Affinity Sensing Strategies for the Detection of Pesticides in Food
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Pesticides
1.2. Pesticides Detection and Affinity Sensors
2. Immunosensors
2.1. Electrochemical Immunosensors
2.1.1. Impedimetric Immunosensors
2.1.2. Voltammetric and Amperometric Immunosensors
2.2. Optical Immunosensors
2.2.1. Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Immunosensors
2.2.2. Fluorescence-Based and Colorimetric Immunosensors
3. Aptasensors
3.1. Electrochemical Aptasensors
3.1.1. Impedimetric Aptasensors
3.1.2. Voltammetric Aptasensors
3.2. Optical Aptasensors
3.2.1. Colorimetric Metal Nanoparticles-Based Aptasensors
3.2.2. Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Aptasensors
3.2.3. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Aptasensors
4. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensors
4.1. Electrochemical MIP Sensors
4.1.1. Voltammetric MIP Sensors
Direct Detection
Indirect Detection
4.1.2. Potentiometric and Impedimetric MIP Sensors
4.2. Optical MIP Sensors
4.2.1. Fluorescence and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based MIP Sensors
4.2.2. Colorimetric, Dual Read-Out (Fluorescence-Based + Colorimetric) and Electrochromic MIP Sensors
4.2.3. Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based MIP Sensors
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
2-ABA | 2-aminobenzyl amine |
2,4-D | 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid |
2,4,6-TCP | 2,4,6-trichlorophenol |
3-ABA | 3-aminobenzoic acid |
3-PBD | 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde |
5-DTAF | 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl) aminofluorescein |
6-FAM-SH-ssDNAs | 6-carboxyfluorescein labeled single-stranded thiol-oligonucleotides |
Ab-HRP | horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibody |
Ab | antibody |
Ab198-cc-HRP | enzymatic labeled antibody |
AET | 2-aminoethanethiol |
Ag | antigens |
Ag | silver |
AgNPs | silver nanoparticles |
AM | acrylamide |
AMMB | 2-acrylamide-6-methoxybenzothiazole |
AMP | amino-modified capture probe |
ANI | aniline |
Ap | aptamer |
APTES | 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane |
ATR-BSA | atrazine-bovine serum albumine |
ATR | atrazine |
Au | gold |
AuNPs | gold nanoparticles |
BB | bromophenol blue |
BiCoPc | binuclear phthalocyanine cobalt(II) sulfonate |
BSA | bovine serum albumin |
CB | carbon black |
CDs | carbon dots |
CdSNPs | CdS nanoparticles |
CG | carboxylic graphene |
CHIT-IO | chitosan-iron oxide nanocomposite |
CMK-3 | ordered mesoporous carbon material |
Co3O4/PANI | Co3O4/Polyaniline nanoparticles |
CP | carbon paste |
CPE | carbon paste electrode |
CPF-BSA | Chlorpyrifos-bovine serum albumine |
CPF | chlorpyrifos |
CPFO | chlorpyrifos oxon |
CS-AuPtNPs | chitosan-AuPt alloy nanoparticles |
CS | chitosan |
CuO NFs-SWCNTs | copper oxide nanoflowers and single-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite |
CV | Cyclic Voltammetry |
dc-ELISA | direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
DMMP | dimethyl methylphosphonate |
DMZ | dimetridazole |
DPV | Differential Pulse Voltammetry |
EDI | edifenphos |
EGDMA | ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate |
EIS | Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy |
