Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant, and Inhibitory Activities of Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib and Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Sm.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection, Preparation, and Extraction
2.2. Determination of Antioxidant Activity
2.3. Determination of Total Phenolic Contents, Total Flavonoid Contents (TFCs), Total Anthocyanin Contents (TACs), and Phenolic Profiles
2.4. Determination of Enzyme Inhibitory Activities
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Total Phenolic Contents (TPCs), Total Flavonoid Contents (TFCs), Total Anthocyanin Contents (TACs), and Phenolic Profiles
3.2. Antioxidant Activities
3.3. In Vitro Enzyme Inhibitory Activities
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time (min) | Flow Rate (mL/min) | Solvent A (%) | Solvent B (%) | Solvent C (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.6 | 90 | 6 | 4 |
5 | 0.6 | 85 | 9 | 6 |
30 | 0.6 | 71 | 17.4 | 11.6 |
60 | 0.6 | 0 | 85 | 15 |
61 | 0.6 | 90 | 6 | 4 |
66 | 0.6 | 90 | 6 | 4 |
Time (min) | Solvent A | Solvent B |
---|---|---|
0 | 88 | 12 |
6 | 88 | 12 |
8 | 85 | 15 |
25 | 85 | 15 |
25 | 88 | 12 |
30 | 88 | 12 |
Kadsura spp. | Total Phenolic Contents (mg GAE/g DW) | Total Flavonoid Contents (mg QE/g DW) | Total Anthocyanin Contents (mg C3GE/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|
KCE | |||
Exocarp | 43.61 ± 0.65 a,* | 60.52 ± 5.51 a,* | 0.02 ± 0.00 b,* |
Mesocarp | 6.20 ± 0.15 c,* | 1.45 ± 0.52 c,* | 0.27 ± 0.02 a |
Seed | 0.83 ± 0.08 d,* | 3.48 ± 1.06 c,* | ND |
Core | 17.71 ± 0.07 b,* | 43.23 ± 1.18 b,* | ND |
KHE | |||
Exocarp | 54.00 ± 2.11 B | 113.36 ± 4.87 B | 0.28 ± 0.02 A |
Mesocarp | 21.20 ± 0.54 C | 33.02 ± 1.55 C | 0.26 ± 0.01 A |
Seed | 1.13 ± 0.14 D | 1.40 ± 0.10 D | ND |
Core | 103.72 ± 1.14 A | 206.92 ± 4.08 A | 0.14 ± 0.01 B |
Kadsura spp. | Flavonoids (mg/100 g DW) | Anthocyanidins (µg/100 g DW) | Anthocyanins (µg/100 g DW) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin | Naringenin | Cyanidin | Delphinidin | Cyanin | Ideain | Kuromanin | Keracyanin | |
KCE | ||||||||
Exocarp | 17.94 ± 0.96 * | 1972.65 ± 135.07 a | 1.03 ± 0.13 a,* | 4.02 ± 0.91 a | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Mesocarp | ND | 1395.22 ± 50.23 c,* | 0.99 ± 0.38 b | 0.42 ± 0.19 a | 9.94 ± 0.20 | 10.16 ± 0.19 * | ND | ND |
Seed | ND | 1861.15 ± 31.35 ab | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Core | ND | 1752.54 ± 0.70 b | 0.34 ± 0.05 b | 0.60 ± 0.29 b,* | ND | ND | ND | ND |
KHE | ||||||||
Exocarp | 51.19 ± 1.92 A | 1811.02 ± 15.28 A | 1.00 ± 0.07 A | 0.50 ± 0.02 A | ND | 53.36 ± 2.40 A | 26.06 ± 4.08 A | 112.54 ± 9.65 A |
Mesocarp | 12.59 ± 1.17 B | 1812.07 ± 88.25 A | 0.41 ± 0.07 B | 0.43 ± 0.11 AB | ND | 6.83 ± 0.49 B | 2.68 ± 0.98 B | 12.56 ± 0.65 B |
Seed | ND | 1835.46 ± 54.82 A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Core | ND | 1739.91 ± 55.90 A | 0.03 ± 0.01 C | 0.31 ± 0.09 B | ND | 2.11 ± 0.08 C | 0.27 ± 0.07 B | 4.16 ± 0.56 B |
Kadsura spp. | Antioxidant Activities (µmol TE/g DW) | ||
---|---|---|---|
DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay | FRAP Assay | ORAC Assay | |
