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10.3390/foods15030481
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Article

Molecularly Imprinted Deoxynivalenol Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Sulfur-Doped Boron Graphitic Carbon Nitride

by
Müge Mavioğlu Kaya
1,
Haci Ahmet Deveci
2,
Bahar Bankoğlu Yola
3,
İlknur Polat
4,
Sena Bekerecioğlu
4,
Necip Atar
5 and
Mehmet Lütfi Yola
6,7,*
1
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Art and Science, Kafkas University, Kars 36000, Türkiye
2
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27000, Türkiye
3
Department of Engineering Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University, Gaziantep 27260, Türkiye
4
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep 27010, Türkiye
5
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli 20160, Türkiye
6
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Türkiye
7
Integrated Technologies Research Center (BUTAM), Ankara University, Ankara 06690, Türkiye
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2026, 15(3), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15030481
Submission received: 18 December 2025 / Revised: 17 January 2026 / Accepted: 22 January 2026 / Published: 30 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Biosensors in the Food Field)
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Abstract

Deoxynivalenol (DEOX), a dangerous mycotoxin, causes serious health problems for humans and animals. Hence, the on-site monitoring of DEOX has begun to be important in the health and food sectors in recent years. In the present study, a molecularly imprinted surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on sulfur-doped boron graphitic carbon nitride (S-B-g-C3N4) was developed and applied for detecting DEOX in drinking water and orange juice samples, achieving high recovery. After the S-B-g-C3N4 nanocomposite was synthesized via thermal polycondensation and microwave treatment with a highly environmentally friendly approach, a SPR chip was modified with the S-B-g-C3N4 nanocomposite considering the high affinity between gold and sulfur. Then, the molecularly imprinted SPR sensor based on the S-B-g-C3N4 nanocomposite was prepared in the presence of methacryloylamidoglutamic acid (MAGA) as the monomer and N,N′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. The DEOX-imprinted SPR sensor based on the S-B-g-C3N4 nanocomposite showed linearity from 1.0 to 10.0 ng L−1, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.0 ng L−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.30 ng L−1. Finally, the selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility of the DEOX-imprinted SPR sensor based on the S-B-g-C3N4 nanocomposite were investigated.
Keywords: deoxynivalenol; surface plasmon resonance; nanocomposite; graphitic carbon nitride; molecularly imprinting polymers deoxynivalenol; surface plasmon resonance; nanocomposite; graphitic carbon nitride; molecularly imprinting polymers

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mavioğlu Kaya, M.; Deveci, H.A.; Bankoğlu Yola, B.; Polat, İ.; Bekerecioğlu, S.; Atar, N.; Yola, M.L. Molecularly Imprinted Deoxynivalenol Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Sulfur-Doped Boron Graphitic Carbon Nitride. Foods 2026, 15, 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15030481

AMA Style

Mavioğlu Kaya M, Deveci HA, Bankoğlu Yola B, Polat İ, Bekerecioğlu S, Atar N, Yola ML. Molecularly Imprinted Deoxynivalenol Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Sulfur-Doped Boron Graphitic Carbon Nitride. Foods. 2026; 15(3):481. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15030481

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mavioğlu Kaya, Müge, Haci Ahmet Deveci, Bahar Bankoğlu Yola, İlknur Polat, Sena Bekerecioğlu, Necip Atar, and Mehmet Lütfi Yola. 2026. "Molecularly Imprinted Deoxynivalenol Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Sulfur-Doped Boron Graphitic Carbon Nitride" Foods 15, no. 3: 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15030481

APA Style

Mavioğlu Kaya, M., Deveci, H. A., Bankoğlu Yola, B., Polat, İ., Bekerecioğlu, S., Atar, N., & Yola, M. L. (2026). Molecularly Imprinted Deoxynivalenol Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Sulfur-Doped Boron Graphitic Carbon Nitride. Foods, 15(3), 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15030481

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