ELISA | Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay |
Fc@MWCNTs-CS | ferrocene hybrid chitosan dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
FDMA | ferrocenedimethylamine |
Fe3O4@MWCNTs-COOH/CS | Fe3O4@carboxyl-functionalized MWCNTs/chitosan nanocomposite |
Fe3O4@PDA NPs | Fe3O4@polydopamine nanoparticles |
fG | graphene sheets functionalized |
FITC | fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate |
FM | fenaminosulf |
FRET | fluorescence resonance energy transfer |
FTO | fluorine tin oxide |
FuAuNP | functionalized gold nanoparticles |
GA | glutaraldehyde |
GCE | glassy carbon electrode |
GECs | graphite composite electrodes |
Gly | glyphosate |
GN | graphene |
GO | graphene oxide |
GO@Fe3O4 | graphene oxide@Fe3O4 |
GOPTS | (3-glycidyloxypropyl)triethoxysilane |
GR-IL-Au | graphene-ionic liquid-nano Au |
GS-MB/AuNPs | graphene sheets-methylen blue/gold nanoparticles nanocomposite |
GS-PEI-Au | graphene sheets-ethyleneimine polymer-Au nanocomposites |
GSPEs | graphite screen-printed electrodes |
hapten-BSA | hapten-bovine serum albumin |
HPSNs-NH2 | hierarchical porous dendrimer-like silica nanoparticles |
HRP | horseradish peroxidase |
IBF | iprobenfos |
IDAMs | interdigitated array microelectrodes |
IDEs | interdigitated electrodes |
IFE | inner filter effect |
IgG-HRP | immunoglobulin G-horseradish peroxidase |
IL-EGN | ionic liquid-graphene composite film |
IL | ionic liquid |
IMI | imidacloprid |
IPIM | imprinted polymer inclusion membrane |
IrOx NPs | iridium oxide nanoparticles |
ITO | indium tin oxide |
L-Cys | L-cysteine |
LDR | linear dynamic range |
LOD | limit of detection |
LSPR | localized surface plasmon resonance |
LSV | Linear Sweep Voltammetry |
m-GEC | magnetic graphite–epoxy composite electrode |
MAA | methacrylic acid |
mAb | anti-triazophos monoclonal antibody |
MB | methylene blue |
MCH | 6-Mercap-1-hexanol |
MCP | micro contact printing |
MCZ | mancozeb |
MEPS | microextraction by packed sorbent |
MH | 6-mercaptohexanol |
MIECS | molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor |
MIM-Zn-MAA | molecularly imprinted membrane-zinc porphyrin-mathacrylate |
MIP–IL–EGN/GCE | MIP–ionic liquid–graphene composite film coated GCE |
MIPMs | molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres |
MIPs | molecularly imprinted polymers |
MISP | molecularly imprinted star polymers |
MIT | Molecular imprinting technology |
MMIP | magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer |
MNPs | metal nanoparticles |
MOFs | metal-organic frameworks |
MPS | 3-(methacryloxyl) propyl trimethoxysilane |
MR | methyl red |
MRLs | maximum residue levels |
MTMC | metolcarb |
MUA | 1,1-mercaptoundecanoic acid |
MWCNTs | multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
nano-MIP | MIP nanoparticles |
NG | nitrogen doped graphene |
o-PD | o-phenylenediamine |
oligo2 | complementary biotinylated oligonucleotide |
OMC-CS | mesoporous carbon (OMC) functionalized by chitosan |
OVA | ovalbumin |
p-ABA | para aminobenzoic acid |
p-ATP | p-aminothiophenol |
P | pesticide solution |
PAMAM | poliamidoaminic dendrimers |
PANI | polyaniline |
PANABA | polymer poly-(aniline-co-3-aminobenzoic acid) |
PB-CMK-3 | ordered mesoporous carbon material prussian blue |
