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Article

The Identification and Analysis of Novel Umami Peptides in Lager Beer and Their Multidimensional Effects on the Sensory Attributes of the Beer Body

by
Yashuai Wu
1,3,4,5,†,
Ruiyang Yin
2,†,
Liyun Guo
2,
Yumei Song
2,
Xiuli He
2,
Mingtao Huang
1,
Yi Ren
6,
Xian Zhong
7,
Dongrui Zhao
3,4,5,*,
Jinchen Li
3,4,5,
Mengyao Liu
3,4,5,
Jinyuan Sun
3,4,5,
Mingquan Huang
3,4 and
Baoguo Sun
3,4,5
1
School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
2
Beijing Key Laboratory of Beer Brewing Technology, Technology Center of Beijing Yanjing Beer Co., Ltd., Beijing 101300, China
3
China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
4
Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
5
Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
6
Beijing Changping District Food and Drug Safety Surveillance Center, Beijing Changping District Market Supervision Administration, Beijing 102200, China
7
School of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564501, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Foods 2025, 14(15), 2743; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152743
Submission received: 12 July 2025 / Revised: 28 July 2025 / Accepted: 4 August 2025 / Published: 6 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Analysis of Food and Beverages, 2nd Edition)

Abstract

This study was designed to systematically identify novel umami peptides in lager beer, clarify their molecular interactions with the T1R1/T1R3 receptor, and determine their specific effects on multidimensional sensory attributes. The peptides were characterized by LC-MS/MS combined with de novo sequencing, and 906 valid sequences were obtained. Machine-learning models (UMPred-FRL, Tastepeptides-Meta, and Umami-MRNN) predicted 76 potential umami peptides. These candidates were docked to T1R1/T1R3 with the CDOCKER protocol, producing 57 successful complexes. Six representative peptides—KSTEL, DELIK, DIGISSK, IEKYSGA, DEVR, and PVPL—were selected for 100 ns molecular-dynamics simulations and MM/GBSA binding-energy calculations. All six peptides stably occupied the narrow cleft at the T1R1/T1R3 interface. Their binding free energies ranked as DEVR (−44.09 ± 5.47 kcal mol−1) < KSTEL (−43.21 ± 3.45) < IEKYSGA (−39.60 ± 4.37) ≈ PVPL (−39.53 ± 2.52) < DELIK (−36.14 ± 3.11) < DIGISSK (−26.45 ± 4.52). Corresponding taste thresholds were 0.121, 0.217, 0.326, 0.406, 0.589, and 0.696 mmol L−1 (DEVR < KSTEL < IEKYSGA < DELIK < PVPL < DIGISSK). TDA-based sensory validation with single-factor additions showed that KSTEL, DELIK, DEVR, and PVPL increased umami scores by ≈21%, ≈22%, ≈17%, and ≈11%, respectively, while DIGISSK and IEKYSGA produced marginal changes (≤2%). The short-chain peptides thus bound with high affinity to T1R1/T1R3 and improved core taste and mouthfeel but tended to amplify certain off-flavors, and the long-chain peptides caused detrimental impacts. Future formulation optimization should balance flavor enhancement and off-flavor suppression, providing a theoretical basis for targeted brewing of umami-oriented lager beer.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Lager beer is regarded as one of the most consumed and widely accepted alcoholic beverages worldwide. Its refreshing mouthfeel and balanced malt and hop aromas are favored by consumers. Moderate beer consumption can deliver several functional constituents—malt-derived B-vitamins, silicon, and soluble β-glucans, together with hop and malt polyphenols that exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity—collectively linked to improved endothelial function, enhanced bone-mineral density, and a more diverse gut microbiota. These putative benefits, however, depend on responsible intake levels that avoid the well-documented risks of excessive alcohol consumption [1,2,3,4,5]. By 2024, the global beer market value was about USD 804.65 billion. Lager categories—including pale, Vienna, and dark styles—accounted for 86.46% of the total volume, corresponding to roughly USD 695.70 billion, and the amount was projected to rise to USD 898.149 billion by 2030, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 4.85% [1,2]. In preceding years, the beer consumption market was observed to have undergone clear structural differentiation. Contrasting development trends were shown in traditional industrial lager beer and emerging categories, such as craft and low-alcohol products. Although lager still occupied the dominant share of the market, accounting for about 90% of total sales, premium lager was reported to have achieved a rapid growth of 22% (https://www.hangyan.co/charts/3074591479960700641, https://economy.china.com/industrial/11173306/20180109/31933055_1.html, accessed on 29 July 2025), indicating an evident upgrade in consumption. At the same time, the craft beer market was noted to be flourishing. Its consumption in 2025 was projected to reach 2.3 billion liters, with a compound annual growth rate of 17% (https://www.tjkx.com/news/show/1097386, accessed on 29 July 2025). Craft lager was identified as one of the fastest-growing subcategories. Consumption scenarios and consumer groups were found to be significantly diversified. Industrial lager mainly relied on traditional festive social occasions, whereas craft products were better suited to home drinking and night-market settings. Generation Z contributed 65% of craft sales (https://m.163.com/dy/article/K4HFOMMT0522BL6H.html, accessed on 29 July 2025). The market exhibited a transformation towards reduced volume but enhanced quality. On one hand, a low-price strategy accelerated the popularization of craft beer; for example, the price of a 1 L craft pack at Hema was reduced to CNY 13.9 (http://www.itbear.com.cn/html/2025-07/896056.html, accessed on 29 July 2025). On the other hand, differentiated products, such as new Chinese-style craft lager and low-alcohol beverages, whose online sales grew by 28% (https://big5.chinabgao.com/freereport/105082.html, accessed on 29 July 2025), were widely welcomed, driving the industry toward higher quality and greater diversification. As purchasing power increased, a fundamental change in consumer demand for lager beer was observed, with preference shifting from “low price and ample quantity” to “moderate price and superior quality” [3,4].
Accordingly, the enhancement of lager beer quality was regarded as a shared objective within the industry. The abundant CO2 and mild alcohol content acted in concert to provide drinkers with a “constriction-ease” sense of physical and mental relaxation, while sour, sweet, and bitter tastes were fully expressed through interactions among malt, hops, and yeast secondary metabolites [5,6,7]. As investigations into taste dimensions advanced, it was observed that beer, like other foods, contained the fifth basic taste—umami—which was gradually considered an essential component of lager beer quality [8]. Nevertheless, mechanistic elucidation of umami characteristics in lager beer has remained at an early stage, and the molecular basis of this taste in lager beer has yet to be precisely clarified.
Umami in diverse food systems is usually formed by several small molecules, including free amino acids, such as L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, and their sodium salts, 5′-nucleotides (IMP, GMP), organic acids, carboxylic acids, and low-molecular-weight peptides [9,10,11,12,13]. When raw materials undergo fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis, or thermal processing, these precursors are converted into umami molecules, thereby laying the foundation for the savory taste of soups, sauces, and fermented alcoholic beverages [14]. During saccharification, yeast fermentation, and maturation, beer likewise accumulates these umami-active substances [15]. Such potential “umami factors” offer possibilities for exploring the distinctive refreshing taste of beer [16,17]. Growing evidence demonstrates that proteolysis during malting and fermentation generates a rich pool of short, glutamate- and aspartate-enriched peptides that can contribute directly to savory flavor in alcoholic beverages. An early LC-MS/MS survey catalogued more than 200 low-molecular-weight peptides in commercial barley–malt beers, several bearing acidic motifs compatible with T1R1/T1R3 activation [7]. Building on this, Schmidt et al. [17] showed that beers, wines, and champagnes aged on lees accumulate both free glutamate and small peptides, resulting in markedly higher “umami potential” than freshly fermented counterparts. Most recently, Huang et al. [16] combined high-resolution peptidomics with molecular docking and taste dilution analysis to identify a suite of lager-beer peptides—such as KSTEL and DELIK—that bind T1R1/T1R3 with sub-micromolar affinity and significantly elevate umami intensity. Together, these studies establish fermentation- and malting-driven peptide formation as mechanistic routes to umami enhancement in alcoholic beverages. Among these factors, umami peptides have attracted growing attention because of their low taste thresholds and pronounced umami expression [18,19,20]. These peptides, composed of a few amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds, generally possess molecular weights below 3 kDa and present advantages of natural origin, safety, and high nutritional value. They are key contributors to the “mellow and refreshing” attributes of many foods. Six octapeptides, including AEEHVEAVN, were isolated by Zhang et al. [14] from chicken-breast soup. Their umami thresholds ranged from 0.18 to 0.91 mmol L−1, equivalent to 0.53–0.66 g L−1 monosodium glutamate, and the peptides markedly enhanced the soup’s savory intensity. Yue et al. applied an enzymolysis–membrane separation strategy to identify 52 novel umami peptides and used molecular docking to show that these peptides stably bind sites, such as ASP-30 and MET-342, on the T1R1/T1R3 receptor, thereby revealing the mechanism underlying strong umami perception [21]. Comparative studies have also confirmed that higher peptide contents in enzymatic chicken broths produced more pronounced savory enhancement [22]. Since the discovery of the classical beef octapeptide, more than 300 umami peptides derived from fermented foods have been identified, and some originated from beer and other fermented alcoholic beverages [23]. Recent mass-spectrometry-based flavouromics research has located several novel umami peptides in lager beer and attempted to clarify their binding mechanisms with taste receptors through molecular docking and dynamic simulations, thereby providing theoretical support for targeted brewing [16].
The complex lager–beer matrix poses challenges for researchers’ extraction, isolation, and identification of umami peptides. Researchers’ identification of umami peptides has traditionally relied mainly on gel-filtration chromatography (GFC) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). These approaches possess clear limitations—long processing times, high costs, and low throughput—that have severely restricted progress in research on beer-derived umami peptides. To overcome these bottlenecks, computer-assisted peptide-identification techniques have been increasingly regarded as advantageous. Researchers have markedly improved umami-peptide identification efficiency, especially when they combine machine-learning techniques with in silico bioinformatics. Prediction tools such as UMPred-FRL, Umami-MRNN, and Tastepeptides-Meta have been applied to preliminary screening and threshold prediction of umami peptides and have demonstrated high efficiency and accuracy. For example, Qi et al. trained an MLP–RNN dual model on six categories of peptide-sequence features from 499 samples and achieved 90.5% accuracy in independent umami-property prediction tests [8]. In another study, a TPDM (taste peptide docking machine) was used as the core by Cui et al. [24], where residue-contact data from molecular docking, physicochemical descriptors, and Morgan fingerprints were integrated, and an ensemble weighted by an SVM over 19 high-performance sub-classifiers was constructed, enabling rapid and accurate discrimination between umami and bitter peptides. This “rapid screening before optimization” strategy highlighted the overall gain afforded by computer-assisted analysis over traditional methods and ensured the accuracy of subsequent research.
Based on, the polypeptides in lager beer were first screened by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Potential umami peptides were then selected through umami–peptide prediction tools and molecular docking. The stability of peptide–receptor complexes was assessed by molecular dynamics simulations, and key umami peptides were predicted along with their molecular mechanisms and taste-expression characteristics. The threshold-determination and sensory-validation method was finally applied to verify these key peptides and to evaluate their multidimensional effects on beer sensory attributes.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Samples and Reagents

The experimental sample was a lager beer with an 8 °P wort concentration, produced from water, malt, rice, and hops, and was stored at −4 °C. Each treatment (control and six peptide-fortified beers) was brewed in three independent 500 L pilot batches (n = 3). The main reagents used in the experiment were acetonitrile (ACN) (Beijing InnoChem Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), formic acid (FA) (≥99%, chromatographic grade, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and ultrapure water. Six umami peptides—KSTEL, DELIK, DIGISSK, IEKYSGA, DEVR, and PVPL—were employed, each with a purity of ≥90% (Nanjing Taopu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China).

