Native Colombian Fruits and Their by-Products: Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Hypoglycaemic Potential
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Plant Material and Extraction Procedure
2.3. Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC)-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). Conditions and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Colombian Fruits
2.4. Fatty Acids Profile
2.5. ABTS and DPPH Radical Scavenging Assays
2.6. β-Carotene Bleaching Test
2.7. FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability Power) Assay
2.8. Relative Antioxidant Capacity Index (RACI) Calculation
2.9. Global Antioxidant Score (GAS)
2.10. a-Amylase and a-Glucosidase Inhibitory Assays
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. UHPLC-ESI-HRMS Phenolic Profile
3.2. Fatty Acid Composition
3.3. Antioxidant Activity
3.4. Carbohydrate Hydrolysing Enzymes Inhibition by Colombian Fruits Extracts
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(+)-Catechin | Chlorogenic Acid | trans-Cinnamic Acid | p-Coumaric Acid | (−)-Epicatechin | Ferulic Acid | Gallic Acid | Homogentisic Acid | Polydatin | Rutin Hydrate | Sinapic Acid | Syringaldehyde | Taxifolin | Vanillic Acid | Vanillin | Veratric Acid | ⅀Phenolic | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solanaceae | |||||||||||||||||
S. quitoense | |||||||||||||||||
Peel | n.d. | 98.6 ± 2.9 | n.d. | 0.4 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | 1.3 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | 51.1 ± 3.6 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.3 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 151.6 ± 2.5 |
Pulp + Seeds | n.d. | 19.1 ± 1.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.1 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 20.0 ± 1.0 |
P. peruviana | |||||||||||||||||
Peel | n.d. | 1.5 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.9 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 0.6 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 3.2 ± 0.2 |
Pulp + Seeds | n.d. | 0.7 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.6 ± 0.07 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
C. betacea | |||||||||||||||||
Peel | n.d. | 253.8 ± 3.8 | n.d. | 0.2 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 8.7 ± 0.2 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 9.5 ± 1.4 | 10.3 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 284.1 ± 1.2 |
Pulp | n.d. | 125.5 ± 1.2 | 28.7 ± 2.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 7.6 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.6 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 0.1 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 165.1 ± 2.2 |
Seeds | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 37.7 ± 1.3 | n.d. | n.d. | 2.5 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.7 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.1 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 42.1 ± 1.2 |
Passifloracea | |||||||||||||||||
P. pinnatistipula | |||||||||||||||||
Peel | n.d. | n.d. | 132.4 ± 5.1 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 8.1 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 1.1 ± 0.03 | 4.7 ± 0.2 | 9.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 1.2 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 166.2 ± 3.2 |
Pulp | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.5 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
Seeds | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 8.1 ± 0.8 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 3.4 ± 0.22 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.2 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 12.4 ± 0.3 |
P. tripartita | |||||||||||||||||