PB | prussian blue |
PDA NPs | polydopamine nanoparticles |
PDDA | poly (diallydimethylammonium chloride) |
PGE | pencil graphite electrode |
PO | paraoxon |
PoAP | Poly-o-aminophenol |
PPy | polypyrrole |
PQ | paraquat |
PQ1-BSAMP | Antigen biofunctionalized magnetic micro-particles |
PQQ | pyrroloquinoline quinone |
PTES | phenyltrimethoxysilane |
PtNPs microwires | platinum nanoparticles microwires |
PtNPs | platinum nanoparticles |
PVC | polyvinyl chloride |
Py | pyrrole |
QDs | quantum dots |
Qu | quercetin |
Re | resorcinol |
Ret | electron transfer resistance |
rGO | reduced graphene oxide |
rGO@Au | reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles |
RU | resonance unit |
SA | streptavidin |
SAM | self-assembled monolayer |
SELEX | (selection evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) |
SERS | Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering |
SiO2@FMIP | fluorescent core-shell MIP based on the surface of SiO2 beads |
SMIPMs | surface molecularly imprinted polymeric microsphere |
Sp | spermine |
SPCE | screen-printed carbon electrode |
SPE | screen-printed electrode |
SPIONs | superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles |
SPR | Surface Plasmon Resonance |
SWNTs | single wall nanotubes |
SWSV | square wave voltammetry in stripping mode |
SWV | Square Wave Voltammetry |
TPD | 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol |
TPN-BSA | Conjugates of N-(pentachlorophenoxyacetyl)glycine and bovine serum albumin |
UCNPs | upconversion nanoparticles |
VBA | p-vinylbenzoic acid |
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Electrode | Sensing Technique and Redox Probe * | Analyte | Matrix | Linear Dynamic Range LDR (M) | Limit of Detection LOD (M) | Recovery (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OVA/Ab/GA/CS/GCE | EIS | Fenvalerate | Tea | 2.38 × 10−9–2.38 × 10−7 | 1.91 × 10−9 | 103.0 | [58] |
gelatin/Ab/GA/L-Cys/Au electrode | EIS | Carbofuran | Tomato, cabbage, and lettuce | 4.52 × 10−10–4.52 × 10−6 | 4.52 × 10−10 | 90.0–106 | [59] |
Ab/protein A/AuNPs/PDDA/gold IDAMs | EIS | Chlorpyrifos | Cucumber, lettuce, and pakchoi | 1.43 × 10−9–1.43 × 10−6 | 1.43 × 10−9 | 75.2–96.5 | [60] |
BSA/Ab/protein A/gold IDAMs | EIS | Chlorpyrifos | Chinese chives, lettuce, and cabbage | 2.85 × 10−9–2.85 × 10−4 | 3.99 × 10−11 | 87.6–96.5 | [61] |
Ab/AuNPs-PANABA-MWCNTs/SPE | EIS | 2,4-D | Tap water | 4.52 × 10−9–4.52 × 10−7 | 1.36 × 10−9 | 82.0–120 | [62] |
Ab/fG/SPE | EIS | Parathion | Tomato and carrot | 3.43 × 10−13–3.43 × 10−9 | 1.79 × 10−13 | [63] | |
BSA/Ab/AuNPs/Au | DPV | Atrazina | Maize | 2.32 × 10−10–2.32 × 10−9 | 7.42 × 10−11 | 95.5–120 | [64] |
BSA/Ab/AuNPs/PANI/MWCNTs-CS/GCE | CV | Chlorpyrifos | Cabbage, pakchoi, lettuce, and leek | 2.85 × 10−10–1.14 × 10−7 1.14 × 10−7–1.43 × 10−6 | 1.71 × 10−10 | 80.6–109 | [65] |
BSA/Ab/GS-MB/AuNPs/GCE | CV | Chlorpyrifos | Cabbage, pakchoi, lettuce, and leek | 2.85 × 10−9–1.43 × 10−6 | 1.60 × 10−10 | 86.0–105 | [66] |
BSA/AuNPs-Ab/GS-PEI-Au/MWCNTs/GCE | CV | Carbofuran | Lettuce, cabbage, green peppers, tomatoes, Chinese chives, and peaches | 2.26 × 10−9–2.26 × 10−6 | 1.36 × 10−10 | 86.0–103 | [67] |
ATR-BSA/PAMAM/AET/Au/GCE | CV | Atrazine | Corn flakes | 4.64 × 10−11–4.64 × 10−6 | 5.56 × 10−9 | 109–114 | [68] |