2.2. Experimental Instruments

Major instruments and equipment: Milli-Q ultrapure water system (Milli-Q, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA); 1000 µL pipette and 10 mL/100 mL volumetric flasks (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Beijing, China); 2 mL autosampler vials (Santa Clara, CA, USA); Retain-AX SPE cartridges (Waltham, MA, USA); GGC-C separatory–funnel vertical oscillator (Beijing Guohuan Hi-Tech Automation Technology Research Institute, Beijing, China); VM-500S vortex mixer (Joan Lab, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China); RE-52C rotary evaporator (Shanghai Yarong Biochemical Instrument Factory, Shanghai, China); SHB-III circulating-water vacuum pump (Zhengzhou Greatwall Scientific Industrial and Trade Co., Zhengzhou, China); Fresco 17 freeze dryer; UltiMate 3000 HPLC system; and Q Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

2.3. Experimental Methods

2.3.1. Preprocessing Method

A 10 mL beer sample was collected before being mixed with 10 mL loading buffer, a 2% acetonitrile aqueous solution containing 0.1% formic acid. Peptides were extracted and enriched by passage through a WCX SPE cartridge. The eluate was centrifugally concentrated and dried in preparation for LC-MS/MS analysis (n = 3).

2.3.2. LC-MS/MS Analytical Conditions

Chromatographic conditions: The polypeptides were separated on a Waters Acquity Peptide C18 column (2.1 mm × 150 mm, 1.7 µm). Mobile phase A was 0.1% formic acid in water, and mobile phase B was 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. An injection volume of 20 µL was employed. The column temperature was maintained at 45 °C. Detection was performed at 215 nm and 280 nm. Gradient elution was applied according to the program listed in Table 1.
Mass spectrometry conditions: The samples were analyzed using a Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer in positive ion detection mode. The mass spectrometer ion source parameters are listed in Table 2. Mass spectrometry data were acquired in data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mode. The MS1 full-scan resolution was set to 70,000 (at m/z 200), with a scan range of 300–1500 m/z, a maximum injection time of 100 ms, and an AGC target value of 3 × 106. In each MS1 acquisition cycle, the 10 strongest precursor ions (charge state 1+~5+) were selected, isolated within a 1.6 m/z window, and fragmented using high-energy collision-induced dissociation (HCD), with a collision energy setting of NCE = 28 eV. The resulting MS2 spectra were recorded at a resolution of 17,500 (m/z 200), with an AGC target value of 2 × 105, a maximum injection time of 50 ms, and a dynamic exclusion time of 4 s to prevent repeated fragmentation of the same precursor ion.

2.3.3. Qualitative Analysis of Peptides in Beer

The raw MS files were processed, and proteins were identified with PEAKS Studio v8.5 (Bioinformatics Solutions Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada). Sequence searches were carried out against the protein databases for Triticum aestivum, Komagataella phaffii, and Oryza sativa, downloaded from UniProt. The parameters were set as follows: MS1 mass tolerance, 10 ppm; MS2 mass tolerance, 0.03 Da; digestion mode, none (unspecific); fixed modifications, none; and variable modifications, including protein N-terminal acetylation, deamidation (N/Q), oxidation (M), pyro-glutamate formation from glutamic acid (E) or glutamine (Q), and half disulfide (−1.01 Da). A confidence threshold of −10logP ≥ 15 was applied. To capture peptide segments possibly missing from the databases, the de novo sequencing function in PEAKS was employed to interpret the fragment spectra. The de novo results were evaluated by average local confidence (ALC), and only sequences with ALC ≥ 90% were retained to ensure reliability. These sequences were then used to complement and cross-validate the database search results during subsequent alignment and functional analyses [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32].

2.3.4. Efficient Screening Method for Potential Umami Peptides Using Machine Learning

UMPred-FRL (http://pmlabstack.pythonanywhere.com/UMPred-FRL, accessed on 29 July 2025) and Tastepeptides-Meta (http://tastepeptides-meta.com/TPDM, accessed on 29 July 2025) were preferentially employed to assess whether the polypeptides possessed umami activity. Probability values for umami activity were output. Thresholds predicted by Umami-MRNN (https://umami-mrnn.herokuapp.com/, accessed on 29 July 2025) were integrated with sensory evaluations to determine experimental thresholds and to support single-factor addition experiments.

2.3.5. Molecular Docking Method

The sequence of the template protein mGluR1 was retrieved from UniProt-KB as a reference for homology modelling. The metabolotropic glutamate receptor (PDB ID: 1EWK, obtained from RCSB PDB, http://www.rcsb.org/, accessed on 29 July 2025) was adopted as the template. The amino acid sequences of umami-receptor subunits T1R1 and T1R3 were combined, and three-dimensional homology models were generated on the SwissModel platform (https://swissmodel.expasy.org/, accessed on 29 July 2025). After modelling, geometric reasonableness was examined with the Ramachandran plot, calculated by SAVES v6.0 (https://saves.mbi.ucla.edu/, accessed on 29 July 2025). The plot displayed φ–ψ dihedral-angle distributions and evaluated structural reliability. After validation, the model was submitted to molecular-docking studies. Before docking, the receptor structure was pre-processed in PyMOL 2.6.0 by removing all solvent molecules, ions, and small ligands. A docking grid was then set to cover the whole protein surface. Peptide ligands were constructed in Discovery Studio 2019 and were assigned CHARMm force-field parameters. Energy minimization was carried out with the Smart Minimizer algorithm (maximum 2000 steps; RMS-gradient threshold 0.01). Potential binding pockets were searched with the same software. After the binding sites had been defined, candidate umami peptides were embedded into the T1R1/T1R3 complex with the CDOCKER semi-flexible protocol. The other parameters were kept at default values, and only the pose with the highest CDOCKER-Energy score was retained. The resulting complex was visualized and analyzed in three dimensions with PyMOL and Discovery Studio to present ligand–receptor interactions intuitively [33,34,35,36,37,38].

2.3.6. Determination Method of Sensory Threshold for Umami Peptides

The TDA taste-dilution analysis method [39,40,41] was applied to determine the peptides’ taste threshold. A stock solution of the target umami peptide was prepared at pH 6.5 and 1 mg mL−1. The stock was serially diluted with deionized water at a 1:1 ratio to create gradient samples. These samples were presented to a panel of twenty trained assessors in ascending concentration order. Each dilution was examined by the three-cup test, which contained two blanks and one sample. The assessors identified the differing cup and its lowest detectable concentration, and the result was confirmed through a repeat evaluation with the same set of samples.

2.3.7. Molecular Dynamics (MDs) and MM/GBSA Binding Free Energy Calculation

The peptide–receptor complex obtained from docking was used as the initial conformation, and an all-atom molecular-dynamics simulation was carried out in AMBER 22 [42,43]. Both peptide chains and protein residues were parameterized with the ff14SB force field [44,45]. Hydrogen atoms were added with the LEaP tool, and a truncated-octahedral TIP3P water box was generated 10 Å from the system boundary [46,47,48], and Na+/Cl ions were introduced to maintain electrical neutrality. Topology and coordinate files were then exported for subsequent calculations. Energy minimization consisted of 2500 steps of steepest descent, followed by 2500 steps of conjugate gradient. The system was heated for 200 ps under constant volume, and the temperature was raised linearly from 0 K to 298.15 K. After temperature stabilization, a 500 ps NVT equilibration was performed to promote uniform solvent distribution. The ensemble was next switched to NPT and pre-equilibrated for another 500 ps. A 100 ns NPT production run was finally executed under periodic boundary conditions. Simulation settings were as follows. The non-bonded interaction cut-off was 10 Å. Long-range electrostatics were treated with the particle-mesh Ewald method [49,50,51]. All bonds involving hydrogen were constrained by SHAKE [52]. The temperature was controlled with Langevin dynamics at a collision frequency of γ = 2 ps−1 [53]. The pressure was kept at 1 atm. The integration time step was 2 fs. Trajectories were saved every 10 ps for later structural and energetic analyses.
Binding free energies between proteins and ligands in all systems were evaluated with the MM/GBSA method [54,55,56,57,58]. Because extended trajectories might reduce MM/GBSA accuracy [55,56], frames from 90–100 ns were adopted for the calculations, as expressed by the following equation:
Δ G b i n d = Δ G complex ( Δ G receptor + Δ G ligand ) = Δ E internal + Δ E vDW + Δ E elec + Δ G GB + Δ G SA
In Equation (1), ΔEinternal was defined as the internal energy, ΔEVDW as the van der Waals contribution, and ΔEelec as the electrostatic interaction. The internal energy was composed of bond energy (Ebond), angle energy (Eangle), and torsional energy (Etorsion). ΔGGB and ΔGSA were collectively termed the solvation free energy, where GGB represented the polar contribution and GSA the non-polar contribution. ΔGGB was calculated with the generalized Born model developed by Nguyen et al. [59] (igb = 2). The non-polar solvation free energy (ΔGSA) was obtained by multiplying the surface tension coefficient (γ) by the solvent-accessible surface area (SA), according to Δ G S A = 0.0072 × Δ SASA (2). The entropy term was neglected because of its high computational cost and limited accuracy [54,57,58].

2.3.8. Sample Sensory Evaluation and Single Addition Variable Method

Twenty milliliters of lager beer were accurately measured for each sample. The original sample was labelled A. Samples prepared by individually adding the umami peptides KSTEL, DELIK, DIGISSK, IEKYSGA, DEVR, and PVPL were labelled A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5, and A-6, respectively. Each peptide was added at 500 μL of its taste-threshold solution.
Sample A was first subjected to sensory evaluation. The descriptors and 0–9 quantitative standards for thirteen key sensory attributes of lager beer are listed in Table 3, providing criteria for assessing aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel. The same sensory assessment was then applied to samples A-1 through A-6, and changes in the beer body after single additions of each umami peptide were compared.
A trained panel comprising 20 beer assessors (each with ≥120 h practice using flavor-reference standards) performed the sensory evaluation. Panel consistency was first verified on control batches via an ISO 4120 [60] triangle test; only assessors achieving ≥80% discrimination accuracy proceeded to the main study. Samples (30 mL) were served at 8 ± 1 °C in tulip glasses coded with random three-digit numbers and presented monadically under red light with unsalted crackers and water for palate cleansing. Quantitative descriptive analysis was then conducted, with each sensory attribute rated on a 9 cm unstructured line scale anchored at “not perceptible” (0) and “extremely intense” (9). Hedonic preference was assessed in a separate session using a 9-point hedonic scale (1 = dislike extremely, 9 = like extremely); it affords sufficient discriminatory power for acceptability judgements without imposing undue cognitive load on trained assessors.
Attribute selection adhered to the ISO 11035:1994 [61] two-stage procedure: the candidate descriptors were first compiled from established sources—including the ASBC Beer Flavor Wheel, the BJCP sensory lexicon, and recent lager-description studies—then evaluated in a focus-group session, where the twenty trained assessors tasted control and reference beers, discussed definitions, and anchored intensities with GRAS standard solutions [5,7,16]. Terms cited by at least 30% of panelists and exhibiting non-redundant semantic content were retained, yielding the 15 attributes presented in Table 3.

