Extended Harvest Date Alter Flavonoid Composition and Chromatic Characteristics of Plavac Mali (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Berries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Environmental Conditions and Vineyard Design
2.3. Harvesting, Grape Sampling and Preparation for Analysis
2.4. Analysis of Physicochemical Components of Fresh Juice
2.5. Organic Acids Analysis
2.6. Extraction of Flavonoid Compounds from Grape Berries
2.7. Analysis of Flavonoid Compounds by HPLC
2.8. Colorimetric Analyses (CIELab)
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Climate Conditions
3.2. Physicochemical Grape Berry Composition
3.3. Evaluation of Grape Berry Flavonoid Composition
3.4. Characterization of Green Berries
3.5. Evaluation of External Color: CIELab Skin Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Conventional Indicators of the Grape Ripeness
4.2. Flavonoid Indicators of Grape Ripeness
4.2.1. Flavonoid Compositional Changes in Grape Skin
4.2.2. Flavonoid Compositional Changes in Grape Seeds
4.3. Green Berries
4.4. External Color CIELab Skin Parameters as Indicators of Ripeness
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Split | Zadar | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compound | H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | Location | HD × L |
Weight 1 | 221.78 ± 8.40 b | 165.48 ± 7.04 d | 244.41 ± 6.17 a | 185.29 ± 3.53 c | 271.09 ± 7.49 b | 295.58 ± 1.94 a | 297.65 ± 14.82 a | 302.16 ± 2.28 a | *** | *** |
TSS 2 (°Brix) | 18.39 ± 0.40 c | 20.68 ± 0.59 b | 20.53 ± 0.13 b | 22.42 ± 0.06 a | 16.83 ± 0.38 c | 18.69 ± 0.43 b | 20.04 ± 0.17 a | 20.38 ± 0.13 a | *** | ** |
TA 3 (gL−1) | 6.76 ± 0.31 a | 4.84 ± 0.02 b | 4.03 ± 0.09 c | 3.98 ± 0.14 c | 7.28 ± 0.17 a | 5.45 ± 0.07 b | 4.73 ± 0.18 c | 4.82 ± 0.17 c | *** | ns |
pH | 3.38 ± 0.02 d | 3.57 ± 0.01 c | 3.63 ± 0.02 b | 3.75 ± 0.01 a | 3.27 ± 0.02 c | 3.42 ± 0.02 b | 3.49 ± 0.01 a | 3.50 ± 0.02 a | *** | *** |
Potassium (g L−1) | 1316.36 ± 50.5 b | 1784.38 ± 46.3 a | 1274.31 ± 28.9 b | 1731.28 ± 96.2 a | 739.15 ± 13.6 b | 1108.49 ± 14.2a | 1191.04 ± 43.1 a | 1174.66 ± 79.9 a | *** | *** |
Citric a 4 (g L−1) | 0.16 ± 0.01 b | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 0.16 ± 0 b | 0.35 ± 0.07 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 b | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 0.14 ± 0.02 b | 0.34 ± 0.01 a | ns | ns |
