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Article

Thyme and Savory Essential Oil Efficacy and Induction of Resistance against Botrytis cinerea through Priming of Defense Responses in Apple

by
Houda Banani
1,2,
Leone Olivieri
1,2,
Karin Santoro
1,2,
Angelo Garibaldi
2,
Maria Lodovica Gullino
1,2 and
Davide Spadaro
1,2,*
1
Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
2
Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2018, 7(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020011
Submission received: 17 November 2017 / Revised: 12 January 2018 / Accepted: 18 January 2018 / Published: 23 January 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Essential Oils in Food Systems)
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Abstract

The efficacy of thyme and savory essential oils were investigated against Botrytis cinerea on apple fruit. Apples treated with thyme and savory essential oils showed significantly lower gray mold severity and incidence. Thyme essential oil at 1% concentration showed the highest efficacy, with lower disease incidence and smaller lesion diameter. The expression of specific pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-8 and PR-5 was characterized in apple tissues in response to thyme oil application and B. cinerea inoculation. After 6 h of pathogen inoculation, thyme essential oil induced a 2.5-fold increase of PR-8 gene expression compared to inoculated fruits. After 24 h of inoculation, PR-8 was highly induced (7-fold) in both thyme oil-treated and untreated apples inoculated with B. cinerea. After 48 h of inoculation, PR-8 expression in thyme-treated and inoculated apples was 4- and 6-fold higher than in inoculated and water-treated apples. Neither thyme oil application nor B. cinerea inoculation markedly affected PR-5 expression. These results suggest that thyme oil induces resistance against B. cinerea through the priming of defense responses in apple fruit, and the PR-8 gene of apple may play a key role in the mechanism by which thyme essential oil effectively inhibits gray mold in apple fruit.
Keywords: apple; Botrytis cinerea; essential oils; induced resistance; priming; PR genes apple; Botrytis cinerea; essential oils; induced resistance; priming; PR genes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Banani, H.; Olivieri, L.; Santoro, K.; Garibaldi, A.; Gullino, M.L.; Spadaro, D. Thyme and Savory Essential Oil Efficacy and Induction of Resistance against Botrytis cinerea through Priming of Defense Responses in Apple. Foods 2018, 7, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020011

AMA Style

Banani H, Olivieri L, Santoro K, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML, Spadaro D. Thyme and Savory Essential Oil Efficacy and Induction of Resistance against Botrytis cinerea through Priming of Defense Responses in Apple. Foods. 2018; 7(2):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020011

Chicago/Turabian Style

Banani, Houda, Leone Olivieri, Karin Santoro, Angelo Garibaldi, Maria Lodovica Gullino, and Davide Spadaro. 2018. "Thyme and Savory Essential Oil Efficacy and Induction of Resistance against Botrytis cinerea through Priming of Defense Responses in Apple" Foods 7, no. 2: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020011

APA Style

Banani, H., Olivieri, L., Santoro, K., Garibaldi, A., Gullino, M. L., & Spadaro, D. (2018). Thyme and Savory Essential Oil Efficacy and Induction of Resistance against Botrytis cinerea through Priming of Defense Responses in Apple. Foods, 7(2), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7020011

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