2.3.9. Statistical Analysis

Origin 2021 software was used to draw radar diagrams and fingerprints; Tbtools was used to draw heatmaps; SPSS 24.0 software was applied for single-factor and correlation analysis; and the R software was used to extract and visualize the results of cluster analysis.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Qualitative Identification of Peptides in Lager Beer and Predictive Analysis of Potential Umami Peptides

Applying a confidence threshold of −10logP ≥ 15 for database-matched peptides and retaining only de novo sequences with ALC ≥ 90% secured adequate reliability, which yielded 906 peptides. Their umami activity was predicted with UMPred FRL and Tastepeptides-Meta. The qualitative parameters and predicted umami values for the lager-beer peptides are listed in the attached Table A1. In the machine-learning-identified pool of potential umami peptides, the peptide set showed a strong bias toward short chains: pentapeptides accounted for 48% of all sequences, tetrapeptides for 19%, and together with hexapeptides, these lengths composed about 81% of the total, whereas peptides longer than eight residues were scarce. Leucine-led starters were common—Leu, Thr, and Ala initiated over half of the sequences—and hydrophobic or small residues predominated overall. Leu (14.4%), Val (11.7%), Ala (11.2%), and Pro (9.6%) emerged as the four most frequent amino acids. Acidic side chains were present but less abundant, with Glu and Asp together contributing roughly 9% of all residues, while basic Lys and Arg each remained near 3%. These patterns suggested that umami-active peptides in lager beer had favored compact backbones rich in aliphatic residues.

3.2. Preliminary Screening of Umami Peptides and Molecular Docking Analysis

Potential umami peptides with both UMPred-FRL-Probability and ProUmami scores exceeding 0.7 were selected. A total of seventy-six small peptides were docked to the T1R1/T1R3 umami receptor for further screening. T1R1 and T1R3 formed a heterodimeric receptor whose extracellular Venus fly-trap (VFT) domains captured and fixed umami ligands. In the present work, the dimer was split into two separate subunits. Homology models were then built for each subunit, and their stereochemistry was examined with Ramachandran plots. Figure 1a shows a closed conformation for T1R1, whereas T1R3 remained open, creating a wide cavity capable of accommodating long-chain umami peptides. Although previous studies indicated that peptides mainly bound to T1R3, site-directed mutagenesis and simulations also demonstrated that T1R1 recognized small ligands, such as dipeptides, tripeptides, and amino acids. Both chains were therefore considered indispensable during taste recognition. Reliable structures can usually be obtained when sequence identity between target and template proteins reaches ≥30%. The identities of T1R1 and T1R3 with their templates were 34.34% and 33.55%, respectively, meeting this criterion. Ramachandran statistics (Figure 1b) indicated that 97.7% of residues lay in allowed regions, with 87.7% in the most favored regions, 10.0% in additionally allowed regions, and only 1.8% in generously allowed regions; residues in disallowed regions accounted for less than 0.5%. More than ninety per cent of φ–ψ angles, therefore, fell within a reasonable range, confirming that the models possessed good geometric quality and could serve as a reliable basis for subsequent docking and mechanistic studies.
Molecular docking was carried out with the semi-flexible CDOCKER algorithm in Discovery Studio. Other parameters were left at default values. Only the conformation with the lowest docking energy was retained. Fifty-seven peptides were finally docked successfully (Table 4). The group contained six tetrapeptides, thirty-six pentapeptides, eleven hexapeptides, and four heptapeptides. Thirty-one peptides contained aspartic acid (D) or glutamic acid (E). The D/E consensus effect served as an important criterion for selecting umami peptides.
Tighter peptide–receptor binding was indicated by lower docking energies. It was shown [9,10,11,13,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70] that the N-terminus of the umami peptides was usually enriched in acidic amino acids (Asp, Glu) or small hydrophilic residues (Gly, Ala, Ser). Through carboxyl or other polar groups, those residues formed hydrogen bonds or electrostatic interactions with key receptor sites, such as Arg151 and His71 in T1R1, thereby activating the signaling pathway. The C-terminus tended to contain hydrophobic amino acids (Leu, Pro, Val) or polar residues (His, Gln). Hydrophobic side chains were inserted into the receptor’s hydrophobic pocket, exemplified by Tyr198 in T1R3, whereas polar residues further stabilized the interface. Umami intensity was markedly enhanced by the cooperative distribution of acidic (D/E) and basic (Arg, Lys) residues, because efficient receptor binding was achieved through charge complementarity between E/D and R/H. The umami peptides generally adopted β-turn-dominated secondary structures, a conformation that favored exposure of active sites.
On the basis of the preceding findings and the binding energies in Table 5, the peptides KSTEL, DELIK, DIGISSK, IEKYSGA, and DEVR were selected as potential umami candidates. PVPL, an atypical D/E-independent peptide enriched in hydrophobic residues (L/P/V), was also chosen. These six peptides were synthesized, their taste thresholds were measured (Table 5), molecular-dynamics simulations were conducted, and single-factor addition experiments were performed. Species–database matching indicated that these six peptides originated from Triticum turgidum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and barley, which aligned with lager-beer ingredients. Notably, except for PVPL, the other five peptides were newly identified and showed no matches in the sensory peptides and amino acids database (https://www.uwm.edu.pl/biochemia/index.php/pl/biopep, accessed on 29 July 2025). Their interaction mechanisms with taste receptors were investigated further in subsequent work.

3.3. Analysis of Binding Modes of 6 Types of Umami Peptides with Receptor Proteins

As shown in Figure 2a, the DELIK molecule was embedded in the narrow cleft between the T1R1 (green) and T1R3 (cyan) subunits and bridged their interface. In the 2D interaction map, three main hydrogen bonds were observed. One connected the side-chain nitrogen of Arg255(A) in T1R1 to the ligand backbone. A second linked the carboxyl group of DELIK to Glu178(B) in T1R3. The hydrophobic side chains of the ligand contacted Leu51(A) in T1R1 and Met151(B), Ala176(B), and Ser175(B) in T1R3 through van der Waals forces. The combination of polar and hydrophobic contacts conferred high affinity and stability on the complex.
Figure 2b showed DEVR in the same cleft. Four key hydrogen bonds were detected. Bonds formed with Asp219(A), Asp150(A), and Ser248(A) in T1R1. An additional nitrogen–oxygen bond was involved in Arg255(A). The ligand amine also bonded to Lys155(B) in T1R3. Hydrophobic alignment with Leu173(A) and Pro246(A) in T1R1 and Ile180(B) and Gln217(B) in T1R3 reinforced binding.
Figure 2c displays DIGISSK as an orange rod lodged firmly in the cleft. Four hydrogen bonds were present. The N-terminal carboxyl bonded to Asn150(A) in T1R1. Further bonds linked Lys155(B) and Gln217(B) in T1R3 and the backbone nitrogen of Phe247(A) in T1R1. Surrounding hydrophobic residues—Leu51(A) in T1R1 and Ile151(B), Phe180(B), Ile173(B), and Ala176(B) in T1R3—created tight van der Waals packing.
As shown in Figure 2d, IEKYSGA occupied the cleft. Four hydrogen bonds anchored the ligand. Its carboxyl group bonded to Arg255(A) and Ser109(A) in T1R1. A mid-chain carbonyl bonded to Glu178(B) in T1R3. Additional bonds involved Asn150(A) and Ser217(A) in T1R1. Hydrophobic support came from Pro246(A), Thr154(A), and Ala153(A) in T1R1 and Ala176(B), Leu173(B), Met151(B), and Val152(B) in T1R3.
Figure 2e shows KSTEL in the same pocket. Three hydrogen bonds secured the ligand. The carboxyl group bonded to Glu217(B) in T1R3. Additional bonds linked Ser248(A) and Arg255(A) in T1R1. Hydrophobic residues—Leu51, Pro246, Phe247, and Val251 in T1R1, plus Phe180, Ile173, and Ala176 in T1R3—enveloped the peptide.
Figure 2f presents PVPL with two hydrogen bonds. One bonded to Asn150(A) in T1R1, and another to Gln221(B) in T1R3. The hydrophobic side chains were surrounded by Ile51(A) and Arg255(A) in T1R1 and Ile180(B), Leu173(B), and Met151(B) in T1R3.
The docking results for the six peptides indicated that the narrow, open-ended pocket between T1R1 and T1R3 acted as the common binding core. Each peptide bridged the two subunits. One end usually bonded to Arg255(A) in T1R1, while the other anchored to Glu178(B), Lys155(B), or Gln221(B) in T1R3, forming a cross-subunit polar clamp. A sheath of hydrophobic residues—Leu51, Ile/Leu173, Ala176, Met151, and Phe180—provided non-polar support. Longer peptides with richer polar side chains, such as DELIK, DEVR, DIGISSK, and IEKYSGA, formed more hydrogen bonds and showed stronger affinity and stability. Shorter peptides like PVPL relied on tight hydrophobic packing for notable binding. This polar-clamp plus hydrophobic-sheath mechanism, with Arg255(A), Lys155(B), and Glu178(B) as hotspot anchors, appeared to underlie umami–peptide recognition by the T1R1/T1R3 receptor. Molecular-dynamics simulations were subsequently carried out to validate binding strength and stability.