Tartaric a 5 (g L−1) | 3.49 ± 0.25 b | 3.57 ± 0.09 b | 4.32 ± 0.03 a | 3.88 ± 0.33 b | 5.73 ± 0.06 a | 5.14 ± 0.08 b | 4.88 ± 0.08 c | 4.37 ± 0.14 d | *** | *** |
Malic a 6 (g L−1) | 2.17 ± 0.33 a | 1.12 ± 0.04 b | 0.68 ± 0.02 c | 0.25 ± 0.03 d | 3.43 ± 0.06 a | 2.20 ± 0.05 b | 1.58 ± 0.08 c | 0 d | *** | *** |
Glucose (g L−1) | 105.99 ± 7.59 a | 118.74 ± 19.81 a | 99.36 ± 8.19 a | 108.20 ± 7.48 a | 82.51 ±7.40 b | 98.51 ± 7.07 a | 102.49 ± 5.25 a | 111.73 ± 8.35 a | * | * |
Fructose (g L−1) | 89.53 ± 21.93 a | 58.77 ± 17.50 b | 92.28 ± 11.24 a | 105.83 ± 11.44 a | 68.77 ± 8.74 ab | 33.89 ± 12.92 c | 52.53 ± 29.13 bc | 94.05 ± 3.53 a | ** | ns |
G:F 7 | 1.21 ± 0.19 b | 2.14 ± 0.63 a | 1.08 ± 0.05 b | 1.03 ± 0.14 b | 1.22 ± 0.24 b | 3.37 ± 1.81 a | 2.34 ± 1.06 ab | 1.19 ± 0.08 b | ns | ns |
Panopa 8 (g L−1) | 52.61 ± 5.29 b | 48.54 ± 6.66 b | 75.65 ± 12.55 a | 53.23 ± 8.04 b | 120.58 ± 21.21 a | 127.96 ± 4.08 a | 111.44 ± 14.32 a | 118.37 ± 11.71 a | *** | * |
Split | Zadar | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HD 1 | H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | L 2 | I 3 | |
Anthocyanins | D3g 4 | 382.9 ± 15.6 d | 692.9 ± 12.6 c | 812.0 ±15.8 b | 855.3 ± 21.2 a | 729.2 ± 7.8 d | 806.4 ± 6.1 c | 1087.7 ± 6.0 b | 1126.1 ± 14.6 a | *** | *** |
C3g 5 | 27.8 ± 1.2 b | 41.3 ± 3.9 a | 37.6 ± 2.5 a | 40.1 ± 3.8 a | 24.4 ± 2.4 d | 34.1 ± 2.4 c | 54.8 ± 4.5 b | 68.5 ± 7.7 a | *** | *** | |
Pet3g 6 | 450.3 ± 6.3 c | 673.4 ± 16.4 b | 666.9 ±10.7 b | 853.4 ± 10.0 a | 740.1 ± 12.2 c | 800.1 ± 4.9 b | 1111.0 ± 53.3 a | 1081.3 ± 19.8 a | *** | *** | |
Peo3g 7 | 110.7 ± 3.4 c | 147.3 ± 3.8 a | 132.3 ± 3.4 b | 127.0 ± 3.7 b | 103.3 ± 6.2 d | 133.9 ± 2.7 c | 200.3 ± 11.0 b | 223.5 ± 3.2 a | *** | *** | |
Mal3g 8 | 2720.5 ± 90.5 d | 3759.5 ± 103.4 c | 4406.6 ± 60.8 a | 4245.9 ± 77.3 b | 4256.2 ± 104.6 d | 4655.1 ± 87.0 c | 6389.5 ± 254.8 a | 6106.0 ± 50.6 b | *** | *** | |
Flavonols | M3Og 9 | 53.4 ± 2.3 d | 72.3 ± 3.6 c | 89.4 ± 3.8 b | 100.2 ± 3.5 a | 50.1 ± 5.5 c | 61.6 ± 0.9 b | 90.4 ± 3.0 a | 84.6 ± 2.7 a | *** | ** |
Rut 10 | 50.0 ± 5.2 a | 38.7 ± 0.8 b | 31.5 ± 3.3 c | 23.6 ± 1.4 d | 14.4 ± 1.0 b | 14.7 ± 0.6 b | 16.6 ± 0.3 a | 14.8 ± 0.6 b | *** | *** | |
Hyper 11 | 23.5 ± 3.4 a | 20.5 ± 1.3 a | 21.3 ± 3.1 a | 22.2 ± 3.5 a | 12.1 ± 1.0 d | 20.7 ± 0.3 c | 28.3 ± 2.5 b | 46.2 ± 0.8 a | *** | *** | |
Q3Og 12 | 320.1 ± 7.9 a | 319.1 ± 1.9 a | 249.7 ± 4.8 b | 245.0 ± 11.7 b | 170.4 ± 7.9 d | 195.5 ± 5.3 c | 239.7 ± 0.6 b | 326.9 ± 3.6 a | *** | *** | |
