Casing Contribution to Proteolytic Changes and Biogenic Amines Content in the Production of an Artisanal Naturally Fermented Dry Sausage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples Production
2.2. Microbiological Analysis
2.3. Physical Analyses
2.4. Chemical Determinations
2.5. Determination of Volatile Compounds
2.6. Determination of Biogenic Amines
2.7. Texture Analysis
- Compression–relaxation test: samples were compressed by 30% of their initial height, then the run was stopped and the plunger was maintained at the maximum compression extension for 2 min, after which the load was removed. The maximum peak force in compression (N) was taken as a hardness index and the relaxation load was used to study the elastic behavior.
- Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) test: samples were submitted to a two-cycle compression test to 30% of their initial height in the first compression. After the first cycle, samples were left for 1 min to recover their deformation and then, the second cycle was started. Hardness (N), cohesiveness (J J−1), springiness (mm), and chewiness (N mm) were determined as previously described [18].
2.8. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of the Different Casings on Microbial Growth
3.2. Effect of the Different Casings on Physicochemical Parameters
3.3. Effect on Proteolysis
3.3.1. Sarcoplasmic Fraction
3.3.2. Myofibrillar Fraction
3.4. Total Amino Acids Content
3.5. Volatile Compounds Derived from Amino Acids
3.6. Texture Analysis
3.7. Biogenic Amines (BA) Content
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microbial Groups (Log CFU/g) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Batch | Time (Days) | pH | aw | MAB | Yeasts | LAB | LAC | ENTC | CNS | PSE | ENTB | |
Complete design (CD) | ||||||||||||
MCB | 0 | 5.96 ± 0.04 a | 0.957 ± 0.003 a | 7.24 ± 0.08 b | 7.14 ± 0.00 a | 6.37 ± 0.11 cd | 7.07 ± 0.06 bc | 6.52 ± 0.38 cd | 5.87 ± 0.36 abc | 5.56 ± 0.38 a | 3.09 ± 0.20 a | |
MCH | 0 | 5.86 ± 0.12 a | 0.959 ± 0.004 a | 7.12 ± 0.18 b | 7.02 ± 0.10 a | 6.60 ± 0.08 cd | 7.02 ± 0.10 bc | 6.92 ± 0.10 cd | 5.91 ± 0.48 abc | 5.71 ± 0.46 a | 3.42 ± 0.08 a | |
MCB | 6 | 5.50 ± 0.09 b | 0.956 ± 0.002 a | 7.55 ± 0.21 ab | 7.63 ± 0.13 a | 7.53 ± 0.18 abc | 7.80 ± 0.04 abc | 7.29 ± 0.13 cd | 6.98 ± 0.14 d | 4.72 ± 0.39 a | 0.95 ± 0.75 b | |