BSA/Antigen/Co3O4/PANI/ITO | CV | Chlorpyrifos | Green vegetables and apples | 0–2.85 × 10−5 | 2.85 × 10−8 | 82.8–107 | [69] |
SWNTs modified GCE | SWV (FDMA) | Paraoxon | Tap water Purified water | 7.27 × 10−9–9.08 × 10−6 | 7.27 × 10−9 | 92.0 (tap water) 95.0 (purified water) | [71] |
SWNTs/GCE | SWV (FDMA and PQQ) | Endosulfan and paraoxon simultaneous detection | Tap water Purified water | 1.23 × 10−10–2.46 × 10−7 (endosulfan) 7.27 × 10−9–9.08 × 10−6 (paraoxon) | 1.23 × 10−10 (endosulfan) 7.27 × 10−9 (paraoxon) | 95.0–96.0 97.0–98.0 | [70] |
GEC | SWV (No redox probe) | Paraquat | Potato | 1.20 × 10−8–2.63 × 10−7 | 3.11 × 10−11 | 76.0–97.0 | [72] |
m-GEC | Amperometry (No redox probe) | Paraquat | Potato | 7.00 × 10−10 | 91.8–144 | [73] |
Sensing Technique | Analyte | Matrix | Linear Dynamic Range LDR (M) | Limit of Detection LOD (M) | Recovery (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPR | Triazine | Bovine milk | 1.00 × 10−7–1.50 × 10−6 (atrazine) | 5.30 × 10−8 (atrazine) | 94.9–103 (atrazine) | [74] |
92.6–95.8 (triazine) | ||||||
SPR | Triazophos | Chinese cabbage, cucumber, and apple | 3.13 × 10−9–2.65 × 10−8 | 3.06 × 10−10 | 84.4–109 | [75] |
SPR | Fungicide Boscalid | Cucumber, tomato, green sweet pepper, cabbage, spinach, and orange | 4.95 × 10−8–2.33 × 10−7 | 85.0–109 | [76] | |
SPR | Fungicide Chlorothalonil | Lettuce, cabbage, and long green onion | 3.01 × 10−8–1.65 × 10−7 | 90.0–118 | [77] | |
Fluorescence | Triazophos | Tap water, rice, cucumber, cabbage, and apple | 3.19 × 10−11–6.38 × 10−8 | 1.92 × 10−11 | 85.0–110 | [78] |
Colorimetry | 7 pesticides simultaneously (triazophos, methyl-parathion, fenpropathrin, carbofuran, thiacloprid, chlorothalonil, and carbendazim) | Cucumber, Chinese cabbage, tomato, apple, and pear | 1.21 × 10−10–1.46 × 10−8 (triazophos) | 6.38 × 10−11 (triazophos) | 73.9–116 | [79] |
1.00 × 10−8–4.12 × 10−7 (methyl–parathion) | 3.12 × 10−9 (methyl-parathion) | |||||
6.87 × 10−10–3.70 × 10−8 (fenpropathrin) | 3.72 × 10−10 (fenpropathrin) | |||||
3.53 × 10−8–2.96 × 10−7 (carbofuran) | 2.01 × 10−8 (carbofuran) | |||||
4.32 × 10−8–7.95 × 10−7 (thiacloprid) | 2.55 × 10−8 (thiacloprid) | |||||
2.78 × 10−9–2.55 × 10−8 (chlorothalonil) | 1.54 × 10−9 (chlorothalonil) | |||||
4.08 × 10−10–1.47 × 10−8 (carbendazim) | 2.09 × 10−10 (carbendazim) |
Electrode | Sensing Technique and Redox Probe * | Analyte | Matrix | Linear Dynamic Range LDR (M) | Limit of Detection LOD (M) | Recovery (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCH/aptamer/Au electrode | EIS | Carbendazim | Soya milk, mango juice, tomato, and plum fruit | 5.23 × 10−11–5.23 × 10−8 | 4.29 × 10−11 | 89.0–95.0 | [96] |
MCH/aptamer/AuNPs/Au electrode | EIS | Acetamiprid | Tomato | 5.00 × 10−9–6.00 × 10−7 | 1.00 × 10−9 | 85.8–105 | [97] |
MCH/aptamer/GOPTS/PtNPs microwires modified Au IDEs | EIS | Acetamiprid and atrazine | Tap and mineral water | 1.00 × 10−11–1.00 × 10−7 (acetamiprid) 1.00 × 10−10–1.00 × 10−6 (atrazine) | 1.00 × 10−12 (acetamiprid) 1.00 × 10−11 (atrazine) | 86.0–112 (acetam.) 79.0–113 (atrazine) | [98] |
MCH/aptamer/Ag-NG/GCE | EIS | Acetamiprid | Cucumber and tomato | 1.00 × 10−13–5.00 × 10−9 | 3.30 × 10−14 | 86.4–109 | [99] |