K3Og 13 | 21.7 ± 1.8 a | 18.4 ± 0.8 b | 22.1 ± 0.2 a | 16.1 ± 2.2 b | 8.8 ± 1.8 d | 20.6 ± 1.5 c | 28.6 ± 2.6 b | 51.7 ± 1.0 a | *** | *** | |
Iso3g 14 | 24.8 ± 1.9 c | 25.9 ± 1.8 c | 30.8 ± 3.2 b | 36.0 ± 1.8 a | 15.3 ± 1.3 d | 23.5 ± 2.0 c | 37.2 ± 2.3 b | 48.7 ± 4.2 a | ns | *** | |
Flavan-3-ols monomeric forms | GC 15 | 3.5 ± 0.4 d | 5.0 ± 0.2 c | 6.7 ± 0.6 b | 8.8 ± 0.4 a | 3.2 ± 0.4 a | 2.3 ± 0.1 b | 3.2 ± 0.4 a | 1.2 ± 0.1 c | *** | *** |
EGC 16 | 92.6 ± 3.7 a | 88.9 ± 2.1 a b | 84.2 ± 4.2 b | 60.0 ± 3.8 c | 107.8 ± 3.1 a | 93.4 ± 2.4 b | 103.7 ± 5.8 a | 83.0 ± 0.9 c | *** | ** | |
C 17 | 43.2 ± 1.8 a | 44.4 ± 4.0 a | 31.8 ± 2.8 b | 28.1 ± 2.3 b | 34.0 ± 1.6 a | 28.6 ± 2.0 b | 32.3 ± 1.5 a | 26.0 ± 0.9 b | *** | *** | |
EC 18 | 4.2 ± 0.3 c | 7.0 ± 0.7 b | 8.6 ± 0.5 a | 7.5 ± 1.7 ab | 4.3 ± 1.2 b | 4.2 ± 0.5 b | 15.4 ± 2.5 a | 17.6 ± 1.8 a | *** | *** | |
Flavan-3-ols dimeric forms | B1 | 85.3 ± 2.3 a | 69.4 ± 5.3 b | 72.4 ± 0.8 b | 46.3 ± 3.3 c | 154.7 ±3.1 a | 136.7 ± 5.5 b | 147.1 ± 6.5 a | 118.5 ± 1.4 c | *** | ns |
B2 | 12.7 ± 0.5 b | 15.5 ± 2.1 a | 12.7 ± 0.8 b | 13.1 ± 1.7 ab | 10.8 ± 0.4 c | 11.3 ± 0.3 c | 11.9 ± 0.3 b | 12.9 ± 0.4 a | *** | ** | |
B3 | 15.0 ± 0.8 a | 15.4 ± 1.6 a | 11.6 ± 1.0 b | 10.4 ± 0.7 b | 14.5 ± 0.8 a | 11.6 ± 0.5 b | 14.3 ± 1.6 a | 10.2 ± 0.4 b | ns | *** | |
B4 | 14.3 ± 0.6 b | 15.9 ± 0.9 a | 14.5 ± 0.9 ab | 14.3 ± 0.5 b | 17.4 ± 0.2 a | 16.3 ± 0.2 b | 17.6 ± 0.7 a | 15.4 ± 0.2 c | *** | ** |
Split | Zadar | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HD 1 | H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | L 2 | I 3 | |
Flavan-3-ols monomeric forms | ECG 4 | 93 ± 21 a | 108 ± 2 a | 54 ± 17 b | 46 ± 17 b | 184 ± 4 a | 152 ± 35 a | 160 ± 25 a | 108 ± 12 b | *** | ns |
GC 5 | 160 ± 7 a | 166 ± 9 a | 152 ± 8 a | 137 ± 14 b | 166 ± 9 a | 168 ± 12 a | 167 ± 23 a | 164 ± 5 a | * | ns | |
EGC 6 | 205 ± 14 a | 215 ± 15 a | 210 ± 8 a | 178 ± 11 b | 282 ± 25 a | 261 ± 32 a | 259 ± 45 a | 232 ± 20 a | *** | ns | |
C 7 | 7453 ± 393 a | 6811 ± 264 a | 4799 ± 277 b | 4507 ± 799 b | 19,142 ± 822 a | 17,901 ± 848 ab | 15,223 ± 2246 c | 15,410 ± 993 bc | *** | ns | |
EC 8 | 6670 ± 157 a | 6821 ± 105 a | 5775 ± 40 b | 5292 ± 890 b | 14,871 ± 548 a | 13,664 ± 854 a | 12,888 ± 1685 a | 12,793 ± 1188 a | *** | ns | |
Flavan-3-ols dimeric forms | B1 | 3625 ± 219 ab | 3929 ± 294 a | 3520 ± 178 ab | 3270 ± 566 b | 5599 ± 485 a | 5486 ± 545 a | 5644 ± 1291 a | 5919 ± 397 a | *** | ns |
