Occurrence and Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) from Sele River, Southern Italy: Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in a Water–Sediment System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Sample Processing and Chemical Analysis
2.4. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
2.5. Analysis and Contaminants Load
2.6. Toxicity and Dioxin-like PCBs
2.7. Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. PCBs Distribution in DP, SPM and Sediment Samples
3.2. OCPs Distribution in DP, SPM and Sediment Samples
3.3. Spatiotemporal Diffusion
3.4. Potential Sources of PCBs
3.5. Dioxin Toxicity Equivalency
3.6. Risk Assessment of PCBs and OCPs
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Location | ΣPCBs | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site Number Identificatin | Site | Sampling Point | DP (ng L−1) | SPM (ng L−1) (ng g−1 Dry wt) | SED (ng g−1 Dry wt) | ||||||
Apr | Jul | Nov | Feb | Apr | Jul | Nov | Feb | Apr | |||
1 (river water) | Sele River Source | 40°28′55″ N 14°56′33″ E | 6.80 | 12.1 | 7.01 | 4.20 | 14.0 (1758.6) | 9.21 (1026.2) | 26.0 (2622.7) | 35.1 (1895.3) | 79.3 |
2 (sea water) | River Mouth at 500 mt North | 40°29′04″ N 14°56′14″ E | 5.71 | 6.70 | 6.56 | 4.68 | 2.11 (223.2) | 2.85 (1236.0) | 10.7 (402.2) | 22.2 (179.0) | 51.2 |
3 (sea water) | River Mouth at 500 mt Central | 40°29′12″ N 14°55′56″ E | 6.51 | 7.29 | 6.84 | 4.76 | 4.2 (1126.7) | 5.04 (2514.3) | 8.81 (2589.2) | 6.85 (1674.7) | 36.4 |
4 (sea water) | River Mouth at 500 mt South | 40°29′20″ N 14°55′38″ E | 8.72 | 10.2 | 7.77 | 5.02 | 7.00 (952.1) | 6.18 (2698.2) | 24.9 (589.5) | 30.6 (212.5) | 62.1 |
5 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1000 mt North | 40°28′55″ N 14°56′12″ E | 6.21 | 6.66 | 6.32 | 3.94 | 1.52 (118.0) | 1.17 (263.1) | 6.50 (374.3) | 8.08 (125.3) | 34.2 |
6 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1000 mt Central | 40°28′55″ N 14°55′50″ E | 6.35 | 5.90 | 6.71 | 3.74 | 2.90 (1569.3) | 2.52 (1524.0) | 3.40 (1348.7) | 2.66 (910.3) | 12.3 |
7 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1000 mt South | 40°28′55″ N 14°55′28″ E | 6.90 | 8.20 | 6.74 | 4.73 | 4.10 (460.5) | 3.10 (325.3) | 15.3 (548.6) | 11.5 (84.2) | 35.4 |
8 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1500 mt North | 40°28′47″ N 14°56′16″ E | 4.90 | 5.55 | 4.84 | 2.41 | 1.10 (106.9) | 0.35 (36.4) | 2.18 (774.0) | 3.76 (1048.6) | 19.2 |
9 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1500 mt Central | 40°28′39″ N 14°55′56″ E | 5.30 | 5.89 | 5.00 | 1.98 | 3.22 (582.2) | 1.00 (614.3) | 1.50 (486.1) | 1.78 (547.2) | 5.0 |
10 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1500 mt South | 40°28′30″ N 14°55′38″ E | 7.00 | 7.22 | 4.32 | 3.16 | 4.21 (1986.5) | 2.12 (156.1) | 4.10 (120.3) | 7.54 (1486.4) | 10.1 |
Sampling Location | ΣOCPs | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site Number Identification | Site | Sampling Point | DP (ng L−1) | SPM (ng L−1) (ng g−1 Dry wt) | SED (ng g−1 Dry wt) | ||||||
Apr | Jul | Nov | Feb | Apr | Jul | Nov | Feb | Apr | |||
1 (river water) | Sele River Source | 40°48′54.03″ N 14°36′45.36″ E | 4.01 | 5.71 | 3.75 | 1.95 | 2.08 (198.5) | 1.56 (154.1) | 3.98 (243.0) | 4.82 (201.4) | 15.2 |
2 (sea water) | River Mouth at 500 mt North | 40°46′42.73″ N 14°34′00.48″ E | 1.70 | 2.98 | 2.12 | 1.10 | 1.06 (70.2 | 0.55 (284.1) | 1.22 (51.8) | 1.80 (174.3) | 1.39 |