MCH/aptamer (oligo 1)/AuNPs/PANI/GSPEs | DPV (No redox probe) | Acetamiprid | Blackberry juice, peach juice, apricot juice, and apricot juice | 2.50 × 10−7–2.00 × 10−6 (NO LINEAR RANGE) | 8.60 × 10−8 | 72.5–110 | [100] |
Aptamer/SA/CHIT-IO/FTO | DPV | Malathion | Lettuce leave | 3.03 × 10−12–3.03 × 10−8 | 3.03 × 10−12 | 80.0–88.0 | [101] |
Aptamer/AMP/CuO NFs-SWCNTs/Nafion/GCE | DPV (Methylene blue) | Chlorpyrifos | Apple and celery cabbage | 2.85 × 10−10–4.28 × 10−7 | 2.00 × 10−10 | 96.0–107 | [102] |
BSA/aptamer/Fc@MWCNTs/OMC/GCE | CV | Chlorpyrifos | Leek lettuce and pakchoi | 2.85 × 10−9–2.85 × 10−4 | 9.41 × 10−10 | 98.5–107 | [103] |
BSA/aptamer/GO@Fe3O4/CB-CS/GCE | CV | Chlorpyrifos | Cabbage, lettuce, leek, and pakchoi | 2.85 × 10−10–2.85 × 10−4 | 9.41 × 10−11 | 96.0–106 | [104] |
Sensing Technique | Analyte | Matrix | Liner Dynamic Range LDR (M) | Limit of Detection LOD (M) | Recovery (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colorimetry | Phorate | Apple | 1.00 × 10−11–1.30 × 10−6 | 1.00 × 10−11 | 93.0–105 | [105] |
Colorimetry | Malathion | Mineral water and apple | 1.00 × 10−11–7.5 × 10−10 | 1.94 × 10−12 | [106] | |
Colorimetry | Malathion | Apple | 5.00 × 10−13–1.00 × 10−9 | 6.00 × 10−14 | [107] | |
Colorimetry | Iprobenfos (IBF) and edifenphos (EDI) | unwashed and washed rice | 1.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−7 (IBF) 5.00 × 10−9–2.5 × 10−8 (EDI) | 1.00 × 10−8 (IBF) 5.00 × 10−9 (EDI) | 81.1–104 (IBF) (unwashed rice) 22.3–48.4 (IBF) (washed rice) 80.5–117 (EDI) (unwashed rice) 24.3–54.8 (EDI) (washed rice) | [108] |
Colorimetry | Malathion | Tap water and apple | 1.00 × 10−11–7.50 × 10−10 | 5.00 × 10−13 | 89.0–110 | [109] |
SERS | Malathion | Tap water | 9.99 × 10−6–1.01 × 10−4 | 9.99 × 10−6 | 93.9–109 | [110] |
SERS | Malathion | Tap water | 5.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−5 | 5.00 × 10−7 | 87.4–111 | [111] |
SERS | Isocarbophos, omethoate, phorate and profenofos | Apple juice | 0–3.80 × 10−6 (phorate) | 3.40 × 10−6 (isocarbophos) 2.4 × 10−5 (omethoate) 4.00 × 10−7 (phorate) 1.40 × 10−5 (profenofos) | [112] | |
FRET | Edifenphos | Rice | 1.61 × 10−9–1.93 × 10−8 | 4.19 × 10−10 | [113] | |
FRET | Acetamiprid | Adulterated tea | 5.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−6 | 3.20 × 10−9 | 97.6–102 | [114] |
FRET | Acetamiprid | Cabbage leaves | 0–1.5 × 10−7 | 7.00 × 10−10 | 90.0–95.0 | [115] |
Fluorescence | Acetamiprid | Chinese cabbage | 5.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−6 | 7.29 × 10−9 | 85.7–90.9 | [116] |
Functional Monomer | Polymerization | Electrode | Sensing Technique and Redox Probe * | Analyte | Matrix | Linear Dynamic Range LDR (M) | Limit of Detection LOD (M) | Recovery (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
o-PD | Electrochemical | MIP/GCE | DPV (K3[Fe(CN)6]) | Acephate | Tea soup | 5.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−4 | 1.30 × 10−7 | 96.8–104 | [138] |
Py | Electrochemical | MIP/Au electrode | DPV (K3[Fe(CN)6]) | Glyphosate | Cucumber and tapwater | 2.96 × 10−8–4.73 × 10−6 | 1.60 × 10−9 | 72.7–99.0 | [139] |
MAA | Free radical | MIP/rGO@Au/GCE | DPV (K3[Fe(CN)6]) | Carbofuran | Cabbage and cucumber | 5 × 10−8–2.00 × 10−5 | 2 × 10−8 | 97.7–111 | [140] |
p-ATP | Electrochemical | MIP/GR-IL-Au/CS-AuPt-NPs/GCE | DPV | Carbaryl | Apple peel and cabbage | 3.00 × 10−8–6.00 × 10−6 | 8.00 × 10−9 | 96.0–105 | [141] |