B2 | 2864 ± 196 a | 3201 ± 171 a | 3030 ± 77 a | 2763 ± 455 a | 4460 ± 442 a | 4230 ± 397 a | 4452 ± 934 a | 4518 ± 326 a | *** | ns | |
B4 | 969 ± 61 a | 970 ± 48 a | 843 ± 32 ab | 753 ± 121 b | 1427 ± 96 a | 1331 ± 122 a | 1278 ± 269 a | 1310 ± 86 a | *** | ns |
Quality Variable | Split | Zadar | Significance | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Morphological parameters | Total mass (150) berries (g) | 104.11 ± 18.2 b | 152.78 ± 12.5 a | * (0.0187) |
Mass 1 berry (g) | 0.69 ± 0.12 b | 1.02 ± 0.08 a | * (0.0187) | |
Total number of seeds in 150 berries | 195.33 ± 6.51 a | 172 ± 10.15 b | * (0.0285) | |
Total seed mass (g) | 4.16 ± 0.58 a | 2.87 ± 0.29 b | * (0.0270) | |
Average mass of 100 seeds (g) | 2.33 ± 0.45 | 1.66 ± 0.28 | ns | |
Primary metabolites | TSS 1(°Brix) | 10.71 ± 0.26 a | 8.94 ± 0.15 b | *** (0.0004) |
pH | 2.87 ± 0.02 | 2.87 ± 0.02 | ns | |
Potassium (g L−1) | 747.96 ± 152.4 | 591.2 ± 23.2 | ns | |
TA 2 | 18.06 ± 0.65 | 18.51 ± 0.34 | ns | |
Citric acid (g L−1) | 0.54 ± 0.06 a | 0.39 ± 0.01 b | * (0.0133) | |
Tartaric acid (g L−1) | 10.42 ± 0.33 | 10.63 ± 0.24 | ns | |
Malic acid (g L−1) | 7.88 ± 0.34 b | 10.67 ± 0.21 a | *** (0.0003) | |
Succinic acid (g L−1) | 1.68 ± 0.04 | nd | nd | |
Glucose (g L−1) | 49.25 ± 31.74 | 47.39 ± 19.81 | ns | |
Fructose (g L−1) | 41.2 ± 24.52 | 38.81 ± 11.55 | ns | |
Panopa (g L−1) | 62.27 ± 24.92 b | 161.02 ± 54.08 a | * (0.0453) | |
Flavonols | Rutin | 76.82 ± 4.81 a | 27.88 ± 0.61 b | **** (0.0001) |
Hyper | 25.18 ± 0.91 | nd | nd | |
Q3Og 3 | 591.31 ± 16.64 a | 422.05 ± 19.69 b | *** (0.0003) | |
K3Og 4 | 18.25 ± 2.73 | nd | nd | |
Flavan-3-ol monomers (skin) | GC 5 | 12.21 ± 0.38 | 13.81 ± 1.13 | ns |
EGC 6 | 252.64 ± 7.24 | 236.69 ± 9.82 | ns | |
C 7 | 126.11 ± 5.31 a | 82.22 ± 3.23 b | *** (0.0003) | |
EC 8 | 7.25 ± 0.8 | nd | nd | |
Dimers | B1 | 58.02 ± 2.56 | 52.35 ± 2.88 | ns |
B2 | 12.61 ± 0.51 | 12.07 ± 1.96 | ns | |
B4 | 11.10 ± 1.28 | 10.99 ± 1.39 | ns | |
Flavan-3-ol monomers (seed) | ECG 9 | 27.89 ± 9.82 b | 110.36 ± 1.44 a | **** (0.0001) |
GC | 125.04 ± 17.10 | 96.08 ± 6.34 | ns | |
EGC | 103.11 ± 20.55 b | 185.90 ± 7.14 a | ** (0.0027) | |
C | 7161.02 ± 528.24 b | 10,197.26 ± 997.97 a | ** (0.0096) | |
EC | 8720.9 ± 336.7 a | 6885.45 ± 318.68 b | ** (0.0024) | |
Dimers | B1 | 2686.73 ± 398.33 | 2028.01 ± 105.89 | ns |
B2 | 3169.40 ± 673.1 a | 1780.64 ± 57.84 b | * (0.0236) | |
B4 | 804.19 ± 81.63 | 715.99 ± 23.54 | ns |