MCH | 6 | 5.47 ± 0.17 b | 0.956 ± 0.002 a | 7.17 ± 0.07 b | 7.63 ± 0.09 a | 7.14 ± 0.13 abcd | 8.13 ± 0.33 ab | 7.84 ± 0.04 b | 7.18 ± 0.13 a | 4.41 ± 0.61 a | 1.11 ± 0.31 b | |
MCB | 11 | 5.48 ± 0.07 b | 0.960 ± 0.006 a | 7.91 ± 0.09 ab | 7.80 ± 0.26 a | 7.85 ± 0.04 abc | 7.93 ± 0.09 ab | 7.79 ± 0.04 b | 6.29 ± 0.41 ab | 4.58 ± 0.49 a | <1.00 b | |
MCH | 11 | 5.44 ± 0.08 b | 0.944 ± 0.009 a | 8.15 ± 0.33 ab | 7.26 ± 0.08 a | 7.66 ± 0.31 abcd | 8.28 ± 0.22 a | 8.09 ± 0.04 b | 4.47 ± 0.31 c | 4.45 ± 0.62 a | <1.00 b | |
MCB | 18 | 5.62 ± 0.20 ab | 0.960 ± 0.006 a | 7.85 ± 0.21 ab | 4.00 ± 0.04 cd | 6.23 ± 0.27 d | 7.83 ± 0.20 abc | 7.64 ± 0.20 bc | 5.11 ± 0.15 bcd | 5.64 ± 0.01 ab | <1.00 b | |
MCH | 18 | 5.55 ± 0.13 ab | 0.952 ± 0.006 a | 7.79 ± 0.12 ab | 4.00 ± 0.16 cd | 6.23 ± 0.27 d | 7.83 ± 0.26 abc | 7.64 ± 0.04 bc | 5.18 ± 0.15 bcd | 5.64 ± 0.27 ab | <1.00 b | |
MCB | 30 | 5.65 ± 0.14 ab | 0.890 ± 0.008 b | 8.26 ± 0.15 ab | 4.80 ± 0.39 bc | 6.38 ± 0.06 d | 8.14 ± 0.13 ab | 8.03 ± 0.20 b | 6.22 ± 0.29 ab | 4.48 ± 0.95 ab | <1.00 b | |
MCH | 30 | 5.56 ± 0.12 ab | 0.940 ± 0.012 a | 8.44 ± 0.20 a | 5.36 ± 0.17 b | 8.24 ± 0.20 a | 8.48 ± 0.39 a | 8.18 ± 0.08 b | 6.78 ± 0.29 ab | 3.95 ± 0.10 bc | <1.00 b | |
MCB | 45 | 5.67 ± 0.11 ab | 0.841 ± 0.006 c | 8.08 ± 0.03 ab | 2.47 ± 0.20 e | 7.96 ± 0.22 ab | 8.54 ± 0.29 a | 6.31 ± 0.29 d | 2.00 ± 0.20 e | 5.11 ± 0.12 ab | <1.00 b | |
MCH | 45 | 5.59 ± 0.09 ab | 0.923 ± 0.008 b | 7.97 ± 0.07 ab | 3.54 ± 0.22 e | 7.10 ± 0.14 abcd | 7.72 ± 0.39 abc | 7.76 ± 0.04 bc | 3.98 ± 0.23 d | 3.69 ± 0.10 bc | <1.00 b | |
F (C) | 0.46 | 51.5 *** | 0.20 | 93.5 *** | 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 26.4 *** | 2.90 | 0.06 | ||
F (t) | 3.51 * | 39.5 *** | 9.10 *** | 257 *** | 1.7 *** | 7.93 *** | 12.3 *** | 4.38 ** | 5.38 ** | 65.9 *** | ||
F (C × t) | 0.04 | 15.4 *** | 0.66 | 25.6 *** | 7.59 *** | 1.68 | 5.16 ** | 34.5 *** | 0.96 | 0.06 | ||
Incomplete Design (CD + MCH 120 d) | ||||||||||||
MCH | 120 | 5.90 ± 0.05 a | 0.812 ± 0.006 c | 7.55 ± 0.14 ab | 3.50 ± 0.14 d | 6.55 ± 0.36 b | 6.60 ± 0.34 c | 9.33 ± 0.11 a | 3.32 ± 0.06 de | 2.00 ± 0.20 c | <1.00 | |
F (C) | 0.01 | 135 *** | 0.47 | 151 *** | 0.01 | 1.17 | 3.42 | 43.0 *** | 12.3 ** | 0.26 | ||
F (t(C)) | 2.21 * | 45.6 *** | 4.60 *** | 134 *** | 7.77 *** | 6.51 *** | 13.3 *** | 19.8 *** | 6.41 *** | 33.3 *** |