KCE | |||
Exocarp | 2.73 ± 0.08 a | 300.44 ± 12.09 a,* | 957.80 ± 77.76 a,* |
Mesocarp | 0.23 ± 0.00 c,* | 25.80 ± 1.04 c,* | 120.20 ± 10.88 c,* |
Seed | 0.04 ± 0.00 d | 3.14 ± 0.18 d,* | 41.93 ± 4.17 d,* |
Core | 1.00 ± 0.03 b,* | 100.19 ± 1.69 b,* | 440.35 ± 33.60 b,* |
KHE | |||
Exocarp | 2.75 ± 0.10 B | 351.48 ± 18.79 B | 812.66 ± 77.67 B |
Mesocarp | 1.02 ± 0.03 C | 143.23 ± 12.29 C | 260.91 ± 23.48 C |
Seed | 0.04 ± 0.00 D | 2.91 ± 0.24 D | 15.84 ± 1.41 D |
Core | 6.48 ± 0.22 A | 900.60 ± 6.22 A | 1330.23 ± 49.67 A |
Flavonoids | |||
Naringenin | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 30.98 ± 0.69 | 25,592.45 ± 495.92 |
Quercetin | 8.07 ± 0.25 | 13,519.54 ± 242.20 | 30,112.47 ± 1631.24 |
Kadsura spp. | α-Glucosidase | α-Amylase | AChE | BChE | BACE1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
%Inhibition 1 | IC50 (mg/mL) | %Inhibition 2 | %Inhibition 3 | IC50 (mg/mL) | %Inhibition 3 | IC50 (mg/mL) | %Inhibition 3 | |
KCE | ||||||||
Exocarp | 92.32 ± 7.04 a | 0.13 ± 0.01 a,* | 51.58 ± 3.52 a,* | 87.44 ± 8.67 a | 0.88 ± 0.01 a,* | 96.81 ± 1.26 a,* | 0.49 ± 0.02 a,* | 41.39 ± 2.56 b,* |
Mesocarp | 60.04 ± 5.17 b,* | 0.56 ± 0.03 c | 40.17 ± 3.31 c,* | 20.40 ± 1.60 c,* | N/A | 41.27 ± 1.97 c,* | N/A | 56.34 ± 2.12 a,* |
Seed | ND | N/A | 12.18 ± 0.71 d | ND | N/A | ND | N/A | 4.72 ± 2.85 d,* |
Core | 98.23 ± 1.49 a,* | 0.45 ± 0.00 b,* | 44.78 ± 2.72 b | 62.86 ± 3.21 b,* | 1.54 ± 0.10 b,* | 88.86 ± 0.65 b,* | 0.67 ± 0.04 b,* | 26.36 ± 1.59 c |
KHE | ||||||||
Exocarp | 91.84 ± 3.76 A | 0.06 ± 0.01 A | 44.75 ± 3.52 A | 88.64 ± 2.34 A | 0.52 ± 0.05 A | 99.15 ± 1.53 A | 0.20 ± 0.04 A | 16.29 ± 1.16 B |
Mesocarp | 90.11 ± 2.60 A | 0.64 ± 0.03 B | 33.93 ± 2.00 B | 29.98 ± 3.01 B | N/A | 63.67 ± 5.56 B | 1.32 ± 0.08 B | 35.26 ± 2.61 A |
Seed | ND | N/A | ND | ND | N/A | ND | N/A | 12.70 ± 0.93 C |
Core | 89.72 ± 3.68 A | 0.06 ± 0.00 A | 44.12 ± 3.20 A | 91.74 ± 0.71 A | 0.41 ± 0.00 A | 97.99 ± 0.22 A | 0.16 ± 0.00 A | ND |
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Sritalahareuthai, V.; Temviriyanukul, P.; On-nom, N.; Charoenkiatkul, S.; Suttisansanee, U. Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant, and Inhibitory Activities of Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib and Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Sm. Foods 2020, 9, 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091222
Sritalahareuthai V, Temviriyanukul P, On-nom N, Charoenkiatkul S, Suttisansanee U. Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant, and Inhibitory Activities of Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib and Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Sm. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091222
Chicago/Turabian StyleSritalahareuthai, Varittha, Piya Temviriyanukul, Nattira On-nom, Somsri Charoenkiatkul, and Uthaiwan Suttisansanee. 2020. "Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant, and Inhibitory Activities of Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib and Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Sm." Foods 9, no. 9: 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091222