A Strategic Pathway to Green Digital Shipping
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Major Highlights from Literature Review
3.1. Impacts of Industry Transformation
3.2. Current Position: Targets, Regulations, and Cases
3.3. Digitalization and Decarbonization; The Double D Trend
- 1.
- Route Optimization and Energy Efficiency
- AI-driven navigation: Advanced algorithms integrate real-time meteorological data, hydrodynamic characteristics of the vessel, and traffic patterns to compute fuel-optimal routes [42].
- Predictive speed adjustments: AI technology through machine learning models analyses operational data to recommend speed profiles that balance voyage duration with fuel efficiency, ensuring reduction of emission.
- 2.
- Predictive Maintenance and Engine Performance
- Digital tools play a pivotal role in providing a safeguard and managing the safety of alternative fuels handling. Integrated monitoring systems equipped with technologies such as IoT track parameters such as temperature, pressure, and possible leakage in real-time, enabling prompt responses to anomalies. Simulation software, models potential failure scenarios, aiding the development of robust emergency response protocols and enhancing overall operational safety.
- IoT-enabled condition monitoring: Embedded sensors in propulsion systems and auxiliary machinery detect early signs of mechanical degradation. Proactive maintenance prevents suboptimal combustion and ensures that engines operate at peak efficiency, curbing particulate matter and NOx emissions [43].
- Energy consumption analytics: IoT systems track energy usage patterns across onboard systems (e.g., lighting, HVAC), identifying inefficiencies and enabling automated adjustments to reduce auxiliary power demand.
- 3.
- Port Operations and Logistics Automation
- AI-optimized port coordination: Digital twin simulations synchronize vessel arrivals with port resource availability (e.g., berths, cranes), reducing idle times and auxiliary engine usage during docking [42].
- Autonomous cargo handling: Automated cranes and robotic systems accelerate loading/unloading processes, shortening port stays and minimizing emissions from in-port auxiliary engines.
- 4.
- Emissions Monitoring and Compliance
- Real-time emissions tracking: Multi-sensor networks measure exhaust gas composition and transmit data to centralized platforms. Anomalies trigger corrective actions, such as engine recalibration or scrubber adjustments, to maintain low emission and meeting regulatory compliance.
- Blockchain-enabled reporting: Distributed ledger systems ensure tamper-proof recording of emissions data, enhancing transparency for regulators and stakeholders.
- 5.
- Data-Driven Fleet Management
- Performance benchmarking: Big data analytics correlate vessel-specific variables (e.g., hull fouling, engine type) with fuel consumption trends, enabling targeted retrofits or operational tweaks across fleets.
- 6.
- Port Efficiency
- Advanced equipment and systems: Implementing technological advancements in cargo handling equipment and administrative processes within ports can significantly reduce emissions. Improvements in port gate systems can alleviate truck congestion, and upgrading documentation processes can streamline communication across the delivery chain, enhancing overall efficiency [46]
- 7.
- Accelerating Alternative Fuel Adoption
- Digital R&D platforms: Simulation and digital twin technology can model the viability of ammonia, hydrogen, and methanol in diverse operational scenarios, reducing trial costs and accelerating deployment [22].
- Emission trading integration: Digital platforms align fleet operations with carbon credit markets, redirecting cost savings from efficiency gains into green technology investments [47].
3.4. Role of Human Element in Decarbonization
4. Main Challenges Identified
4.1. Technological Challenges
4.2. Infrastructural Challenges
4.3. Social and Community Challenges
4.4. Economic and Financial Challenges
4.5. Regulatory and Policy Challenges
4.6. Research and Development (R&D) Challenges
4.7. Stakeholder Collaboration Challenges
4.8. Human Element Challenges
4.9. Strategic Integration of the Three Pillars
5. Green Digital Shipping Corridors (GDSCs)
5.1. From Vision to Action Plan
5.2. SWOT Strategic Analysis
5.2.1. Strength
5.2.2. Weaknesses
5.2.3. Opportunities
5.2.4. Threats
5.3. Strategies for Shipping Companies
5.3.1. Adopt Decarbonization Levers
5.3.2. Invest in Alternative Fuel Infrastructure
5.3.3. Leverage Digitalization
5.3.4. Stakeholder Collaboration
5.3.5. Innovative Financing Mechanisms
5.3.6. Transparency and Branding
5.3.7. Compliance and Regulation
5.4. Human Factor; Seafarers and Onshore Personnel
5.4.1. Training and Capacity Building
5.4.2. Cross-Functional Collaboration
5.4.3. Recruitment and Retention Strategies
5.4.4. Organizational Culture and Change Management
5.4.5. Partnerships and Certifications
5.4.6. Technological Tools and Infrastructure
5.4.7. Continuous Learning and Adaptation
6. Conclusions
6.1. Summary of This Research
6.2. Acknowledgment of Limitations and Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Abbreviation | Meaning |
AI | Artificial Intelligence |
BCG | Boston Consulting Group |
CARB | California Air Resources Board |
CII | Carbon Intensity Indicator |
DCS | Data Collection System |
DNV | Det Norske Veritas |
ECA | Emission Control Area |
EEDI | Energy Efficiency Design Index |
EEXI | Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index |
ETS | Emissions Trading System |
EU | European Union |
GDSC | Green Digital Shipping Corridor |
GHG | Greenhouse Gas |
IMO | International Maritime Organization |
IoT | Internet of Things |
KPI | Key Performance Indicator |
LNG | Liquefied Natural Gas |
MRV | Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification |
PAYS | Pay-As-You-Save |
PPPs | Public-Private Partnerships |
R&D | Research and Development |
SEEMP | Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan |
SLR | Systematic Literature Review |
