (BFB) solution in ethyl acetate. | GC-MS Agilent, model not specified | Missouri, USA | Morrison, Shakila, and Parker 2015 [27] |
Textile | Carpet and rugs from contaminated property. | Liquid extraction of surface wipe samples or bulk samples using NIOSH method 9111. | LC-MS Agilent 1290 Infinity UHPLC system with 6460/6470 Triple Quadrupole LC-MS electrospray source | Australia | Wright et al. 2019 [18] |
Textile | Soft toys from contaminated property. | Personal sampling pump (1 L/min flow rate) with ORBO™-49P (XAD®-2 resin) sampling tubes followed extraction using NIOSH method 9111. | LC-MS Agilent 1290 Infinity UHPLC system with 6460/6470 Triple Quadrupole LC-MS electrospray source | Australia | Wright et al. 2021 [13] |
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Kerry, G.L.; Ross, K.E.; Wright, J.L.; Walker, G.S. A Review of Methods Used to Detect Methamphetamine from Indoor Air and Textiles in Confined Spaces. Toxics 2022, 10, 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110710
Kerry GL, Ross KE, Wright JL, Walker GS. A Review of Methods Used to Detect Methamphetamine from Indoor Air and Textiles in Confined Spaces. Toxics. 2022; 10(11):710. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110710
Chicago/Turabian StyleKerry, Gemma L., Kirstin E. Ross, Jackie L. Wright, and G. Stewart Walker. 2022. "A Review of Methods Used to Detect Methamphetamine from Indoor Air and Textiles in Confined Spaces" Toxics 10, no. 11: 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110710