3.4. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis

3.4.1. Stability Analysis

As shown in Figure 3a, the RMSD values of all six complexes rose quickly during the first 10 ns and then reached plateaus. Each complex stabilized at a different level. T1R1–T1R3/DELIK settled at 3.5–4.0 Å and fluctuated least, indicating high conformational stability. T1R1–T1R3/DEVR remained at 3.8–4.5 Å. T1R1–T1R3/KSTEL stabilized near 4.5–5.0 Å, with moderate variation. T1R1–T1R3/IEKYSGA and T1R1–T1R3/PVPL drifted slowly between 5.0 and 6.5 Å, implying some interfacial flexibility. T1R1–T1R3/DIGISSK showed the highest RMSD, 6.5–7.5 Å, and the largest fluctuations, reflecting greater conformational freedom and lower binding rigidity. Overall, DELIK and DEVR were bound more stably than the other peptides, whereas DIGISSK displayed the largest structural changes.
Figure 3b indicates that the radii of gyration (Rg) rose from an initial ~28.8 Å to equilibrium ranges within the first 10 ns and then became stable. After 10 ns, T1R1–T1R3/DELIK maintained the lowest Rg at ~29.3 Å, revealing the most compact complex. Equilibrium Rg values of ~29.5–29.9 Å with small fluctuations were recorded for T1R1–T1R3/DEVR, IEKYSGA, and KSTEL. PVPL fluctuated between ~29.6 and 30.3 Å, indicating moderate looseness. DIGISSK reached the highest Rg, stabilizing at ~30.8–31.2 Å after 40 ns, which signaled a more extended and flexible conformation. With the exception of DIGISSK, the complexes showed low Rg values at equilibrium and thus retained high structural compactness.
Figure 3c shows that the solvent-accessible surface areas (SASAs) climbed from ~37,000 Å2 to equilibrium ranges within about 10 ns, and then stabilized with ±1000 Å2 fluctuations. The lowest SASA of 40,500–41,500 Å2 was observed for T1R1–T1R3/DELIK, confirming its compact nature in water. IEKYSGA followed at 41,500–42,200 Å2. Intermediate values of ~42,000–43,000 Å2 and ~42,500–43,500 Å2 were recorded for DEVR and DIGISSK. KSTEL and PVPL exhibited the highest exposures, with PVPL reaching ~43,500–45,000 Å2, suggesting more open structures. The SASA ranking agreed with the Rg results: DELIK was most compact, whereas PVPL was most loosely packed.
As illustrated in Figure 4a, the RMSF values were used to reflect protein flexibility during molecular-dynamics simulations. Drug binding usually reduces protein flexibility and thereby stabilizes the protein to support catalytic activity. After binding with the various small molecules, low RMSF values were observed across all proteins except at the two termini, indicating a rigid core.
According to Figure 4b, the number of hydrogen bonds in each complex underwent a rearrangement period during the first 5–10 ns and then reached a relatively stable phase, although clear differences appeared in average counts and stability. The T1R1–T1R3/KSTEL complex maintained the highest level, with about 8–10 hydrogen bonds and minimal fluctuations. T1R1–T1R3/DEVR followed at about 7–9 bonds. Counts for T1R1–T1R3/DELIK and IEKYSGA fell from 10–12 to 5–8 and 4–7, respectively, before showing slight recovery. T1R1–T1R3/DIGISSK dropped rapidly to 3–5 bonds, and later rose modestly to 4–6. T1R1–T1R3/PVPL showed the fewest hydrogen bonds, remaining near zero for the initial 10 ns and then increasing slowly to about 3–5. Overall, the KSTEL and DEVR systems formed the most numerous and stable polar interactions, whereas PVPL exhibited the sparsest hydrogen-bond network, indicating weaker polar contacts at the binding interface.

3.4.2. MM-GBSA Binding Energy Results

Binding energies were calculated by the MM-GBSA method from molecular-dynamics trajectories, and the values more accurately reflected ligand–protein binding patterns. As shown in Table 6 and Figure 5, the binding energies of the T1R1–T1R3/DELIK, T1R1–T1R3/DEVR, T1R1–T1R3/DIGISSK, T1R1–T1R3/IEKYSGA, T1R1–T1R3/KSTEL, and T1R1–T1R3/PVPL complexes were −36.14 ± 3.11, −44.09 ± 5.47, −26.45 ± 4.52, −39.60 ± 4.37, −43.21 ± 3.45, and −39.53 ± 2.52 kcal mol−1, respectively. Negative values indicated binding affinity, and lower values signified stronger interactions. The calculations, therefore, demonstrated appreciable affinity between each ligand and the receptor.

3.5. The Validation Experiment Performed with the Single-Factor Addition Method

3.5.1. Sensory-Enhancement Effects of Umami Peptides and Analysis of Their Structure–Function Relationships

As illustrated in Figure 6a and Table A2, increases in umami sensory scores were observed in every sample after single-peptide addition, and the magnitudes were systematically associated with binding free energies and taste thresholds. For DELIK (A-2), an umami score of 7.7 + 1.78 was recorded, about 22% higher than that of sample A (p < 0.05). The lowest binding free energy (−44.09 kcal mol−1) was also calculated, indicating the strongest affinity for the T1R1/T1R3 receptor. For DEVR (A-5), a comparable free energy (−43.21 kcal mol−1) and a low threshold (0.121 mmol L−1) were measured; consequently, the highest per-unit sensory efficiency was achieved and the score reached 7.35 + 1.6 (p < 0.05). KSTEL (A-1) yielded a high score (7.65 + 1.9) and a low threshold (0.217 mmol L−1), confirming pronounced enhancement (p < 0.05). PVPL (A-6) showed moderate values: a score of 7 + 2.71, a free energy of −39.53 kcal mol−1, and a relatively high threshold (0.589 mmol L−1), suggesting limited efficiency. For IEKYSGA (A-4), the umami score was increased by under 2%. A moderately negative binding free energy (−39.60 kcal mol−1) was recorded, but an unfavorable taste threshold offset this advantage, so only a slight net benefit was observed. DIGISSK (A-3) performed the worst: the score reached only 6.45 + 1.67 (p < 0.05), the least negative free energy (−26.45 kcal mol−1) was obtained, and the highest threshold (0.696 mmol L−1) was recorded, reflecting weak affinity and minimal efficiency.
The structural analysis revealed shared residue patterns among the top-performing peptides—DELIK, DEVR, and KSTEL. Acidic residues, such as Asp and Glu, were enriched at the N-terminus and were able to form stable electrostatic interactions with positively charged sites in the receptor binding domain. Basic or hydrophobic residues, such as Lys, Arg, Leu, and Val, were located at the C-terminus and further stabilized the complex through hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic contacts. The chain lengths were confined to four or five residues, thereby reducing conformational-entropy penalties and facilitating insertion into the receptor pocket. These features collectively resulted in lower binding free energies, higher sensory scores, and favorable thresholds, providing clear guidance for the rational design of future umami peptides.

3.5.2. Multidimensional Effects of Single Umami Peptide Addition on Beer-Body Sensory Attributes

As Figure 6a indicates, an overall sensory improvement was observed for sample A-1 in comparison with sample A. Aroma intensity, malt aroma, and hop aroma were raised by about 3–4%, whereas fermentation-by-product aroma was reduced by roughly 1%. Sweetness and umami were enhanced by approximately 15% and 20%, and bitterness was lifted by about 6%, giving a more layered taste. Carbonic bite increased by nearly 14%, and smoothness also rose by close to 6%. Bitter aftertaste and overall balance were improved by around 4–5%. Malt/hop after-flavor fell by about 5%, while off-flavors climbed by roughly 17%.
In Figure 6c, comprehensive enhancement with local attenuation was recorded for sample A-2. Aroma intensity rose by about 7%. Hop aroma was lifted by nearly 3%, but malt aroma dropped by roughly 4%, indicating a slight masking of malt notes by the hops. Fermentation-by-product aroma climbed by about 6%. Umami increased the most (≈22%); bitterness grew by ≈12%; and sweetness changed little, rising by only about 1%. Carbonic bite and smoothness were raised by roughly 6% and 8%, respectively, creating a brisker and finer mouthfeel. Bitter aftertaste declined by about 5%. Off-flavors expanded by nearly 18%. Overall balance and typicality rose by less than 1%.
As shown in Figure 6d, most sensory attributes declined for sample A-3. Aroma parameters dropped by more than 10%, with malt aroma down by almost 20%, and hop aroma and fermentation-by-product aroma lower by about 20% and 17%. Sweetness and bitterness fell by roughly 15% and 10%. Carbonic bite and smoothness each decreased by over 10%. Malt/hop after-flavor shortened by nearly 20%, bitter aftertaste lessened by about 15%, and overall balance decreased by close to 20%. Umami rose by roughly 2%, and off-flavors fell by about 16%. The DIGISSK peptide, therefore, slightly intensified umami but produced marked negative effects on aroma fullness, mouthfeel smoothness, and flavor harmony.
Figure 6e demonstrated that almost all thirteen indicators declined for sample A-4. Malt aroma and fermentation-by-product aroma dropped by about 25% and 16%, while aroma intensity and hop aroma decreased by roughly 15% and 11%. Sweetness and bitterness were reduced by about 12% and 11%. Umami was the sole positive parameter, but the rise was only around 2%, insufficient to offset the overall flavor loss. Carbonic bite and smoothness fell by roughly 9% and 14%. Bitter aftertaste and malt/hop after-flavor were shortened by about 20% and 19%. Off-flavors fell by roughly 11%. Overall balance and typicality declined by about 22%, indicating that this peptide weakened aroma richness and flavor harmony under the present formulation.
For sample A-5 (Figure 6f), aroma intensity increased by about 10%, hop aroma rose by nearly 6%, and malt aroma fell by roughly 5%. Umami was enhanced by about 17%, and bitterness and sweetness climbed by approximately 12% and 9%. Carbonic bite was elevated by around 14% and smoothness by about 2%. Bitter aftertaste and malt/hop after-flavor decreased by roughly 5% and 1%. Off-flavors gained about 9%. Overall balance remained unchanged.
As Figure 6g shows, aroma intensity for sample A-6 increased by about 2.1%. Malt aroma and hop aroma dropped by roughly 5.4% and 2.9%, while fermentation-by-product aroma rose by about 0.7%. Umami was elevated by about 11.1%. Sweetness shifted by −0.7%, and bitterness declined by about 9.2%. The most pronounced negative effects occurred in mouthfeel, where carbonic bite and smoothness decreased by roughly 10.7% and 15.1%. Bitter aftertaste and malt/hop after-flavor were lowered by about 4.7% and 12.2%. Off-flavors fell by roughly 5.7%, suggesting a partial masking of negative notes. Overall balance and typicality declined by about 3.3%, showing that enhanced umami did not compensate for weakened aroma and mouthfeel.
A cross-comparison of the three datasets confirmed that computational predictions, threshold measurements, and sensory outcomes were largely coherent. The peptides showing the most negative binding free energies—DELIK, DEVR, and KSTEL—also exhibited the lowest taste thresholds and delivered the highest increases in umami, sweetness, and mouthfeel during sensory validation, supporting the reliability of the molecular-modeling workflow. DIGISSK and IEKYSGA, whose free energies were least negative and thresholds highest, provided only marginal sensory gains, again matching expectations. Minor inconsistencies, notably the moderate sensory impact of PVPL despite a mid-range free energy, were attributed to complex matrix interactions in beer, where synergistic or masking effects among volatiles, polyphenols, and carbonation could attenuate the direct contribution of a single peptide. Overall, single additions of short-chain umami peptides strengthened the “umami–sweetness–mouthfeel” framework, but the same additions tended to elevate off-flavors. Future optimization should therefore retain peptides with favorable computed affinity and low thresholds while adjusting fermentation and antioxidant conditions to limit by-product formation, thereby delivering a balanced, umami-oriented lager profile.