Peel | 40.1 ± 2.0 | n.d. | n.d. | 2.0 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 47.8 ± 1.8 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.7 ± 0.05 | n.d. | 10.2 ± 0.9 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.5 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | 101.9 ± 1.3 |
Pulp | 140.9 ± 8.2 | n.d. | n.d. | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 7.9 ± 0.5 | 16.3 ± 1.4 | n.d. | n.d. | 1.9 ± 0.27 | n.d. | 211.4 ± 1.5 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 1.3 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | 383.3 ± 1.3 |
Seeds | 208.8 ± 3.6 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 81.5 ± 3.5 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.7 ± 0.03 | n.d. | 55.3 ± 4.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | 42.6 ± 1.7 | 394.2 ± 2.6 |
P. ligularis | |||||||||||||||||
Peel | 257.6 ± 4.2 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 1.6 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 11.9 ± 1.9 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 8.95 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 0.08 | n.d. | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | 5.2 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 297.5 ± 1.4 |
Pulp + Seeds | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.7 ± 0.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.7 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.8 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 4.4 ± 0.9 |
Fatty Acids | S. Quitoense | P. Peruviana | C. Betacea | P. Pinnatistipula | P. Tripartita | P. Ligularis | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peel | Pulp + Seed | Peel | Pulp + Seed | Peel | Pulp | Seed | Peel | Pulp | Seed | Peel | Pulp | Seed | Peel | Pulp + Seed | |
C16:0 | 22.6 ± 0.1 | 25.6 ± 0.4 | 20.6 ± 2.6 | 19.5 ± 0.7 | 22.9 ± 0.4 | 19.8 ± 0.1 | 13.6 ± 0.0 | 15.4 ± 0.1 | 15.6 ± 0.1 | 11.8 ± 0.0 | 24.0 ± 0.2 | 19.1 ± 0.0 | 9.6 ± 0.0 | 34.0 ± 0.2 | 7.8 ± 0.0 |
C18:0 | 6.3 ± 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.0 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | n.d. | 25.0 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | 2.1 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.0 |
C20:0 | n.d. | n.d. | 5.4 ± 0.5 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
SFA | 28.9 ± 0.1 | 30.3 ± 0.6 | 28.8 ± 2.1 | 22.0 ± 0.5 | 25.4 ± 0.2 | 21.5 ± 0.2 | 16.9 ± 0.1 | 17.6 ± 0.1 | 18.5 ± 0.2 | 13.6 ± 0.0 | 24.0 ± 0.2 | 44.1 ± 0.1 | 11.5 ± 0.0 | 36.2 ± 0.2 | 10.3 ± 0.1 |
C16:1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | n.d. | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.2 ± 0.0 |
C18:1 9 | 12.7 ± 0.3 | 17.0 ± 0.1 | 26.5 ± 0.5 | 20.5 ± 0.5 | 41.4 ± 0.3 | 39.1 ± 0.2 | 17.2 ± 0.6 | 11.3 ± 0.0 | 7.5 ± 0.1 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | n.d. | 10.8 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.0 | 15.1 ± 0.3 |
C18:1 11 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | n.d. | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.0 |
MUFA | 18.0 ± 0.7 | 17.0 ± 0.1 | 33.5 ± 0.6 | 30.3 ± 1.0 | 43.7 ± 0.4 | 41.7 ± 0.4 | 19.3 ± 0.8 | 13.0 ± 0.1 | 20.3 ± 0.2 | 10.4 ± 0.0 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | n.d. | 10.8 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 15.6 ± 0.4 |
C18:2 n-6 | 11.5 ± 0.1 | 23.5 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 11.9 ± 0.1 | 10.4 ± 0.1 | 13.1 ± 0.2 | 58.3 ± 1.0 | 63.9 ± 0.3 | 41.0 ± 0.4 | 75.5 ± 1.4 | 39.9 ± 0.3 | 16.6 ± 0.0 | 76.6 ± 0.3 | 36.0 ± 0.1 | 73.3 ± 0.7 |
C18:3 n-6 | n.d. | n.d. | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
C18:3 n-3 | 41.6 ± 0.9 | 29.2 ± 0.5 | 29.8 ± 1.3 | 31.4 ± 1.0 | 20.5 ± 0.4 | 23.6 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.0 | 20.2 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 30.4 ± 0.2 | 39.3 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 23.6 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 |