o-PD | Electrochemical | MIP/HPSNs-NH2/GCE | DPV | 2,4-D | Bean sprouts | 1.00 × 10−10–2.50 × 10−8 | 1.17 × 10−11 | 94.4–108 | [142] |
APTES | Sol-gel | MIP/Fe3O4@MWCNTs-COOH/CS/GCE | DPV | Acephate and trichlorfon | Kidney bean and cucumber | 1.00 × 10−10–1.00 × 10−4 (acephate) 1.00 × 10−11–1.00 × 10−5 (trichlorfon) | 6.81 × 10−11 (aceph.) 8.94 × 10−12 (trich.) | 85.7–94.9 | [143] |
Py | Electrochemical | AuNP-PB-MIP/ITO | DPV (PB) | Glyphosate | Corn | 2.37 × 10−6–7.10 × 10−6 | 5.44 × 10−7 | 97.5–101 | [144] |
MAA | Precipitation (Free radical) | MIP-IL-EGN/GCE | DPV (no redox probe) | Methyl Parathion | Cabbage and apple peel | 1.00 × 10−8–7.00 × 10−6 | 6.00 × 10−9 | 97.0–110 | [145] |
Zinc porphyrin | MIP microspheres by free radical (precipitation polymerization) | MIPMs/AuNPs/CG/GCE | DPV (no redox probe) | Methyl parathion | Apple | 8.00 × 10−9–1.00 × 10−6 | 3.16 × 10−10 | 96.0–100 | [146] |
MB-doped o-phenylene-diamine | Electrochemical | MIP/MWCNT/Pd-Ir nanocomposite/GCE | DPV (no redox probe) | Carbofuran | Cowpea, Chinese cabbage, tomato, and apple | 4.00 × 10−11–4.00 × 10−9 | 1.70 × 10−12 | 87.5–107 | [147] |
AM | Free radical | MIP/Graphene/GCE | DPV (no redox probe) | Phoxim | Cucumber | 8.00 × 10−7–1.40 × 10−4 | 2.00 × 10−8 | 98.1–101 | [148] |
APTES | Sol-gel | MIS (molecularly imprinted siloxane)/CPE | DPSV (no redox probe) | Dimetridazole | Egg and milk powder | 1 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−6 1.00 × 10−6–1.00 × 10−4 | 3.60 × 10−9 | 93.0–108 | [149] |
Bromophenol blue doped o-aminophenol | Electrochemical | MIP/Pt-In/GCE | DPV (no redox probe) | Imidacloprid | Tomato, cabbage, chili, and lettuce | 2.00 × 10−10–5.00 × 10−8 | 1.20 × 10−11 | 93.6–106 | [150] |
p-ATP | Electrochemical | MIP/AuNPs/SPCE | DPV (no redox probe) | Paraoxon | Apple and cabbage | 1.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−4 | 1.00 × 10−9 | 95.2–103 | [151] |
VBA | MIP/GN/GCE | LSV (no redox probe) | Thiamethoxam | Brown rice | 5.00 × 10−7–2.00 × 10−5 | 4.00 × 10−8 | 88.7–94.0 | [152] | |
VBA | MIP/GN/GCE | LSV (no redox probe) | Imidacloprid | Brown rice | 5.00 × 10−7–1.5 × 10−5 | 1.00 × 10−7 | 75.0–78.0 | [153] | |
AuNPs + p-ATP | Electrochemical | FuAuNPs/ATP/MIP/AuNP-MWCNTs/GCE | LSV (no redox probe) | Methyl parathion | Tap water, apple, and cucumber | 3.80 × 10−10–4.18 × 10−9 4.18 × 10−9–4.18 × 10−8 | 3.04 × 10−10 | 95.2–106 | [154] |
p-ATP-FuAuNPs | Electrochemical | MIP/MOF film/Au electrode | LSV | Glyphosate | Tap water | 5.90 × 10−15–5.90 × 10−9 | 5.00 × 10−15 | 98.7–103 | [155] |
o-PD | Electrochemical | MIP-rGO/GCE | LSV (no redox probe) | Imidacloprid | Pear | 7.50 × 10−7–7.00 × 10−5 | 4.00 × 10−7 | 91.3–96.6 | [156] |
p-ABA | Electrochemical | MIP/PB-CMK-3/GCE | LSV (PB) | Metolcarb | Cucumber, cabbage, and apple juice | 5.00 × 10−10–1.00 × 10−4 | 9.30 × 10−11 | 92.4–98.6 | [157] |
MAA | MIP/CPE | SWV (no redox probe) | Dicloran | Tap water | 1.00 × 10−9–1.00 × 10−6 | 4.80 × 10−10 | 94.2–96.5 | [158] | |
MAA | MIP/CPE | SWV (no redox probe) | Diazinon | Tap water | 5.00 × 10−10–1.00 × 10−6 | 4.10 × 10−10 | 94.0–96.5 | [159] | |
MAA | MIP NPs by suspension polymerization | Nano-MIP/CPE | SWV (no redox probe) | Diazinon | Apple fruit | 2.50 × 10−9–1.00 × 10−7 1.00 × 10−7–2.00 × 10−6 | 7.90 × 10−10 | 92.5–94.7 | [160] |
