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Article

Method of Characterization and Classification of the Physicochemical Quality of Polished White Rice Grains Using VIS/NIR/SWIR Techniques and Machine Learning Models for Lot Segregation and Commercialization in Storage and Processing Units

by
Letícia de Oliveira Carneiro
1,
Nairiane dos Santos Bilhalva
1,
Ênio Antônio Manfroi, Filho
1,
Dthenifer Cordeiro Santana
2,
Larissa Pereira Ribeiro Teodoro
2,
Paulo Eduardo Teodoro
2 and
Paulo Carteri Coradi
1,*
1
Laboratory of Postharvest (LAPOS), Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Avenue Taufik Germano, 3013, Universitário II, Cachoeira do Sul 96503-205, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
2
Digital Agriculture Laboratory (LaDi), Campus de Chapadão do Sul, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Chapadão do Sul 79560-000, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2026, 15(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15010062
Submission received: 16 November 2025 / Revised: 9 December 2025 / Accepted: 19 December 2025 / Published: 24 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Processing of Cereal and Its By-Products)
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Abstract

The quality of rice depends on physical, nutritional, and sensory attributes. However, in industrial practice, quality is predominantly based on physical characteristics evaluated by the conventional method for categorizing commercial atches. In this context, the present study aimed to characterize the physical quality and proximate composition and to classify commercial batches of polished white rice using machine learning (ML) algorithms based on spectral data. Individual samples (healthy grains and physical defects) and samples from commercial batches (Type 1 to Type 5 and Off-Type) were analyzed and prepared in accordance with current legislation. Spectral data were obtained using NIR and hyperspectral measurements covering the VIS/NIR/SWIR regions, and proximate composition was determined for moisture (MOI), starch (ST), protein (PRO), lipids (LIP), fiber (FIB), and ash (ASH). Multivariate analyses and ML classification models were applied to evaluate differences among grain types and commercial categories and to assess the discriminatory capacity of spectral information. The results showed that including physicochemical attributes to evaluate the quality of commercial batches simplifies the commercial categories currently used. For spectral behavior, batches classified as Type 1 and Type 2 showed low reflectance in the NIR and SWIR regions, suggesting greater interaction of radiant energy with compounds associated with nutritional and sensory quality. The MLP, LGBM, CAT, XGB and RF models performed best for the classification of commercial white polished rice batches, with metrics above 95%. The SWIR region, especially the 2173 nm spectral point, demonstrated high discriminatory power. In conclusion, the application of machine learning models based on VIS/NIR/SWIR spectroscopy proved highly efficient for classifying commercial batches of polished white rice, integrating physical and physicochemical attributes of the grains.
Keywords: Oriza sativa L.; commercial batches; reflectance spectroscopy; spectral bands; predictive models; MLP Oriza sativa L.; commercial batches; reflectance spectroscopy; spectral bands; predictive models; MLP
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MDPI and ACS Style

Carneiro, L.d.O.; Bilhalva, N.d.S.; Manfroi, Ê.A., Filho; Santana, D.C.; Teodoro, L.P.R.; Teodoro, P.E.; Coradi, P.C. Method of Characterization and Classification of the Physicochemical Quality of Polished White Rice Grains Using VIS/NIR/SWIR Techniques and Machine Learning Models for Lot Segregation and Commercialization in Storage and Processing Units. Foods 2026, 15, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15010062

AMA Style

Carneiro LdO, Bilhalva NdS, Manfroi ÊA Filho, Santana DC, Teodoro LPR, Teodoro PE, Coradi PC. Method of Characterization and Classification of the Physicochemical Quality of Polished White Rice Grains Using VIS/NIR/SWIR Techniques and Machine Learning Models for Lot Segregation and Commercialization in Storage and Processing Units. Foods. 2026; 15(1):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15010062

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carneiro, Letícia de Oliveira, Nairiane dos Santos Bilhalva, Ênio Antônio Manfroi, Filho, Dthenifer Cordeiro Santana, Larissa Pereira Ribeiro Teodoro, Paulo Eduardo Teodoro, and Paulo Carteri Coradi. 2026. "Method of Characterization and Classification of the Physicochemical Quality of Polished White Rice Grains Using VIS/NIR/SWIR Techniques and Machine Learning Models for Lot Segregation and Commercialization in Storage and Processing Units" Foods 15, no. 1: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15010062

APA Style

Carneiro, L. d. O., Bilhalva, N. d. S., Manfroi, Ê. A., Filho, Santana, D. C., Teodoro, L. P. R., Teodoro, P. E., & Coradi, P. C. (2026). Method of Characterization and Classification of the Physicochemical Quality of Polished White Rice Grains Using VIS/NIR/SWIR Techniques and Machine Learning Models for Lot Segregation and Commercialization in Storage and Processing Units. Foods, 15(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15010062

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