3.6. Discussion

Comparison with previously reported umami peptides highlights the exceptional potency of the sequences isolated here. Classical di- and tripeptides, such as Glu-Asp, Ala-Glu-Ala, and EY, exhibited taste threshold ranges of 0.5–2.2 mmol L−1, while the beefy meaty octapeptide Lys-Gly-Asp-Glu-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ala, long regarded as a benchmark, showed a threshold around 0.8 mmol L−1 [69,70,71]. By contrast, the beer-derived tetrapeptide DEVR (Asp-Glu-Val-Arg) and pentapeptide KSTEL (Lys-Ser-Thr-Glu-Leu) recorded markedly lower thresholds of 0.121 and 0.217 mmol L−1, respectively, and exhibited stronger receptor affinities (ΔGbind ≤ −44 kcal mol−1) than the −31 kcal mol−1 reported for glutamyl dipeptides in silico [72]. A sequence motif analysis further shows that, consistent with the acidic “XXE/EDX” signatures common to known umami peptides, all the top-performing beer peptides contained terminal Asp or Glu residues that anchor within the T1R1 SB pocket. Collectively, these data position DEVR and KSTEL among the most potent umami peptides reported to date and confirm that malting and fermentation-driven proteolysis can generate highly active taste molecules in lager beer.
Sequence mapping against the barley proteome showed that our most potent peptides—for example, DEVR and KSTEL—display ≥ 80% identity to internal motifs of B and γ hordeins, while PVPL aligns with a C-terminal fragment of lipid transfer protein 1 [73]. Such acidic, Lys/Arg adjacent cleavage patterns are characteristic of endoprotease B and cathepsin-like enzymes that become highly active during germination and hot mashing, releasing hundreds of short peptides into wort. Subsequent yeast autolysis and secretion of vacuolar proteinase A (Pep4p) during late fermentation and conditioning further truncates these fragments to the 4–6 residue length optimal for umami activity. Collectively, these malt- and yeast-driven proteolytic events provide a plausible biosynthetic route for the generation of highly active umami peptides in lager beer, consistent with recent petidomic surveys that have detected comparable hordein-derived sequences across diverse beer styles [73,74,75].
Several limitations warrant consideration before the conclusions are drawn. First, the peptide identification and affinity predictions were based on pilot-scale brews and in silico docking to the T1R1/T1R3 ectodomain. The potential matrix effects, post-packaging degradation, and contributions from other taste receptors (e.g., mGluR4) were not explored. Second, the sensory validation relied on a relatively small, trained panel, which—although sufficient for discriminative testing—may not capture broader consumer heterogeneity. Third, this study focused on a single pale-lager recipe brewed under controlled laboratory conditions. The results may differ across malt varieties, hop schedules, or commercial production environments. Finally, the single-addition design did not investigate synergistic or antagonistic interactions among peptides and endogenous beer components. These constraints highlight the need for follow-up work encompassing larger consumer datasets, multiple beer matrices, and comprehensive receptor profiling to confirm the generality and practical applicability of the present findings.

4. Conclusions

LC-MS/MS combined with de novo sequencing and database searching was first employed to identify 906 peptides in lager beer, and 76 potential umami peptides were predicted with UMPred-FRL, TastePeptides-Meta, and Umami-MRNN. Integrated molecular docking, molecular-dynamics simulation, and MM/GBSA calculations were then used to select six representative umami peptides—KSTEL, DELIK, DIGISSK, IEKYSGA, DEVR, and PVPL. DEVR, KSTEL, and DELIK showed the lowest binding free energies (ΔGbind ≈ −44.09, −43.21, and −36.14 kcal mol−1) and formed compact hydrogen-bond networks in the T1R1/T1R3 interface, indicating the strongest receptor affinity and conformational stability, whereas DIGISSK bound most weakly and remained the most flexible.
Computational screening identified short-chain peptides rich in Asp/Glu at the N-terminus and Lys/Arg or hydrophobic residues at the C-terminus as the most promising ligands. Their low binding free energies (≈−44 to −36 kcal mol−1) coincided with sub-millimolar taste thresholds (≈0.12–0.40 mmol L−1) and the largest sensory gains, confirming the efficiency and accuracy of the in silico workflow. Sensory validation showed that these peptides strengthened the “umami–sweetness–mouthfeel” dimension, whereas peptides with weaker affinities and higher thresholds produced minimal or negative effects. The matrix interactions in beer occasionally dampened the expected impact, highlighting that, although calculation-guided selection accelerated discovery, formulation optimization remained necessary to balance flavor enhancement against potential off-flavors.
In conclusion, KSTEL, DELIK, and DEVR emerged as core umami peptides for an “umami-oriented” lager, combining high affinity, low thresholds, and pronounced sensory enhancement. Because umami reinforcement correlated positively with off-flavors, fermentation and antioxidant strategies should be optimized to suppress by-products and oxidation products, thereby achieving both umami enhancement and flavor harmony. The present “structure–receptor–sensory” workflow supplied clear guidance and key parameters for designing high-quality umami peptides and applying them in beer.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.W. and D.Z.; methodology, Y.W., M.H. (Mingtao Huang), Y.R., X.Z., and R.Y.; software, Y.W., R.Y., and J.L.; validation, Y.W. and R.Y.; formal analysis, Y.W. and R.Y.; investigation, Y.W. and Y.R.; resources, R.Y., Y.W., Y.S., L.G., X.H., M.H. (Mingtao Huang), J.L., J.S., M.H. (Mingquan Huang), and B.S.; data curation, M.L., X.Z., Y.S., and X.H.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.W. and D.Z.; writing—review and editing, Y.W., L.G., and D.Z.; visualization, M.H. (Mingtao Huang) and Y.W.; supervision, D.Z. and B.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Beijing Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by Bast (No. BYESA.2023055) and the National Key Research and Development Program [2022YFD2101205].

Institutional Review Board Statement

Our study did not require further ethics committee approval as it did not involve animal or human clinical trials and was not unethical. In accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, all participants provided informed consent before participating in the study. The anonymity and confidentiality of the participants were guaranteed, and participation was completely voluntary.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors Ruiyang Yin, Liyun Guo, Yumei Song, Xiuli He and Mingquan Huang were employed by the Technology Center of Beijing Yanjing Beer Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Appendix A