3 (sea water) | River Mouth at 500 mt Central | 40°46′00.34″ N 14°33′10.68″ E | 2.03 | 2.01 | 1.98 | 0.80 | 1.20 (185.4) | 0.50 (154.2) | 1.26 (274.6) | 1.86 (119.4) | 1.54 |
4 (sea water) | River Mouth at 500 mt South | 40°43′42.62″ N 14°28′07.89″ E | 3.24 | 4.38 | 2.18 | 1.82 | 1.48 (150.2) | 0.68 (298.4) | 1.54 (97.5) | 2.20 (241.2) | 3.85 |
5 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1000 mt North | 40°43′40.11″ N 14°28′06.45″ E | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.78 | 0.75 | 1.00 (94.1) | 0.48 (102.3) | 0.98 (95.4) | 1.03 (100.1) | 1.20 |
6 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1000 mt Central | 40°43′42.46″ N 14°28′05.03″ E | 0.98 | 1.32 | 1.20 | 0.49 | 1.10 (254.3) | 0.32 (36.8) | 0.99 (198.4) | 1.23 (155.2) | 1.32 |
7 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1000 mt South | 40°43′45.09″ N 14°28′05.17″ E | 2.12 | 2.85 | 1.60 | 1.10 | 1.24 (110.4) | 0.38 (89.2) | 1.26 (114.7) | 1.30 (10.2) | 2.84 |
8 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1500 mt North | 40°43′35.68″ N 14°28′02.94″ E | 0.84 | 1.20 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.50 (71.4) | 0.39 (96.8) | 0.84 (195.7) | 1.00 (180.3) | 1.21 |
9 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1500 mt Central | 40°43′42.25″ N 14°27′59.97″ E | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.36 | 0.47 (112.2) | 0.05 (65.3) | 0.91 (117.8) | 0.89 (148.3) | 1.10 |
10 (sea water) | River Mouth at 1500 mt South | 40°43′49.26″ N 14°27′59.82″ E | 1.45 | 1.85 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.60 (196.5) | 0.10 (52.7) | 0.74 (17.4) | 0.89 (185.6) | 1.02 |
TEL | Percentage over the TEL | PEL | Percentage over the PEL | ERL | Percentage over the ERL | ERM | Percentage over the ERM | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCBs | ||||||||
Total PCBs | 21.6 | 40 | 189 | 0 | 22.7 | 40 | 180 | 0 |
OCPs | ||||||||
γ-HCH (lindane) | 0.32 | 0 | 0.99 | 0 | - | - | ||
Dieldrin | 0.72 | 0 | 4.3 | 0 | 0.02 | 50 | 8 | 0 |
4,4-DDD | 1.22 | 20 | 7.81 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
4,4-DDE | 2.07 | 0 | 374 | 0 | 2.2 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
4,4-DDT | 1.19 | 10 | 4.77 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 7 | 0 |
Total DDT | 3.89 | 0 | 51.7 | 0 | 1.58 | 10 | 46.1 | 0 |
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De Rosa, E.; Montuori, P.; Triassi, M.; Masucci, A.; Nardone, A. Occurrence and Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) from Sele River, Southern Italy: Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in a Water–Sediment System. Toxics 2022, 10, 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110662
De Rosa E, Montuori P, Triassi M, Masucci A, Nardone A. Occurrence and Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) from Sele River, Southern Italy: Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in a Water–Sediment System. Toxics. 2022; 10(11):662. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110662
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Rosa, Elvira, Paolo Montuori, Maria Triassi, Armando Masucci, and Antonio Nardone. 2022. "Occurrence and Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) from Sele River, Southern Italy: Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in a Water–Sediment System" Toxics 10, no. 11: 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110662