SWOT | Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats |
TEU | Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit |
UNCTAD | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
VLCC | Very Large Crude Carrier |
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Category | Initial Identification | Screening | Eligibility | Final Inclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|
Decarbonization and sustainability | 120 | 75 | 60 | 40 |
Digitalization and technological advancements | 100 | 60 | 50 | 35 |
Workforce development and human factors | 80 | 45 | 40 | 25 |
Policy and regulatory frameworks | 60 | 30 | 25 | 30 |
Industry case studies | 30 | 15 | 10 | 10 |
Other (books, news, etc.) | 20 | 8 | 4 | 6 |
Total | 410 | 233 | 189 | 146 |
Industrial Revolution | Period | Key Characteristics | Impact on Maritime Industry | Global Warming Impact | Decarbonization Efforts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Industry 1.0 | Late 18th to early 19th century | Advent of mechanization saw the rise of steam engines, marking a shift from manual production to machine-based methods. | Adoption of steam-powered ships, replacing traditional sail-powered vessels; enhanced shipbuilding techniques. | Initiated large-scale fossil fuel combustion, notably coal, elevating atmospheric CO2 levels and global temperatures. | Increased emissions due to coal-powered steam engines; no significant decarbonization efforts. |
Industry 2.0 | Late 19th to early 20th century | Mass production; electrification; advancements in steel production. | Construction of steel-hulled ships; implementation of electric lighting and communication systems on vessels. design simulations | Expanded industrial activities and fossil fuel use, further increasing GHG emissions and accelerating global warming. | Continued reliance on fossil fuels; minimal focus on emission reductions. |
Industry 3.0 | Mid to late 20th century | Digital revolution; rise of electronics, computers, and automation. | Introduction of computerized navigation and communication systems; automation in cargo handling and port operations. | Proliferation of electronics and information technology increased energy consumption, contributing to higher CO2 emissions and climate change. | Initial awareness of environmental impacts; early adoption of emission control technologies. |
Industry 4.0 | Early 21st century to present | Incorporation of Cyber-Physical Systems, IoT, and AI. | Development of autonomous ships; real-time data analytics for route optimization; enhanced safety through predictive maintenance. | Led to increased energy demands, potentially exacerbating global warming without sustainable practices. | Implementation of digital solutions to monitor and reduce emissions; exploration of alternative fuels. |
Industry 5.0 | Emerging | Focus on human-centric solutions; collaboration between humans and advanced technologies. | Emphasis on human-automation collaboration in maritime operations; personalized training programs for seafarers; sustainable and resilient shipping practices. | Its impact on global warming depends on the adoption of eco-friendly innovations and reduction of carbon footprints. | Strong emphasis on sustainability; adoption of green technologies and alternative fuels to achieve zero-emission goals. |
Vessel Name | Owner | Manufacturer (Shipyard) | Engine Type and Brand | Capacity | Delivery Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laura Maersk | A.P. Moller-Maersk | Hyundai Mipo Dockyard | Dual-fuel methanol engine by MAN Energy Solutions | 2100 TEU | 2023 |
Unnamed (6 vessels) | A.P. Moller-Maersk | Yangzijiang Shipbuilding Group | Dual-fuel engines capable of operating on green methanol | 9000 TEU each | 2026–2027 |
Unnamed (VLCC) | Undisclosed | Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Co. (DSIC) | Dual-fuel methanol engine by China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation Diesel Engine Co., Ltd., Yichang, Hubei | VLCC | 2026 |
Saint-Malo | Brittany Ferries | China Merchants Jinling Shipyard | Hybrid propulsion system, methanol-ready | 1100 lane meters | 2024 |
Guillaume de Normandie | Brittany Ferries | China Merchants Jinling Shipyard | Hybrid propulsion system, methanol-ready | 2100 lane meters | 2024 |
Unnamed (2 vessels) | Attica Group (Superfast Ferries) | Undisclosed | Multi-fuel engines, methanol-ready with hybrid propulsion | Undisclosed | 2027 |
Almax | Sanlorenzo | Sanlorenzo Shipyard | Green methanol reformer fuel cell system | 50 m superyacht | 2024 |
Unnamed (12 vessels) | CMA CGM | Hyundai Heavy Industries | Methanol dual-fuel engines | 13,000 TEU each | Undisclosed |
Unnamed (14 vessels) | X-Press Feeders | Undisclosed | Dual-fuel engines capable of operating on bio-methanol | Undisclosed | 2024–2026 |
Unnamed (4 vessels) | Pacific Basin Shipping Limited | Nihon Shipyard Co. | Dual-fuel engines capable of operating on green methanol and conventional fuel oil | 64,000 DWT Ultramax bulk carriers | 2028–2029 |
Viking Grace | Finland’s Viking Line | STX Finland’s Turku shipyard | LNG-powered, Wärtsilä 50DF engine | 57,600 GT | 2013 |
Propulsion: | Emissions: | Storage and Infrastructure: |
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Khabir, M.; Emad, G.R.; Shahbakhsh, M.; Dulebenets, M.A. A Strategic Pathway to Green Digital Shipping. Logistics 2025, 9, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9020068
Khabir M, Emad GR, Shahbakhsh M, Dulebenets MA. A Strategic Pathway to Green Digital Shipping. Logistics. 2025; 9(2):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9020068
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhabir, Mohsen, Gholam Reza Emad, Mehrangiz Shahbakhsh, and Maxim A. Dulebenets. 2025. "A Strategic Pathway to Green Digital Shipping" Logistics 9, no. 2: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9020068
APA StyleKhabir, M., Emad, G. R., Shahbakhsh, M., & Dulebenets, M. A. (2025). A Strategic Pathway to Green Digital Shipping. Logistics, 9(2), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9020068