Table A1. Qualitative parameters of peptides in lager beer and predicted umami values.
Table A1. Qualitative parameters of peptides in lager beer and predicted umami values.
NumberPeptide Chain−10lgPMassm/zRTALC (%)ClassUMPred-FRL-ProbabilityProUmami
1VEILN15.200 586.333 587.342 8.880  Umami0.9920.98
2AAEVLE15.660 630.322 631.331 6.800  Umami0.9880.98
3IGAVD16.980 473.249 474.257 5.630  Umami0.9820.989
4KEELE16.740 646.317 647.326 2.740  Umami0.980.977
5TATVP17.220 487.264 488.273 6.020  Umami0.9790.983
6LVAP 398.253 399.261 7.260 98Umami0.9770.008
7IEKYSGA16.020 766.386 384.201 3.420  Umami0.9770.977
8EGAVP15.890 471.233 472.242 5.070  Umami0.9770.968
9EAAVI15.270 501.280 502.289 7.440  Umami0.9750.939
10AAVLEY17.470 664.343 665.353 8.730  Umami0.9750.983
11IAAVE16.450 501.280 502.288 7.590  Umami0.9740.981
12VEVMR 632.332 317.174 5.090 98Umami0.9730.89
13NLFDVNRP18.930 973.498 487.758 8.430  Umami0.9720.984
14TPLQP15.560 554.306 555.315 6.800 94Umami0.970.253
15LAGVE16.220 487.264 488.273 6.560  Umami0.9690.983
16AFTPLQ 675.359 676.369 8.710 96Umami0.9680.992
17FATPLQ 675.359 676.369 8.800 97Umami0.9660.991
18TTVSPH16.900 640.318 641.328 2.510  Umami0.9620.982
19TVTVP15.090 515.296 516.305 7.620  Umami0.9610.974
20PVAPLQ 623.364 624.373 7.580 91Umami0.9610.982
21LGAVD16.470 473.249 474.257 5.630  Umami0.9610.987
22EGGVL16.700 473.249 474.257 7.180  Umami0.9610.969
23TAAVV16.140 459.269 460.277 3.040  Umami0.960.305
24AAEVIE15.660 630.322 631.331 6.800  Umami0.960.981
25TAEPY 579.254 580.263 5.270 90Umami0.9590.979
26VPMP 442.225 443.234 7.860 97Umami0.9550.011
27LGGVE16.110 473.249 474.258 5.830  Umami0.9530.982
28FAVP 432.237 433.246 9.200 96Umami0.9530.021
29TLPLT18.050 543.327 544.336 8.960  Umami0.9490.974
30TVSGF18.850 509.249 510.257 7.120 94Umami0.9450.985
31LSVGI15.230 487.301 488.310 8.990  Umami0.9430.08
32TTVSP20.430 503.259 504.267 4.460 90Umami0.940.981
33AAEVI15.190 501.280 502.289 7.440  Umami0.9380.985
34MFADHLA15.440 803.364 804.366 2.850  Umami0.9360.978
35DVAGI15.070 473.249 474.257 6.990  Umami0.9340.984
36ERLP 513.291 514.299 4.540 95Umami0.9320.881
37TVQVELTTEK 1147.597 574.808 7.570 91Umami0.9310.978
38LDLP 456.258 457.267 7.920 90Umami0.9290.731
39VPVP 410.253 411.261 7.520 98Umami0.9280.01
40LVTGGDSGIGRA15.250 1101.578 551.798 6.450  Umami0.9280.978
41LPSLQ15.170 556.322 557.331 8.160 95Umami0.9270.975
42AAADDEEMKL23.340 1091.481 546.749 7.380 93Umami0.9250.978
43DVAGL15.070 473.249 474.257 6.990  Umami0.9180.985
44LVGL 400.269 401.277 9.510 98Umami0.9150.008
45TVTSP18.670 503.259 504.269 4.940 90Umami0.9060.98
46VDAGI15.250 473.249 474.257 6.990  Umami0.9030.987
47LAAVE16.450 501.280 502.288 7.590  Umami0.9020.983
48DEVR 517.250 518.259 2.510 91Umami0.8980.978
49VVLPSTE21.060 743.407 744.417 7.960 95Umami0.8890.977
50LEKYSGA 766.386 384.201 3.420 97Umami0.8890.975
51AAGQY 508.228 509.237 2.870 93Umami0.8870.974
52EAAVL15.270 501.280 502.289 7.440  Umami0.8860.966
53WFRSHT15.130 832.398 833.397 7.800  Umami0.8840.922
54LVALP16.500 511.337 512.347 11.790 98Umami0.8830.033
55FVTP 462.248 463.257 7.820 97Umami0.8830.122
56TVSP 402.211 403.220 3.780 92Umami0.8810.928
57KNCQLA17.540 675.337 676.344 6.300  Umami0.8810.987
58FVRLL 646.417 324.216 9.530 97Umami0.880.017
59DVVAI15.060 515.296 516.305 8.020  Umami0.880.983
60GDKLIVHA17.200 851.487 852.496 7.690  Umami0.8790.936
61LPEDA 543.254 544.262 5.550 98Umami0.8770.976
62LPSNP17.960 526.275 527.283 5.590 99Umami0.8750.982
63FVDVVP17.090 674.364 675.375 11.810  Umami0.8750.987
64PPPVHDTD25.290 876.398 439.208 3.360  Umami0.8730.965
65LSVGL15.230 487.301 488.310 8.990  Umami0.8670.586
66ISVGL15.230 487.301 488.310 8.990  Umami0.8650.059
67KVGADK 658.365 659.374 2.910 94Umami0.8620.988
68IVATPLL18.490 725.469 726.479 11.950  Umami0.8620.965
69VPAP 382.222 383.229 5.610 99Umami0.8610.017
70TTGGMRPP18.370 815.396 408.706 5.500 95Umami0.8490.974
71KRTP 542.318 543.328 2.510 96Umami0.8490.894
72LSLAL16.100 515.332 516.341 10.360  Umami0.8480.314
73LALSL15.390 515.332 516.341 11.090 92Umami0.8480.917
74AAEVL15.190 501.280 502.289 7.440  Umami0.8430.984
75AAKMAK 660.363 331.190 3.040 97Umami0.8430.094
76AGEQAFHRG25.320 1013.468 507.742 5.610  Umami0.8420.986
77LPTKP 554.343 555.351 4.390 93Umami0.8370.843
78DELR 531.265 532.275 3.920 96Umami0.8350.978
79KVVVP 540.364 541.372 6.900 92Umami0.8250.014
80DIGISSKA19.120 789.423 790.434 6.420  Umami0.8250.978
81LAAP 370.222 371.230 5.910 94Umami0.8140.04
82LSGAL18.080 459.269 460.279 9.310  Umami0.810.275
83VLTSNVGANR15.940 1030.541 516.280 6.110  Umami0.8060.971
84AIVMQQ16.760 688.358 689.367 6.890  Umami0.8060.984
85IGTPGKG17.770 628.354 315.185 2.860  Umami0.8050.973
86VLQDR 629.350 315.684 2.700 90Umami0.8010.98
87TLPIT16.980 543.327 544.336 8.960  Umami0.80.959
88DELIK16.300 616.343 617.352 6.020  Umami0.7970.977
89TPLP 426.248 427.256 7.430 98Umami0.7960.057
90TVATP15.370 487.264 488.272 5.240  Umami0.7920.978
91AGEQAFH21.710 800.345 801.355 6.600  Umami0.7910.988
92ALLSL19.520 515.332 516.341 11.090  Umami0.790.142
93VSVVD17.390 517.275 518.284 6.220  Umami0.7850.984
94QQPLP17.730 581.317 582.327 7.000  Umami0.7850.074
95AASEGKL25.540 674.360 675.369 3.100  Umami0.7770.979
96AVAYDP15.340 634.296 635.305 6.010  Umami0.7720.983
97KSTEL 576.312 577.321 3.080 92Umami0.7710.978
98TVVSA19.430 475.264 476.273 6.510  Umami0.7650.967
99IVTGGDSGIGRA16.000 1101.578 551.798 6.450  Umami0.7630.978
100FSVF 498.248 499.256 11.110 97Umami0.7610.174
101GVQMK15.230 561.294 562.304 2.710  Umami0.760.582
102VGLP 384.237 385.246 8.220 93Umami0.7590.197
103DIGISSK18.030 718.386 719.397 5.910  Umami0.7550.978
104NFVLR 648.360 649.369 9.310 97Umami0.7520.044
105VDVSVVD17.810 731.370 732.380 8.150  Umami0.7510.976
106LALRTLP 782.501 392.259 8.920 92Umami0.7470.981
107QELQLQ16.270 757.397 758.408 6.170  Umami0.7450.98
108PSPNN17.800 527.234 528.242 1.100  Umami0.7450.982
109AIVMQQQ16.720 816.416 817.425 6.640  Umami0.7390.971
110VATLFPL16.330 759.453 760.462 13.980  Umami0.7360.963
111TNLP 443.238 444.247 6.320 93Umami0.7340.968
112MPLE 488.231 489.238 7.230 99Umami0.7340.546
113TIADV15.910 517.275 518.284 6.320  Umami0.730.982
114ERFQPM19.200 822.369 412.194 4.990  Umami0.7290.965
115LLVP 440.300 441.308 9.640 95Umami0.7250.009
116LTLP 442.279 443.288 9.600 94Umami0.7230.007
117EVGAL17.250 487.264 488.272 7.210  Umami0.7170.984
118TLPQQP 682.365 683.375 6.230 90Umami0.7140.97
119IVMQQ15.400 617.321 618.331 6.010  Umami0.710.987
120QELQIQ17.280 757.397 758.408 6.170  Umami0.7010.979
121VGSAI19.110 445.254 446.261 6.730  Umami0.70.597
122SLVLRTLP17.260 897.565 449.791 10.030  Umami0.6980.977
123TPVF 462.248 463.257 8.630 91Umami0.6970.147
124VAGLP16.130 455.274 456.283 8.330  Umami0.6950.358
125SLVGI20.410 487.301 488.310 9.070  Umami0.6930.015
126ANLPDR 684.356 343.186 4.080 95Umami0.6890.984
127LVMQQ16.160 617.321 618.331 6.010 93Umami0.6860.984
128LFSVP15.940 561.316 562.326 10.150  Umami0.6780.51
129TLSTM 567.257 568.266 3.670 92Umami0.6710.978
130LEAVP15.980 527.296 528.305 8.600 98Umami0.6660.971
131GSLLL18.680 501.316 502.325 11.050  Umami0.6640.038
132ALAR 429.270 430.279 2.660 96Umami0.6630.046
133TVSSVP15.600 588.312 589.321 7.500  Umami0.6590.981
134LGALSG16.460 516.291 517.300 6.540  Umami0.6590.966
135DTVR 489.255 490.266 2.140 94Umami0.6550.981
136LPEW 543.269 544.278 9.850 98Umami0.650.047
137KGAP 371.217 372.225 1.770 98Umami0.6480.077
138DEILK16.300 616.343 617.352 6.020  Umami0.6410.977
139KSSL 475.264 476.274 7.980 95Umami0.6390.988
140AILSL19.520 515.332 516.341 11.090  Umami0.6370.039
141KPSVYP21.150 689.375 690.386 6.050  Umami0.6360.268
142SIALRTLP21.060 869.533 870.544 9.240  Umami0.6350.979
143LSLP 428.264 429.272 9.420 96Umami0.6350.06
144LLVTP15.510 541.348 542.357 9.160  Umami0.6260.013
145QHIAQLE16.950 837.434 419.726 6.330  Umami0.620.981
146LVLP 440.300 441.309 10.400 94Umami0.6160.01
147TVASP15.000 473.249 474.257 5.740  Umami0.6110.97
148LSIAL16.100 515.332 516.341 10.360  Umami0.6050.042
149INGNK16.040 544.297 545.307 2.970  Umami0.6050.99
150GLSSL18.870 475.264 476.274 7.880  Umami0.5990.985
151AGEQAFHRGG25.390 1070.489 536.253 5.550  Umami0.5990.985
152RTTPVG17.590 629.350 630.358 3.120  Umami0.5960.974
153GASLI20.160 459.269 460.279 8.090  Umami0.5930.576
154VGGH 368.181 369.188 1.800 95Umami0.5830.06
155LPVD 442.243 443.252 6.520 90Umami0.570.975
156ERFQP16.230 675.334 676.344 5.420  Umami0.5660.983
157VLFSVP16.580 660.385 661.394 10.950 90Umami0.5610.914
158QQQLP15.700 612.323 613.334 6.150  Umami0.5560.984
159IVATP15.240 499.301 500.309 6.580  Umami0.5490.247
160EAGAVRP15.880 698.371 699.381 6.240  Umami0.5470.983
161QLPHT 594.313 595.322 5.480 90Umami0.5430.956
162KSLVGY18.370 665.375 666.382 4.500  Umami0.5390.897
163GASLL20.160 459.269 460.279 8.090  Umami0.5390.782
164AADESTGTIGK27.150 1048.504 525.262 3.770  Umami0.5380.978
