Supernatant of Water Extraction–Ethanol Precipitation of Chaga mushroom Improves Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Is Accompanied by Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition

Yang, Yang; Du, Xiaoxuan; Ge, Xiaodong; Ding, Huangcong; Wang, Xingwei; Gao, Xiaoyu; Adiljan, Gulnigar; Wang, Yaxuan; Chen, Junchao; Chen, Ligen; Zhu, Xiaoqing; Xu, Wei; Kim, Kyung-Min; Shao, Rong

doi:10.3390/foods15132383

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Supernatant of Water Extraction–Ethanol Precipitation of Chaga mushroom Improves Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Is Accompanied by Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition

by

Yang Yang

^1,†,

Xiaoxuan Du

^2,3,†,

Xiaodong Ge

^2,4,

Huangcong Ding

²,

Xingwei Wang

²,

Xiaoyu Gao

²,

Gulnigar Adiljan

²,

Yaxuan Wang

²,

Junchao Chen

²,

Ligen Chen

^2,4,

Xiaoqing Zhu

⁵,

Wei Xu

^2,4,

Kyung-Min Kim

^3,6,*

and

Rong Shao

^1,2,4,*

¹

School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China

²

College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China

³

Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea

⁴

Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Exploration and Utilization of Marine Wetland Biological Resources, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China

⁵

Canada Menghe Oriental Medicine Research Institute, Richmond, BC V6V 3E3, Canada

⁶

Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Foods 2026, 15(13), 2383; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15132383

Submission received: 13 March 2026 / Revised: 9 June 2026 / Accepted: 29 June 2026 / Published: 3 July 2026

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeting Gut Microbiome with Functional Foods: Novel Interventions for Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders)

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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. Prolonged hyperglycemia is associated with disruption of gut microbiota (GM) homeostasis. Although bioactive compounds in Chaga mushroom, such as polysaccharides, have hypoglycemic effects, research on its polysaccharide preparation by-product, the supernatant of water extraction–ethanol precipitation of Chaga mushroom (SWEPC), remains limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of SWEPC on GM composition and its therapeutic potential in alleviating hyperglycemia in T2DM mice. After four weeks of SWEPC intervention (300 mg/kg/day), T2DM mice exhibited significant improvements: fasting blood glucose (FBG) decreased by 52.29% (p < 0.001); the area under the curve of oral glucose tolerance decreased by 37.68% (p < 0.001); glycated serum protein decreased by 65.36% (p < 0.001); the insulin resistance index decreased by 44.42% (p < 0.001); and the insulin sensitivity index increased by 90.24% (p < 0.001). Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that Anaeroplasma, Anaerotruncus, and Ruminococcus were associated with serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.75), FBG (r = −0.81), and body weight (r = −0.65), respectively, suggesting their potential involvement in T2DM-related metabolic traits and warranting further investigation. Overall, SWEPC ameliorated hyperglycemic manifestations in T2DM mice, which was accompanied by changes in the GM community.

Keywords: Chaga mushroom; type 2 diabetes mellitus; gut microbiota; hyperglycemia

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yang, Y.; Du, X.; Ge, X.; Ding, H.; Wang, X.; Gao, X.; Adiljan, G.; Wang, Y.; Chen, J.; Chen, L.; et al. Supernatant of Water Extraction–Ethanol Precipitation of Chaga mushroom Improves Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Is Accompanied by Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition. Foods 2026, 15, 2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15132383

AMA Style

Yang Y, Du X, Ge X, Ding H, Wang X, Gao X, Adiljan G, Wang Y, Chen J, Chen L, et al. Supernatant of Water Extraction–Ethanol Precipitation of Chaga mushroom Improves Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Is Accompanied by Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition. Foods. 2026; 15(13):2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15132383

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang, Yang, Xiaoxuan Du, Xiaodong Ge, Huangcong Ding, Xingwei Wang, Xiaoyu Gao, Gulnigar Adiljan, Yaxuan Wang, Junchao Chen, Ligen Chen, and et al. 2026. "Supernatant of Water Extraction–Ethanol Precipitation of Chaga mushroom Improves Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Is Accompanied by Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition" Foods 15, no. 13: 2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15132383

APA Style

Yang, Y., Du, X., Ge, X., Ding, H., Wang, X., Gao, X., Adiljan, G., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Chen, L., Zhu, X., Xu, W., Kim, K.-M., & Shao, R. (2026). Supernatant of Water Extraction–Ethanol Precipitation of Chaga mushroom Improves Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Is Accompanied by Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition. Foods, 15(13), 2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15132383

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Supernatant of Water Extraction–Ethanol Precipitation of Chaga mushroom Improves Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Is Accompanied by Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition

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