Batch | Time (Days) | Arg | Asp | Glu | His | Ser | Ala | Gly | Ile | Leu | Met | Phe | Val | TOTAL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FAA | ||||||||||||||
Complete Design | ||||||||||||||
MCB | 0 | 254 ± 2 a | 0.85 ± 0.04 ab | 10.1 ± 0.24 b | n.d. | 0.13 ± 0.08 bcde | 21.0 ± 2.25 d | n.d. | 2.36 ± 0.04 de | 7.80 ± 0.57 de | 59.4 ± 7.7 ab | 2.36 ± 0.20 f | 3.25 ± 0.20 bc | 361.25 ± 13.32 aa |
MCH | 0 | 247 ± 2 a | 0.70 ± 0.16 ab | 11.8 ± 1.59 b | n.d. | 0.13 ± 0.08 bcde | 18.9 ± 0.53 d | n.d. | 2.20 ± 0.17 de | 6.70 ± 0.33 de | 58.4 ± 6.9 ab | 2.46 ± 0.13 f | 2.90 ± 0.08 bc | 351.19 ± 11.97 a |
MCB | 6 | 192 ± 7 bcd | 0.69 ± 0.05 ab | n.d. | n.d. | 0.23 ± 0.03 bc | 4.50 ± 0.37 e | n.d. | 2.1 ± 0.17 de | 7.26 ± 0.30 de | 55.7 ± 0.5 b | 5.31 ± 3.10 bcd | 2.27 ± 0.11 c | 349.40 ± 10.10 a |
MCH | 6 | 158 ± 23 d | 0.45 ± 0.07 bc | n.d. | 37.9 ± 0.87 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 cde | 6.81 ± 1.47 e | 37.9 ± 0.92 c | 1.31 ± 0.27 e | 5.46 ± 0.52 ef | 55.3 ± 3.2 b | 4.23 ± 0.39 de | 2.24 ± 0.18 c | 318.34 ± 15.66 ab |
MCB | 11 | 236 ± 7 ab | 0.70 ± 0.05 ab | 1.73 ± 0.23 c | n.d. | 0.16 ± 0.01 bcde | 32.7 ± 2.5 c | n.d. | 2.46 ± 0.20 cd | 7.00 ± 0.15 de | 62.4 ± 1.8 ab | 3.56 ± 0.26 ef | 2.96 ± 0.37 bc | 270.34 ± 19.75 b |
MCH | 11 | 220 ± 16 abc | 0.63 ± 0.30 ab | 2.80 ± 0.45 c | 2.50 ± 0.08 d | 0.09 ± 0.01 bcde | 17.8 ± 1.5 d | 3.95 ± 0.92 c | 1.53 ± 0.27 d | 6.26 ± 0.52 de | 55.6 ± 1.8 b | 3.73 ± 0.26 ef | 2.70 ± 0.38 bc | 310.07 ± 37.12 b |
MCB | 18 | 177 ± 4 cd | 0.87 ± 0.08 ab | n.d. | 15.5 ± 1.16 c | 0.24 ± 0.02 bc | 136 ± 2 a | 15.5 ± 1.15 bc | 2.40 ± 0.15 cd | 8.44 ± 0.32 cde | 73.6 ± 0.2 a | 6.94 ± 0.17 ab | 2.57 ± 0.21 bc | 438.81 ± 6.61 c |
MCH | 18 | 13.8 ± 0.9 e | 0.67 ± 0.07 ab | n.d. | 35.6 ± 1.74 b | 0.05 ± 0.01 de | 123 ± 4 b | 35.6 ± 2.57 a | 3.22 ± 0.10 bc | 14.3 ± 0.30 b | 7.20 ± 0.21 c | 3.42 ± 0.20 e | 3.11 ± 0.11 b | 237.78 ± 1.72 d |
MCB | 30 | 186 ± 10 bcd | 0.95 ± 0.12 a | n.d. | 13.1 ± 1.02 c | 0.26 ± 0.01 b | 131 ± 1 ab | 13.1 ± 0.41 c | 3.35 ± 0.23 bc | 9.23 ± 0.37 cd | 21.8 ± 0.6 c | 8.42 ± 0.23 a | 2.56 ± 0.17 bc | 389.53 ± 20.13 a |
MCH | 30 | 4.15 ± 0.90 f | 0.67 ± 0.06 ab | n.d. | 38.4 ± 1.24 ab | 1.07 ± 0.07 a | 128 ± 2 ab | 38.4 ± 2.02 a | 3.49 ± 0.25 ab | 13.4 ± 1.02 b | 7.07 ± 1.02 c | 4.31 ± 0.30 cde | 3.47 ± 0.18 b | 241.73 ± 9.05 b |