165ADESTGTIGK19.200 977.467 489.742 3.400  Umami0.5340.978
166DLER 531.265 532.275 2.600 95Umami0.5310.976
167LSLAI16.100 515.332 516.341 10.360  Umami0.5270.024
168LPQQ 484.265 485.273 3.650 95Umami0.5270.971
169NARLD 588.287 589.297 4.880 91Umami0.5220.98
170DELLK16.300 616.343 617.352 6.020  Umami0.5220.977
171TSLALRTLP 970.581 486.299 9.380 91Umami0.5210.977
172FPVG 418.222 419.231 7.950 90Umami0.5190.019
173TIPLT18.050 543.327 544.336 8.960  Umami0.5170.917
174KSSSG19.230 464.223 465.231 1.540  Umami0.5140.986
175KASTP15.820 502.275 503.283 1.960  Umami0.5130.977
176SLVGL20.410 487.301 488.310 9.070  Umami0.5090.013
177ANTARQAFQ16.730 1005.499 503.758 4.200  Umami0.5080.981
178QPLPQP18.020 678.370 679.379 7.450  Non-umami0.50.042
179KTGF 493.254 494.263 7.710 95Non-umami0.50.191
180ILQAA15.480 514.312 515.320 6.450  Non-umami0.50.016
181ALLSI19.520 515.332 516.341 11.090  Non-umami0.50.146
182GASIL20.160 459.269 460.279 8.090  Non-umami0.4880.192
183LPVP 424.269 425.277 8.920 98Non-umami0.4860.01
184TVLGA15.410 459.269 460.278 6.970  Non-umami0.4830.259
185IAHGGVLPNIN30.170 1103.609 552.814 8.600  Non-umami0.4820.964
186EVVR 501.291 502.300 2.470 96Non-umami0.4820.865
187KSTSP16.420 518.270 519.278 1.990  Non-umami0.4810.979
188DEIIK16.300 616.343 617.352 6.020  Non-umami0.4780.975
189ILVTP15.510 541.348 542.357 9.160  Non-umami0.4760.022
190VELLN15.200 586.333 587.342 8.880  Non-umami0.4660.981
191IVALP16.500 511.337 512.347 11.790  Non-umami0.4630.041
192AASEIGK15.930 674.360 675.369 3.190  Non-umami0.4580.98
193GSLIL18.680 501.316 502.325 11.050  Non-umami0.4570.032
194APALP15.170 467.274 468.283 7.420  Non-umami0.4540.072
195LPQQP18.010 581.317 582.325 5.570  Non-umami0.4530.95
196LALSI15.390 515.332 516.341 11.090  Non-umami0.4530.122
197TAALL18.200 487.301 488.309 6.100  Non-umami0.450.104
198FTPQQP20.770 716.349 717.356 7.140  Non-umami0.4490.981
199LPVQP 552.327 553.335 7.330 91Non-umami0.4470.059
200GELAK15.670 516.291 517.300 2.380  Non-umami0.4440.981
201ADLPGVK15.990 698.396 350.207 6.490 97Non-umami0.4440.986
202IVTGGDSGIGR16.650 1030.541 516.280 6.110  Non-umami0.4390.979
203VPLLQ15.110 568.358 569.368 9.390 92Non-umami0.4350.201
204LPENA 542.270 543.279 5.200 98Non-umami0.4290.981
205TVGIL16.800 501.316 502.324 10.950  Non-umami0.4280.061
206LSGAI18.080 459.269 460.279 9.310  Non-umami0.4250.077
207KVGF 449.264 450.272 5.630 99Non-umami0.4230.02
208TPGKG17.080 458.249 459.256 1.840 95Non-umami0.4190.065
209ASSLKVA15.950 674.396 675.407 5.790  Non-umami0.4160.986
210AHVF 472.243 473.251 5.530 94Non-umami0.4150.018
211AFEPIRS15.120 818.429 410.223 6.940  Non-umami0.4150.983
212LPRSGP15.160 625.355 313.685 3.970 98Non-umami0.4120.986
213LGTF 436.232 437.242 8.060 93Non-umami0.4120.359
214ALISL19.520 515.332 516.341 11.090  Non-umami0.4110.039
215YPEQP 632.281 633.290 5.720 90Non-umami0.4090.979
216TSIALRTLP30.640 970.581 486.299 9.380  Non-umami0.4050.977
217ESTLHLVLR15.260 1066.614 356.546 8.540  Non-umami0.4040.977
218LASGAL16.810 530.306 531.314 7.210  Non-umami0.4030.966
219HQPQPQ15.040 733.351 734.361 2.230  Non-umami0.4030.809
220EVGAI17.250 487.264 488.272 7.210  Non-umami0.4030.939
221DVVR 487.275 488.285 2.740 92Non-umami0.4020.982
222TVVGL15.200 487.301 488.310 8.920 93Non-umami0.40.06
223LIVTP15.510 541.348 542.357 9.160  Non-umami0.390.008
224KVLVTP15.230 655.427 656.436 6.890 92Non-umami0.390.897
225EKVVVLAG15.530 813.496 814.506 10.010  Non-umami0.3850.964
226QQPQIP18.750 709.376 710.385 5.280  Non-umami0.3830.857
227SIVGI20.410 487.301 488.310 9.070  Non-umami0.3820.015
228KNVQ 487.276 488.280 5.570 93Non-umami0.3820.989
229QALEVLR 827.487 414.752 7.410 91Non-umami0.3810.982
230QLPQQP19.750 709.376 710.385 5.750  Non-umami0.380.971
231GLSAIQ16.360 587.328 588.339 8.460  Non-umami0.3750.984
232IASGAI17.190 530.306 531.314 7.210  Non-umami0.3730.979
233PTAYNTLLR 1047.571 524.796 8.040 97Non-umami0.3710.977
234SVAAV16.450 445.254 446.262 5.770  Non-umami0.3660.253
235AVGVE15.700 473.249 474.258 5.830  Non-umami0.3620.982
236TVATPVL15.140 699.417 700.426 9.850  Non-umami0.3610.982
237VVVP 412.269 413.278 7.830 99Non-umami0.3590.01
238QAGLK17.160 515.307 516.316 2.590  Non-umami0.3590.1
239SASLK18.270 504.291 505.300 2.310 98Non-umami0.3550.95
240DESTGTIGK18.780 906.429 454.223 3.570  Non-umami0.3550.978
241LGGLSS17.300 532.286 533.295 6.450  Non-umami0.3540.985
242GLSSI18.870 475.264 476.274 7.880  Non-umami0.3540.984
243FPEAP15.090 559.264 560.274 7.730 93Non-umami0.3530.149
244VAGL 358.222 359.230 6.920 97Non-umami0.3520.071
245TVAGL15.430 459.269 460.278 7.740  Non-umami0.3520.915
246VGSVG15.840 417.222 418.230 1.760  Non-umami0.3510.848
247QHASGR15.680 654.320 655.327 1.510  Non-umami0.3450.981
248ISLAL16.100 515.332 516.341 10.360  Non-umami0.3440.036
249TLAGL20.990 473.285 474.293 7.160 93Non-umami0.3430.856
250SVGVS15.550 447.233 448.239 1.820  Non-umami0.3420.984
251PTAYNTILR25.740 1047.571 524.796 8.040  Non-umami0.3390.974
252ALGAL17.130 443.274 444.283 7.600  Non-umami0.3390.1
253QQQIP15.700 612.323 613.334 6.150  Non-umami0.3370.966
254PEYQP15.280 632.281 633.289 5.620 92Non-umami0.3370.985
255AVATPVFL20.510 816.475 817.484 12.540  Non-umami0.3360.99
256GSLLI18.680 501.316 502.325 11.050  Non-umami0.3190.05
257VALSL18.620 501.316 502.325 10.340  Non-umami0.3170.955
258VGAASIP19.260 613.344 614.353 7.930  Non-umami0.3150.988
259QYPQQP15.090 759.355 760.366 4.800  Non-umami0.3140.977
260LSGAVGL15.010 615.359 616.369 9.290  Non-umami0.3140.983
261VGFP 418.222 419.231 8.700 96Non-umami0.3120.027
262LAVATPVF17.000 816.475 817.485 11.950  Non-umami0.3120.989
263TLALGP 570.338 571.347 8.070 94Non-umami0.3090.31
264TITSR16.560 576.323 577.334 2.240  Non-umami0.3080.98
265ITTSR15.120 576.323 577.334 2.240  Non-umami0.3080.979
266LAISL15.390 515.332 516.341 11.090  Non-umami0.3060.136
267GISSL18.870 475.264 476.274 7.880  Non-umami0.3050.986
268LTGMAFRVP20.670 990.532 496.275 10.450 98Non-umami0.3030.968
269AAAFP17.480 475.243 476.253 7.990  Non-umami0.3030.043
270LGSV 374.217 375.224 5.610 90Non-umami0.3020.443
271LMLP 472.272 473.278 10.460 94Non-umami0.30.01
272VGSAL19.110 445.254 446.261 6.730  Non-umami0.2980.966
273AFTPIQ20.330 675.359 676.369 8.710  Non-umami0.2960.993
274TVGLI16.800 501.316 502.324 10.950  Non-umami0.2930.06
275PNGDLH18.220 651.298 652.307 2.750  Non-umami0.2930.983
276LQPQNP15.230 695.360 696.371 5.180  Non-umami0.2890.973
277VIASI18.280 501.316 502.326 8.750  Non-umami0.2880.106
278LQPQP 581.317 582.327 5.720 95Non-umami0.2860.477
279TPIQP15.560 554.306 555.315 6.800  Non-umami0.2840.008
280TADLPSKKG20.580 915.503 458.761 2.720  Non-umami0.2820.976
281IALSI15.390 515.332 516.341 11.090  Non-umami0.2810.096
282VAVRATP16.360 712.423 713.433 5.290  Non-umami0.2790.985
283LPSIQ15.170 556.322 557.331 8.160  Non-umami0.2780.949
284VAGSI16.600 445.254 446.261 6.640  Non-umami0.2720.701
285TVGGI16.090 445.254 446.262 5.770  Non-umami0.2720.207
286IIQAA15.480 514.312 515.320 6.450  Non-umami0.2720.023
287VALSI18.620 501.316 502.325 10.340  Non-umami0.2690.235
288PVSQP15.600 526.275 527.283 4.270  Non-umami0.2690.987
289ALTVA18.180 473.285 474.295 8.110  Non-umami0.2680.831
290DRLQ 530.281 531.291 2.270 99Non-umami0.2670.982
291TPTVG15.080 473.249 474.258 4.970  Non-umami0.2660.955
292PQQFPQQ17.350 871.419 872.430 5.910  Non-umami0.2650.989
293LGALP15.170 469.290 470.299 8.870  Non-umami0.2640.053
294QPQYPQ16.490 759.355 760.367 4.730  Non-umami0.2610.962
295PLVNP 538.312 539.321 7.750 98Non-umami0.2590.529
296YPRTP 632.328 317.172 4.340 95Non-umami0.2560.981
297SIVGL20.410 487.301 488.310 9.070  Non-umami0.2560.011
298LPHT 466.254 467.262 5.530 94Non-umami0.2560.94
299LGVD 402.211 403.220 5.930 92Non-umami0.2560.982
300GISSI18.870 475.264 476.274 7.880  Non-umami0.2550.989
301VGGPSVG 571.297 572.306 6.190 96Non-umami0.250.989
302VELIN15.200 586.333 587.342 8.880  Non-umami0.2460.98
303FVAGL15.070 505.290 506.298 9.890  Non-umami0.2460.015
304AILSI19.520 515.332 516.341 11.090  Non-umami0.2460.05
305ADRHGEGGVA16.620 1009.458 505.737 3.460  Non-umami0.2460.977
306KGGVD15.570 474.244 475.251 1.780  Non-umami0.2450.99
307VTALRTIP21.020 869.533 870.544 9.240  Non-umami0.2440.979
308VVVSPP 596.353 597.364 7.970 97Non-umami0.2420.07
309ISGAL18.080 459.269 460.279 9.310  Non-umami0.2410.066
310TAALI18.200 487.301 488.309 6.100  Non-umami0.240.068
311TAGLP18.740 457.254 458.261 6.710  Non-umami0.2390.185
312IAHGGVIPNIN30.620 1103.609 552.814 8.600  Non-umami0.2380.458
313VTVGL20.000 487.301 488.310 8.990  Non-umami0.2370.967
314IPSLQ15.170 556.322 557.331 8.160  Non-umami0.2370.95
315HGAQIP15.610 621.323 622.333 4.350  Non-umami0.2360.156
316LLQAA15.980 514.312 515.320 6.450  Non-umami0.2330.015
317FQPQQP17.680 743.360 744.370 6.200  Non-umami0.2330.991
