The Potential Health Benefits of Noni Juice: A Review of Human Intervention Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Clinical Safety Study
3. Antioxidant and DNA Protection
4. Blood Lipid Normalization, High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) and Homocysteine Reduction
5. Improvement of Joint Pain and Mobility
6. Increased Physical Endurance
7. Increased Immune Activity
8. Control of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Glycosylated Hemoglobin
9. Weight Management and Mitigation of Osteoporosis, Hypertension, and Gingivitis
10. Noni Extract Studies
11. Discussion
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Reference | Study Type | Study Population | Number of Subjects in Study | Treatment | Oral Doses | Duration | Main Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
West et al. 2009 [22] | Double blind, placebo-controlled clinical safety study | Healthy adults | 96 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 0 mL (placebo), 30 mL, 300 mL, and 750 mL daily | 28 days | No dose-related adverse events or effects on clinical chemistry and hematological measurements, urinalysis, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, heart rate, or body weight. |
Wang et al. 2009 [24] | Double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Heavy cigarette smokers (>20 cigarettes/day) | 285 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 0 mL (placebo), 29.5 mL, and 118 mL daily | 30 days | 26.9–30.8% reduction in mean plasma superoxide anion radicals (p < 0.001) and 24.5–27.3% mean reduction in plasma lipid hydroperoxides (p < 0.001). |
Wang et al. 2009 [25] | Clinical trial, no placebo comparator reported | Heavy cigarette smokers (>20 cigarettes/day) | 203 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 0 mL (placebo), 29.5 mL, and 118 mL daily | 30 days | 44.9% average reduction in aromatic DNA adducts in peripheral blood lymphocytes (p < 0.001). |
Wang et al. 2013 [26] | Double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Heavy cigarette smokers (>20 cigarettes/day) | 245 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 0 mL (placebo), 29.5 mL, and 118 mL daily | 30 days | 20.3–25.6% reduction in mean total cholesterol (p < 0.05), 29.4–41.2% reduction in mean triglycerides (p < 0.05), 15.2% reduction in mean hs-CRP (p < 0.001), and 23.9% reduction in mean homocysteine (p < 0.05). Mean HDL increased from 49 to 57 mg/dL (p < 0.05). |
Wang et al. 2012 [27] | Double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Heavy cigarette smokers (>20 cigarettes/day) | 132 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 0 mL (placebo), 29.5 mL, and 118 mL daily | 30 days | 44.6–57.4% reduction in lipid peroxidation-derived DNA adducts in peripheral blood lymphocytes (p < 0.001). |
Palu et al. 2012 [31] | Open-label pilot study | Adult (>40 years age) non-smokers with normal to mildly elevated cholesterol | 10 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 59 mL twice per day | 30 days | No significant difference between pre- and post-trial total cholesterol, HDL, or LDL levels. |
Akinbo et al. 2006 [36] | Open-label, conventional treatment-controlled trial | Cervical spondylosis patients | 90 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 15 mL twice per day | 4 weeks | 60% of patients in noni group experienced pain relief and improvement in range of motion. Efficacy rate was not significantly different from conventional treatment (p > 0.05) |
Wang et al. 2011 [37] | Open-label trial | Osteoarthritis patients | 82 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 3 fluid ounces (88.5 mL) daily | 90 days | 23.7% reduction in frequency (in days) of severe pain (p < 0.05) and 16.4% decrease in pain severity (p < 0.05). Improved psychological state and mood and improved mobility (p < 0.001). |
Palu et al. 2008 [41] | Placebo-controlled clinical trial | Highly trained athletes (middle and long-distance runners) | 40 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 100 mL twice per day | 21 days | 21% increase in mean time-to-fatigue (p < 0.05). 25% decrease in mean blood chemiluminescence/oxidation (p < 0.05). |
Anugweje et al. 2012 [42] | Placebo-controlled clinical trial | University athletes | 46 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 100 mL twice per day | 30 days | Significant reduction in mean serum creatine kinase (from 209.8 to 148.1 IU/L, p = 0.001) after time-to-fatigue tests. |