Split | Zadar | L | I | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HD | H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | ||
L* 1 | 25.15 ± 1.51 a | 25.17 ± 1.06 a | 25.00 ± 0.99 a | 24.37 ± 1.30 b | 25.07 ± 0.97 a | 24.70 ± 1.05 b | 24.29 ± 0.92 c | 23.61 ± 0.92 d | *** | *** |
a* 2 | 4.37 ± 2.68 a | 2.87 ± 1.82 b | 1.99 ± 1.12 c | 1.90 ± 1.06 c | 2.35 ± 1.04 a | 1.87 ± 1.04 b | 1.47 ± 0.55 c | 1.60 ± 0.64 c | *** | *** |
b* 3 | 0.73 ± 0.92 a | 0.35 ± 0.59 b | 0.21 ± 0.47 c | 0.35 ± 0.47 b | 0.61 ± 0.41 a | 0.46 ± 0.35 b | 0.45 ± 0.31 b | 0.42 ± 0.35 b | ** | *** |
C 4 | 4.46 ± 2.78 a | 2.94 ± 1.83 b | 2.06 ± 1.11 c | 1.99 ± 1.05 c | 2.45 ± 1.08 a | 1.95 ± 1.06 b | 1.57 ± 0.55 c | 1.69 ± 0.63 c | *** | *** |
h° 5 | 8.65 ± 7.11 a | 6.35 ± 12.67 b | 6.29 ± 15.32 b | 10.56 ± 16.53 a | 14.23 ± 7.71 b | 14.03 ± 9.78 b | 17.00 ± 11.71 a | 14.84 ± 13.78 b | *** | *** |
CIRG 6 | 5.88 ± 0.71 c | 6.22 ± 0.64 b | 6.43 ± 0.60 a | 6.45 ± 0.68 a | 6.04 ± 0.45 c | 6.25 ± 0.53 b | 6.32 ± 0.53 b | 6.54 ± 0.56 a | ns | ** |
CIELab | Del3g 1 | Cya3g 2 | Pet3g 3 | Peo3g 4 | Mal3g 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L* 6 | −0.76 *** | −0.81 *** | −0.80 *** | −0.77 *** | −0.76 *** |
a* 7 | −0.90 *** | −0.53 ** | −0.82 *** | −0.53 ** | −0.83 *** |
b* 8 | −0.46 * | −0.33 n.s. | −0.27 n.s. | −0.23 n.s. | −0.30 n.s. |
C 9 | −0.89 *** | −0.53 ** | −0.81 *** | −0.53 ** | −0.82 *** |
H 10 | 0.57 ** | 0.34 n.s. | 0.70 *** | 0.46 * | 0.67 *** |
CIRG 11 | 0.73 *** | 0.65 *** | 0.61 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.61 ** |
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Mucalo, A.; Maletić, E.; Zdunić, G. Extended Harvest Date Alter Flavonoid Composition and Chromatic Characteristics of Plavac Mali (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Berries. Foods 2020, 9, 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091155
Mucalo A, Maletić E, Zdunić G. Extended Harvest Date Alter Flavonoid Composition and Chromatic Characteristics of Plavac Mali (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Berries. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091155
Chicago/Turabian StyleMucalo, Ana, Edi Maletić, and Goran Zdunić. 2020. "Extended Harvest Date Alter Flavonoid Composition and Chromatic Characteristics of Plavac Mali (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Berries" Foods 9, no. 9: 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091155