Itaconic acid | Surface imprinting via controlled radical polymerization | MISP-modified SPIONs/PGE | SWSV (no redox probe) | Mancozeb | Vegetables | 1.10 × 10−8–4.75 × 10−7 | 1.77 × 10−9 | 99.0–100 | [161] |
Py | Electrochemical | MIP/GCE | SWV (K3[Fe(CN)6]) | Dimethoate | Wheat flour | 1.00 × 10−10–1.00 × 10−9 | [162] | ||
Quercetin (Qu) and Resorcinol (Re) | Electrochemical | MIP/AuNPs/GCE | CV (no redox probe) | Methyl Parathion | Water and fruit Juice (tangerine), and vegetable juice (sweet potato leaves) | 5.00 × 10−8–1.50 × 10−5 | 1.00 × 10−8 | 87.7–125 | [163] |
MAA | Distillation precipitation | SMIPMs/CPE | CV | Methyl Parathion | Romaine and spinach | 1.00 × 10−12–8.00 × 10−9 | 3.40 × 10−13 | 97.2–101 | [164] |
PoAP | Electrochemical | MIP/PPy-MWCNTs-BiCo Pc/GCE | CV (K3[Fe(CN)6]) | Metolcarb | Cucumber and cabbage | 1.00 × 10−8–6.00 × 10−7 | 7.88 × 10−9 | 88.8–93.3 | [165] |
MAA | MIP/MWCNTs/Cu electrode | Potentiometry (no redox probe) | Lindane | Tap water, grape, orange, tomato, and cabbage | 1.00 × 10−9–1.00 × 10−3 | 1.00 × 10−10 | [166] | ||
MAA | MIP/MWCNTs/IPIM | Potentiometry (no redox probe) | 2,4-D | Tap water | 1.00 × 10−9–1.00 × 10−5 | 1.20 × 10−9 | 97.6–99.2 | [167] | |
AM or MAA | Sensor 1 MIP/AM/EGDMA washed Sensor 2 MIP/AM/EGDMA unwashed Sensor 3 MIP/MAA/EGDMA washed Sensor 4 MIP/MAA/EGDMA unwashed Sensor 5 Carboxylated-PVC | Potentiometry (no redox probe) | Dinotefuran | Cucumber | Sensor 1 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−2 Sensor 2 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−3 Sensor 3 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−2 Sensor 4 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−3 Sensor 5 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−3 | Sensors 1 and 3 1.73 × 10−9 Sensor 2 4.98 × 10−8 Sensor 4 3.41 × 10−8 Sensor 5 2.13 × 10−8 | 87.9–106 | [168] | |
Py | Electrochemical | MIP/PGE | EIS | Chlorpyrifos | Tap water and corn leaves | 5.70 × 10−8–8.56 × 10−7 | 1.28 × 10−8 | 101–103 | [169] |
Py | Electrochemical | MIP/PGE | EIS (capacitance) (no redox probe) | 2,4-D | Packaged drinking water and tap water | 2.71 × 10−10–5.66 × 10−8 | 9.05 × 10−11 | 92.0–110 | [170] |
Functional Monomer | Polymerization | Sensing Technique | Analyte | Matrix | Linear Dynamic Range LDR (M) | Limit of Detection LOD (M) | Recovery (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAA | Bulk polymerization | Fluorescence | Methamidophos | Apple and pear | 3.5 × 10−7–7.10 × 10−4 | 9.16 × 10−8 | 89.7–94.9 | [171] |
MAA | Multi-step swelling + polymerization | Fluorescence | Carbofuran | Tap water | 4.52 × 10−9–9.04 × 10−8 | 9.04 × 10−10 | 94.1–98.4 | [172] |
MAA | Fluorescence | Carbaryl | Rice and Chinese cabbage | 4.97 × 10−7–3.98 × 10−4 | 1.47 × 10−7 | 74.0–88.0 | [173] | |
APTES | Sol-gel polymerization | Fluorescence | 2,4-D | Bean sprout (Soybean sprout and Mung bean sprout juice) | 6.60 × 10−7–8.00 × 10−5 | 2.10 × 10−9 | 95.0–110 | [174] |
APTES | Reverse microemulsion polymerization | Fluorescence | Parathion | Tap water | 5.00 × 10−8–1.00 × 10−3 (NO LINEAR RANGE) | 2.18 × 10−7 | 99.3–100 | [175] |
AM | Precipitation polymerization | Fluorescence | Cyhalothrin | Milk | 0–1.00 × 10−4 | 99.6–103 | [176] | |