West et al. 2013 [45] | Double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Semi-professional cyclists | 20 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 120 mL daily | 14 days | Increases in oxygen uptake at 50-watt workload (from 15.2 to 17.4 mL/kg/min, p = 0.005) and VO2 max (from 51.5 to 55.0 mL/kg/min, P = 0.009) |
Ma et al. 2008 [54] | Open-label pilot study | Healthy adults | 12 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 300 mL daily | 8 weeks | Mean serum malondialdehyde levels declined from 4.81 to 3.90 nmol/mL (p < 0.01), mean serum IL-2 increased from 52.5 to 69.2 pg/mL (p < 0.05), and mean natural killer cell activity increased from 27.7 to 36.0% (p < 0.05). |
West et al. 2014 § [66] | Open-label pilot study | Overweight or obese adults with grade 1 hypertension and impaired fasting glucose | 34 | Mixed noni juice beverage (MAX) † | 60 to 240 mL daily | 8 weeks | Decrease in mean skin autofluorescence units, a measurement of advanced glycation end products (A.G.E.s), from 1.89 to 1.77 units (p < 0.05). |
Palu et al. 2011 [79] | Open-label pilot study | Adults with a body mass index greater than 25 | 22 | Mixed noni juice beverage ‡, exercise intervention, calorie restriction, and other dietary supplements | ≥30 mL daily | 12 weeks | Every participant in the trial experienced weight loss. Mean percent body fat decreased by 8.91% (p < 0.0001). It is difficult to determine the degree to which noni juice contributed to this outcome. |
Bogdanov et al. 2015 [80] | Open-label prospective study in 3 parallel groups | Obese adults (grade 3) | 90 | Low sodium and calorie restricted diet, as well as 2 different mixed noni juice beverages (TNJ, MAX) *,† (each used by a different group) | 60 mL twice per day | 42 days | After 6 weeks of calorie restriction, the average loss of lean muscle mass was 3.1–4.1% in the two noni groups, whereas it was 8.5% in the control group (p = 0.0051). Maintenance of weight loss throughout the 6-week period was greater in the noni groups than in the calorie restriction only group. |
Langford et al. 2004 [81] | Placebo-controlled pilot study | Post-menopausal women | 8 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 2 fluid ounces (59 mL) twice per day | 3 months | Improved mental health score in SF-36 clinical survey (p = 0.05). Trend of slight increase in mean urinary deoxypyridinoline concentration. Attenuated hearing loss at 8000 Hz compared to the placebo group (p = 0.05). |
Palu et al. 2008 [82] | Open-label pilot study | Hypertensive adults | 10 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 2 fluid ounces (59 mL) twice per day | 4 weeks | Systolic blood pressure (BP) was reduced in all participants. Diastolic BP was reduced in nine participants. Mean systolic and diastolic BPs were reduced from 144 to 132 mmHg and from 83 to 76 mmHg, respectively. |
Glang et al. 2013 [86] | Open-label pilot study with a no-treatment control group | Adults with moderate to severe gingivitis/periodontitis | 11 | Mixed noni juice beverage (TNJ) * | 30 mL twice per day | 4 weeks | Decline in mean papilla bleeding index (from 2.25 to 1.01) was significantly greater than that of the control group (p = 0.01). |
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West, B.J.; Deng, S.; Isami, F.; Uwaya, A.; Jensen, C.J. The Potential Health Benefits of Noni Juice: A Review of Human Intervention Studies. Foods 2018, 7, 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7040058
West BJ, Deng S, Isami F, Uwaya A, Jensen CJ. The Potential Health Benefits of Noni Juice: A Review of Human Intervention Studies. Foods. 2018; 7(4):58. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7040058
Chicago/Turabian StyleWest, Brett J., Shixin Deng, Fumiyuki Isami, Akemi Uwaya, and Claude Jarakae Jensen. 2018. "The Potential Health Benefits of Noni Juice: A Review of Human Intervention Studies" Foods 7, no. 4: 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7040058
APA StyleWest, B. J., Deng, S., Isami, F., Uwaya, A., & Jensen, C. J. (2018). The Potential Health Benefits of Noni Juice: A Review of Human Intervention Studies. Foods, 7(4), 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7040058