MCB | 45 | 63.5 ± 15 e | 0.05 ± 0.11 cd | n.d. | 2.03 ± 0.21 d | n.d. | 1.61 ± 1.20 e | 2.03 ± 1.20 c | 3.61 ± 0.20 ab | 2.74 ± 0.18 f | 6.51 ± 0.88 c | 2.13 ± 0.20 f | n.r. | 84.35 ± 19.18 e |
MCH | 45 | 8.43 ± 0.20 f | 0.97 ± 0.12 a | 15.9 ± 1.65 a | 45.9 ± 4.83 a | 0.14 ± 0.02 bcd | 135 ± 2 a | 32.9 ± 3.06 ab | 4.49 ± 0.19 a | 21.0 ± 1.52 a | 8.30 ± 0.41 c | 5.82 ± 0.12 bc | 5.16 ± 0.32 a | 287.32 ± 30.97 d |
F (C) | 154 *** | 0.12 | 48.8 *** | 580 *** | 34.5 *** | 268 *** | 109 *** | 0.090 | 124 *** | 65.3 *** | 26.3 *** | 76.9 *** | ||
F (t) | 138 *** | 3.58 * | 96.2 *** | 121 *** | 143 *** | 1808 *** | 22.7 *** | 45.5 *** | 30.7 *** | 119 *** | 45.5 *** | 4.87 ** | ||
F (C × t) | 27.8 *** | 13.8 *** | 41.9 *** | 66.6 *** | 98.6 *** | 485 *** | 10.7 *** | 8.56 *** | 63.0 *** | 36.4 *** | 43.3 *** | 47.2 *** | ||
Incomplete design (CD + MCH 120d) | ||||||||||||||
MCH | 120 | 1.61 ± 0.08 f | n.r. | 14.0 ± 0.70 ab | 33.0 ± 1.5 b | 1.10 ± 0.08 a | 123 ± 20 ab | 33.0 ± 2.5a | 3.88 ± 0.20 ab | 11.4 ± 0.7 bc | 6.70 ± 0.67 c | 3.31 ± 0.26 ef | 4.75 ± 0.29a | 235.59 ± 6.6 d |
F (C) | 263 *** | 0.06 | 112 *** | 690 *** | 125 *** | 596 *** | 133 *** | 3.60 | 131 *** | 120 *** | 34.3 *** | 111 *** | ||
F (t(C)) | 90.7 *** | 0.29 *** | 75.8 *** | 87.6 *** | 113 *** | 1130 *** | 16.0 *** | 27.1 *** | 42.1 *** | 81.7 *** | 41.3 *** | 25.6 *** |
Time (Days) | 2-MPA (%) | 3-MBA (%) | 3-MB (%) | PEA (%) | 3-M1-B (%) | 2-MP (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Complete Design (CD) | |||||||
MCB | 0 | 0.26 ± 0.01 de | 1.18 ± 0.02 de | 1.29 ± 0.07 c | 1.63 ± 0.50 bc | 7.93 ± 1.23 bc | 0.49 ± 0.01 d |
MCH | 0 | 0.24 ± 0.01 de | 1.18 ± 0.02 de | 1.09 ± 0.09 c | 1.49 ± 0.62 bc | 7.93 ± 1.25 bc | 0.52 ± 0.01 d |
MCB | 6 | 0.43 ± 0.03 cd | 2.90 ± 0.16 abcd | 7.37 ± 1.14 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 c | 2.64 ± 0.37 e | 0.2 ± 0.03 d |
MCH | 6 | n.d. | 1.20 ± 0.20 cde | 2.81 ± 0.48 bc | 1.29 ± 0.26 bc | 7.89 ± 0.77 bcd | n.d. |
MCB | 11 | 0.71 ± 0.07 bc | 3.6 ± 0.49 ab | 5.50 ± 1.17 ab | 0.19 ± 0.04 c | 5.42 ± 0.49 cde | 0.7 ± 0.05 d |
MCH | 11 | n.d. | 1.50 ± 0.34 bcde | 2.40 ± 0.62 bc | 1.30 ± 0.29 bc | 9.2 ± 0.68 abc | n.d. |
MCB | 18 | 0.88 ± 0.06 ab | 4.75 ± 0.95 a | 5.23 ± 1.76 ab | 0.23 ± 0.04 c | 12.7 ± 0.85 a | 1.7 ± 0.34 c |
MCH | 18 | 0.26 ± 0.02 de | 0.60 ± 0.10 e | 0.2 ± 0.06 c | 1.28 ± 0.23 bc | 5.43 ± 1.09 cde | n.d. |