APTES + MAA | Modified reverse micro-emulsion | Fluorescence | Cyfluthrin | Fish | 2.30 × 10−8–4.61 × 10−7 | 2.30 × 10−9 | 88.0–90.7 | [177] |
AM | Precipitation | Fluorescence | Cyhalothrin | Honey | 0–1.00 × 10−9 | 4.00 × 10−12 | 97.0–104 | [178] |
AM | Surface imprinting fluorescent MIP spheres | Fluorescence | Cyhalothrin | Honey | 0–2.50 × 10−9 | 4.00 × 10−12 | 29.0–114 (0–10nM) 94.0–114 (0–2.5nM) | [179] |
AM | Surface imprinting technology (Free radical) | Fluorescence | Gamma-cyhalothrin | Soda water | 0–5.00 × 10−9 | 5.00 × 10−12 | 96.0–111 (0–5nM) 31.0 (10nM) | [180] |
AM | Surface molecular imprinting | Fluorescence | Gamma-cyhalothrin | Honey | 0–5.00 × 10−8 | 5.11 × 10−9 | 98.0–107 | [181] |
AM | Precipitation polymerization | Fluorescence | Gamma-cyhalothrin | Tap water and Chinese spirits | 0–6.00 × 10−8 | 9.17 × 10−9 | 102–106 (0–60nM) 61.4–74.2 (500nM) | [182] |
Hydroquinone doped with neutral red | Electrochemical | Fluorescence | Fungicide fenaminosulf | Vegetables | 2.00 × 10−10–4.00 × 10−8 | 1.60 × 10−11 | 92.0–110 | [183] |
AMMB | Precipitation polymerization (free radical) | Fluorescence | Alachlor | Corn seed | 1.00 × 10−6–1.50 × 10−4 | 5.00 × 10−7 | 95.6–104 | [184] |
7-allyloxycoumarin | Surface molecular imprinting technique | Fluorescence | 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) | Soda water | 0–1.00 × 10−7 | 5.34 × 10−11 | 98.0–108 | [185] |
MAA | Surface molecular imprinted method (free radical) | Fluorescence | Atrazine | Tap water | 2.32 × 10−6–1.85 × 10−4 | 8.60 × 10−7 | 77.6–115 | [186] |
MR-doped o-phenylenediamine | Electrochemical | FRET | Dimethoate | Chinese cabbage, broccoli and cucumber | 6.00 × 10−10–3.40 × 10−8 | 1.83 × 10−11 | 95.0–106 | [187] |
APTES + PTES | Sol-Gel | Colorimetry | 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (3-PBD) | Fruit juice and beverage | 5.04 × 10−7–5.04 × 10−6 | 2.62 × 10−7 | 90.0–97.8 | [188] |
Zinc porphyrin and methacrylate | Thermal polymerization | Fluorescence photometry + Colorimetry | Dimethyl methylphosphonate | Tap water | 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−2 (fluorescence) 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−2 (colorimetric) | 1.00 × 10−7 (fluor–) 1.00 × 10−7 (colorim.) | 96.5–106 | [189] |
Py | Thermal | Electrochromism | Chlorpyrifos | Drinking water | 1.00 × 10−13–1.00 × 10−3 | 1.00 × 10−13 | 81.0–107 | [190] |
Dopamine | Self polymerization | SPR | Chlorpyrifos | Apple | 1.00 × 10−9–1.00 × 10−5 | 7.60 × 10−10 | 93.0–104 | [191] |
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Capoferri, D.; Della Pelle, F.; Del Carlo, M.; Compagnone, D. Affinity Sensing Strategies for the Detection of Pesticides in Food. Foods 2018, 7, 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7090148
Capoferri D, Della Pelle F, Del Carlo M, Compagnone D. Affinity Sensing Strategies for the Detection of Pesticides in Food. Foods. 2018; 7(9):148. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7090148
Chicago/Turabian StyleCapoferri, Denise, Flavio Della Pelle, Michele Del Carlo, and Dario Compagnone. 2018. "Affinity Sensing Strategies for the Detection of Pesticides in Food" Foods 7, no. 9: 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7090148