PUFA | 53.1 ± 0.8 | 52.7 ± 0.5 | 37.7 ± 1.5 | 47.7 ± 0.4 | 30.9 ± 0.3 | 36.8 ± 0.5 | 63.8 ± 0.9 | 69.4 ± 0.2 | 61.2 ± 0.4 | 76.0 ± 0.0 | 70.4 ± 0.1 | 55.9 ± 0.1 | 77.7 ± 0.1 | 59.6 ± 0.1 | 74.1 ± 1.4 |
Title | Sample | DPPH (IC50 μg/mL) | ABTS (IC50 μg/mL) | β-Carotene Bleacing Test (IC50 μg/mL) | FRAP (μM Fe(II)/g) | RACI | GAS | α-Amylase (IC50 μg/mL) | α-Glucosidase (IC50 μg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solanaceae | |||||||||
S. quitoense | Peel | 38.8 ± 2.1 **** | 167.6 ± 3.7 **** | 11.1 ± 1.3 **** | 49.4 ± 1.5 **** | −0.43 | 0.81 | 31.8 ± 1.2 **** | 27.9 ± 1.0 |
Pulp + Seed | 61.3 ± 2.0 **** | 576.8 ± 7.5 **** | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 16.2 ± 2.5 **** | −0.38 | 0.87 | 54.9 ± 2.4 | 57.1 ± 2.0 **** | |
P. peruviana | Peel | 117.9 ± 5.1 **** | 843.3 ± 3.9 **** | 10.2 ± 1.1 *** | 13.0 ± 0.8 **** | 0.20 | 1.72 | 34.1 ± 2.2 **** | 37.6 ± 2.5 |
Pulp + Seed | 65.3 ± 2.1 **** | > 1000 | 19.3 ± 1.6 **** | 7.3 ± 0.6 **** | −0.03 | 1.40 | 64.3 ± 3.0 **** | 45.0 ± 1.1 | |
C. betacea | Peel | 74.7 ± 3.5 **** | 149.8 ± 3.6 **** | 21.9 ± 1.5 **** | 63.9 ± 3.5 | 0.05 | 1.52 | 77.1 ± 3.3 **** | 32.9 ± 2.9 ** |
Pulp | 141.3 ± 5.5 **** | 463.8 ± 4.7 **** | 93.8 ± 4.5 **** | 9.8 ± 0.6 **** | 0.68 | 2.42 | 92.7 ± 3.8 **** | 95.1 ± 4.6 **** | |
Seed | 57.9 ± 1.5 **** | 329.8 ± 3.3 **** | 58.2 ± 4.0 **** | 25.4 ± 2.5 **** | −0.09 | 1.30 | 102.9 ± 4.0 **** | 195.1 ± 4.7 **** | |
Passifloraceae | |||||||||
P. pinnatistipula | Peel | 207.9 ± 2.5 **** | 125.3 ± 1.5 **** | >1000 | 40.5 ± 1.4 **** | 0.23 | 1.47 | 46.4 ± 2.2 | 37.7 ± 2.2 |
Pulp | 671.9 ± 5.7 **** | 151.7 ± 1.7 **** | 50.6 ± 2.5 **** | 3.2 ± 0.7 **** | 0.11 | 1.15 | 78.2 ± 3.7 **** | 44.1 ± 2.3 | |
Seed | 372.2 ± 4.0 **** | >1000 | 133.8 ± 2.7 **** | 28.7 ± 2.3 **** | 0.59 | 1.74 | 54.1 ± 2.5 | 40.6 ± 2.8 | |
P. tripartita | Peel | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 177.8 ± 3.2 **** | >1000 | 22.7 ± 2.2 **** | 0.03 | 1.18 | 86.3 ± 3.0 **** | 56.1 ± 3.1 **** |
Pulp | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 50.1 ± 2.5 **** | 3.8 ± 0.3 **** | 64.1 ± 3.4 | −0.59 | 0.62 | 67.5 ± 3.7 **** | 78.4 ± 3.9 **** | |
Seed | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 96.2 ± 3.7 **** | 14.8 ± 0.7 **** | 92.0 ± 3.7 **** | −0.49 | 0.27 | 52.7 ± 3.5 | 54.6 ± 3.2 **** | |
P. ligularis | Peel | 61.3 ± 2.2 **** | 282.1 ± 4.0 **** | 265.1 ± 4.0 **** | 39.9 ± 4.3 **** | −0.22 | 0.69 | 122.7 ± 4.5 **** | 154.9 ± 3.9 **** |
Pulp + Seed | 73.9 ± 2.7 **** | 223.9 ± 3.7 **** | 116.0 ± 3.1 **** | 42.9 ± 3.8 **** | 0.35 | 1.40 | 22.6 ± 3.7 **** | 24.8 ± 3.9 ** | |
Positive controls | Propyl gallate a | 1.0 ± 0.01 | |||||||
Ascorbic acid a | 2.0 ± 0.01 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | |||||||
BHT a | 63.2 ± 4.5 | ||||||||
Acarbose a | 50.0 ± 0.9 | 35.5 ± 1.2 |
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Loizzo, M.R.; Lucci, P.; Núñez, O.; Tundis, R.; Balzano, M.; Frega, N.G.; Conte, L.; Moret, S.; Filatova, D.; Moyano, E.; et al. Native Colombian Fruits and Their by-Products: Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Hypoglycaemic Potential. Foods 2019, 8, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030089
Loizzo MR, Lucci P, Núñez O, Tundis R, Balzano M, Frega NG, Conte L, Moret S, Filatova D, Moyano E, et al. Native Colombian Fruits and Their by-Products: Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Hypoglycaemic Potential. Foods. 2019; 8(3):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030089
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoizzo, Monica Rosa, Paolo Lucci, Oscar Núñez, Rosa Tundis, Michele Balzano, Natale Giuseppe Frega, Lanfranco Conte, Sabrina Moret, Daria Filatova, Encarnación Moyano, and et al. 2019. "Native Colombian Fruits and Their by-Products: Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Hypoglycaemic Potential" Foods 8, no. 3: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030089