MCB | 30 | n.d. | 3.88 ± 0.10 a | n.d. | 0.26 ± 0.03 c | 10.94 ± 0.84 ab | 2.8 ± 0.17 b |
MCH | 30 | 1.23 ± 0.13 a | 0.65 ± 0.35 e | n.d. | 1.32 ± 0.43 bc | 7.63 ± 0.88 bcd | n.d. |
MCB | 45 | n.d. | 3.83 ± 0.12 a | n.d. | 0.29 ± 0.05 c | 7.32 ± 1.02 bcd | 4.2 ± 0.53 a |
MCH | 45 | 1.01 ± 0.16 ab | 1.07 ± 0.80 de | n.d. | 4.33 ± 0.83 a | 6.6 ± 0.31 bcde | n.d.d |
F (C) | 4.28 * | 88.7 *** | 25.5 *** | 48.7 *** | 0.45 | 206 *** | |
F (t) | 14.9 *** | 9.08 *** | 17.0 *** | 7.11 *** | 6.06 *** | 32.2 *** | |
F (C × t) | 97.6 *** | 5.54 ** | 5.48 ** | 8.21 *** | 14.5 *** | 35.9 *** | |
Incomplete Design (CD + MCH 120 d) | |||||||
MCH | 120 | n.d. | 3.44 ± 0.11 abc | n.d. | 2.15 ± 0.20 b | 3.7 ± 0.34 de | n.d. |
F (C) | 0.05 | 67.7 *** | 34.3 *** | 58.3 *** | 3.68 | 242 *** | |
F (t(C)) | 60.2 *** | 9.45 *** | 11.2 *** | 7.39 *** | 11.7 *** | 33.5 *** |
Product | Hardness (N) | Springiness (mm) | Cohesiveness (J × J−1) | Chewiness (N mm) | Relaxation Load (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCB (45 days) | 16.0 ± 3.4 a | 1.91 ± 0.19 b | 0.50 ± 0.04 a | 15.2 ± 2.9 b | 63.68 ± 0.63 a |
MCH (120 days) | 16.5 ± 1.7 a | 2.06 ± 0.12 a | 0.52 ± 0.04 a | 17.6 ± 1.4 a | 62.70 ± 0.82 a |
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Serio, A.; Laika, J.; Maggio, F.; Sacchetti, G.; D’Alessandro, F.; Rossi, C.; Martuscelli, M.; Chaves-López, C.; Paparella, A. Casing Contribution to Proteolytic Changes and Biogenic Amines Content in the Production of an Artisanal Naturally Fermented Dry Sausage. Foods 2020, 9, 1286. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091286
Serio A, Laika J, Maggio F, Sacchetti G, D’Alessandro F, Rossi C, Martuscelli M, Chaves-López C, Paparella A. Casing Contribution to Proteolytic Changes and Biogenic Amines Content in the Production of an Artisanal Naturally Fermented Dry Sausage. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1286. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091286
Chicago/Turabian StyleSerio, Annalisa, Jessica Laika, Francesca Maggio, Giampiero Sacchetti, Flavio D’Alessandro, Chiara Rossi, Maria Martuscelli, Clemencia Chaves-López, and Antonello Paparella. 2020. "Casing Contribution to Proteolytic Changes and Biogenic Amines Content in the Production of an Artisanal Naturally Fermented Dry Sausage" Foods 9, no. 9: 1286. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091286