318ALGAI17.130 443.274 444.283 7.600  Non-umami0.2240.027
319TVAAL15.960 473.285 474.293 7.550  Non-umami0.2220.831
320LPLGAP 566.343 567.352 8.990 94Non-umami0.2220.052
321LPTH 466.254 467.262 5.620 98Non-umami0.2190.743
322YTNP 493.217 494.225 3.990 98Non-umami0.2180.98
323TLGAP 457.254 458.263 5.900 92Non-umami0.2170.138
324LPAGV17.920 455.274 456.283 7.550 97Non-umami0.2120.048
325KFTSS18.390 568.286 569.294 2.360 96Non-umami0.2120.986
326VVTGVG16.000 530.306 531.316 5.900  Non-umami0.2110.972
327KVLP 455.311 456.319 5.660 96Non-umami0.2110.012
328EALR 487.275 488.285 2.360 98Non-umami0.2110.939
329VPVE 442.243 443.252 5.110 92Non-umami0.2080.936
330TLLL 458.310 459.320 11.280 92Non-umami0.2080.012
331TLGGLP15.270 556.322 557.332 8.600  Non-umami0.2080.164
332GSILL18.680 501.316 502.325 11.050  Non-umami0.2080.031
333GLVGE15.370 473.249 474.258 6.100  Non-umami0.2080.981
334LSIAI16.100 515.332 516.341 10.360  Non-umami0.2040.041
335PQQIPPQ20.400 806.429 807.439 6.260  Non-umami0.2020.059
336FDLR 549.291 550.302 8.340 94Non-umami0.2010.993
337PQQVPPQ22.680 792.413 793.420 5.560  Non-umami0.20.947
338LGGISS17.300 532.286 533.295 6.450  Non-umami0.20.987
339LLVAP17.980 511.337 512.346 9.830  Non-umami0.1990.008
340LEPL 470.274 471.283 8.950 92Non-umami0.1980.286
341ALTGL16.280 473.285 474.294 7.640  Non-umami0.1980.965
342MPLEGQ 673.311 674.320 6.840 94Non-umami0.1970.977
343LVATP15.240 499.301 500.309 6.580  Non-umami0.1960.392
344VLASL18.280 501.316 502.326 8.750  Non-umami0.1950.476
345WMPLE 716.320 717.334 10.150 99Non-umami0.1930.097
346VMLP 458.256 459.265 9.640 90Non-umami0.1920.01
347LTAVFP 646.369 647.379 11.540 91Non-umami0.1920.111
348GVSAL17.270 445.254 446.261 6.730  Non-umami0.1920.966
349VAGIP16.130 455.274 456.283 8.330  Non-umami0.1910.047
350VAAGVLP15.060 625.380 626.390 9.230  Non-umami0.1910.184
351FVAGI15.030 505.290 506.298 9.890  Non-umami0.1890.014
352TLFPLNL 816.475 817.485 14.360 90Non-umami0.1880.984
353TAAIL18.200 487.301 488.309 6.100  Non-umami0.1880.038
354LVAIP16.500 511.337 512.347 11.790  Non-umami0.1880.042
355VAISL18.620 501.316 502.325 10.340  Non-umami0.1870.261
356LAGAL20.000 443.274 444.283 7.600  Non-umami0.1860.116
357LALAL16.900 499.337 500.346 11.530 95Non-umami0.1850.059
358LGAPL15.160 469.290 470.299 8.220  Non-umami0.1830.024
359AITVA18.180 473.285 474.295 8.110  Non-umami0.1830.427
360LTTSR15.120 576.323 577.334 2.240  Non-umami0.1810.98
361LGVP 384.237 385.246 7.970 95Non-umami0.1810.029
362VPSQP17.590 526.275 527.283 4.270 99Non-umami0.180.967
363TVLVP16.140 527.332 528.341 8.590  Non-umami0.1780.015
364TLAGI18.800 473.285 474.293 7.160  Non-umami0.1780.083
365AVLSL19.770 501.316 502.325 10.260  Non-umami0.1780.546
366QPYPQQP22.510 856.408 857.419 6.030  Non-umami0.1770.96
367LSVQ 445.254 446.262 5.500 91Non-umami0.1740.971
368TVGLL16.800 501.316 502.324 10.950  Non-umami0.1710.221
369VATLFPLGGL17.730 986.580 494.298 15.000  Non-umami0.1690.974
370ATGAL15.910 431.238 432.246 4.650  Non-umami0.1670.939
371LPLQP 566.343 567.352 8.600 93Non-umami0.1660.096
372LSLE 460.253 461.262 7.120 90Non-umami0.1650.978
373INDIFEKLA19.570 1061.576 531.797 10.610  Non-umami0.1650.978
374VPQQRP 723.403 362.710 2.750 94Non-umami0.1640.983
375FSPVLVP17.670 757.437 758.447 12.120  Non-umami0.1620.179
376LTVAGP 556.322 557.331 7.610 96Non-umami0.1580.976
377ISAVF15.670 535.301 536.310 10.630  Non-umami0.1580.102
378VIASL18.280 501.316 502.326 8.750  Non-umami0.1570.07
379AIGAL16.630 443.274 444.283 7.600  Non-umami0.1570.039
380VVPP 410.253 411.262 6.100 96Non-umami0.1560.009
381QVGAL15.490 487.264 488.272 7.210  Non-umami0.1560.173
382FPGAS15.750 477.222 478.233 5.330 93Non-umami0.1550.845
383HPGQQ16.420 565.261 566.268 1.890  Non-umami0.1510.987
384FGKEP 576.291 577.300 9.230 93Non-umami0.1510.289
385HQPGQ 565.261 566.269 1.990 93Non-umami0.150.991
386LFSPV15.750 561.316 562.326 10.070 93Non-umami0.1490.654
387ALLP 412.269 413.277 9.340 98Non-umami0.1490.008
388IGGLSS17.300 532.286 533.295 6.450  Non-umami0.1480.986
389LPEDAKVE19.470 899.460 450.739 5.960 98Non-umami0.1470.976
390LLPQQ 597.349 598.357 5.850 96Non-umami0.1460.983
391FPQQQP15.450 743.360 744.371 6.130  Non-umami0.1460.994
392AFTPIQY24.470 838.423 839.433 10.130  Non-umami0.1450.847
393LLPHT 579.338 580.346 7.100 94Non-umami0.1440.73
394TAAII15.060 487.301 488.309 6.100  Non-umami0.1430.029
395AGALL15.040 443.274 444.283 8.510  Non-umami0.1430.021
396TGLP 386.217 387.225 6.560 95Non-umami0.1410.119
397PTGSMGGE15.540 734.291 735.300 3.380  Non-umami0.1380.978
398PSGQVQW17.860 800.382 801.392 8.040  Non-umami0.1380.989
399AGALI15.040 443.274 444.283 8.510  Non-umami0.1360.032
400TVVGI15.750 487.301 488.310 8.920  Non-umami0.1350.073
401ISGAI15.210 459.269 460.279 9.310  Non-umami0.1350.106
402PFLGSGLAGL16.320 930.518 466.268 12.780  Non-umami0.1340.967
403LALP 412.269 413.277 9.430 98Non-umami0.1340.041
404KLSL 501.316 502.325 10.260 95Non-umami0.1340.953
405ILVAG16.500 471.306 472.315 8.310  Non-umami0.1330.025
406AVATP16.400 457.254 458.262 5.200  Non-umami0.1330.974
407GSLII18.680 501.316 502.325 11.050  Non-umami0.1320.044
408SPVLVPAA19.670 752.443 753.453 9.680  Non-umami0.1310.029
409FSGAP17.110 477.222 478.232 5.460  Non-umami0.1310.362
410QPQVPP17.890 664.354 665.362 5.610  Non-umami0.1290.053
411AIISL19.520 515.332 516.341 11.090  Non-umami0.1290.066
412MPMP 474.197 475.206 8.310 97Non-umami0.1280.008
413EIQTSVR15.830 831.445 416.731 5.010  Non-umami0.1270.975
414ISLAI16.100 515.332 516.341 10.360  Non-umami0.1250.034
415ELGGI15.930 487.264 488.273 7.060  Non-umami0.1250.872
416TVAAI15.960 473.285 474.293 7.550  Non-umami0.1240.099
417TFPQQP17.790 716.349 717.356 7.140  Non-umami0.1240.983
418GAHVTMH17.880 751.344 752.348 5.230  Non-umami0.1240.986
419ALISI19.520 515.332 516.341 11.090  Non-umami0.1240.051
420TLFPL15.270 589.348 590.356 13.090  Non-umami0.1230.105
421KATPVF 703.390 704.400 10.250 91Non-umami0.1230.948
422PMAP 430.189 431.197 3.370 98Non-umami0.1210.042
423AAGGIGQP17.120 669.345 670.355 5.920  Non-umami0.1210.921
424ALTGI16.280 473.285 474.294 7.640  Non-umami0.120.684
425AAEGSIL16.830 659.349 660.359 8.500  Non-umami0.120.978
426YVVLP16.420 589.348 590.357 10.520  Non-umami0.1190.012
427QPFQQP16.280 743.360 744.367 6.650  Non-umami0.1170.996
428LLPFT 589.348 590.357 11.600 90Non-umami0.1170.242
429IAGAL20.000 443.274 444.283 7.600  Non-umami0.1170.033
430LVQVP 554.343 555.352 9.340 91Non-umami0.1160.049
431LATGL18.190 473.285 474.294 8.200  Non-umami0.1160.961
432FGGSP18.970 463.207 464.216 5.310  Non-umami0.1160.384
433VVGL 386.253 387.261 8.220 98Non-umami0.1150.008
434VAGVP16.180 441.259 442.267 7.080 97Non-umami0.1150.447
435TGALAI15.780 544.322 545.332 7.960  Non-umami0.1150.767
436LVVPAAL 681.443 682.453 11.570 91Non-umami0.1150.019
437LAGALE15.120 572.317 573.325 6.670  Non-umami0.1150.983
438ISIAL16.100 515.332 516.341 10.360  Non-umami0.1150.039
439VAGSL18.800 445.254 446.261 6.640  Non-umami0.1140.957
440LTLGM 549.283 550.291 7.300 97Non-umami0.1140.854
441LSGAV19.220 445.254 446.262 6.540 93Non-umami0.1140.43
442YPQQP16.800 631.297 632.306 5.440  Non-umami0.1130.982
443TVGGL16.090 445.254 446.262 5.770  Non-umami0.1130.681
444TPVSF16.370 549.280 550.290 8.730  Non-umami0.1120.991
445LLPTH 579.338 580.346 7.200 96Non-umami0.1120.784
446GMGLPSNP17.010 771.359 772.368 8.350  Non-umami0.1110.981
447LSGV 374.217 375.225 5.870 94Non-umami0.1090.101
448YPQNP18.710 617.281 618.291 4.860  Non-umami0.1080.98
449TVIGA15.410 459.269 460.278 6.970  Non-umami0.1080.062
450SAVVGL15.520 544.322 545.332 9.070  Non-umami0.1080.574
451LTGL 402.248 403.257 7.900 98Non-umami0.1080.884
452AVISL19.770 501.316 502.325 10.260  Non-umami0.1080.099
453TIVVAP18.130 598.369 599.379 8.710  Non-umami0.1070.046
454IVVAP15.100 497.321 498.331 8.550  Non-umami0.1070.011
455TLAGP16.830 457.254 458.263 5.810 93Non-umami0.1060.238
456QSHP 467.213 468.222 1.960 91Non-umami0.1060.96
457PVFSF 595.301 596.310 11.600 91Non-umami0.1060.164
458GSILI15.460 501.316 502.325 11.050  Non-umami0.1040.041
459FQAGP 518.249 519.257 5.570 97Non-umami0.1040.037
460TLTSR16.560 576.323 577.334 2.240  Non-umami0.1030.979
461SGAPVYL21.690 705.370 706.380 9.680  Non-umami0.1030.456
462VLFSP17.510 561.316 562.326 9.790  Non-umami0.1020.249
463PTVSF 549.280 550.290 8.730 99Non-umami0.1020.989
464DLSK 461.249 462.256 2.120 94Non-umami0.1020.982
465QPFPQQ16.230 743.360 744.370 6.430  Non-umami0.10.993
466LSGLL17.220 501.316 502.324 10.950  Non-umami0.0990.138
467IPQQP18.010 581.317 582.325 5.570  Non-umami0.0990.681
468LVSGAVIP16.070 754.459 755.469 10.070  Non-umami0.0980.961
469LIVGV16.290 499.337 500.345 10.820  Non-umami0.0980.01
470LGGDGVFKQLQR 1316.720 439.916 7.890 90Non-umami0.0980.984
471AVISI17.620 501.316 502.325 10.260  Non-umami0.0980.212
472QPYPQ15.990 631.297 632.307 5.130  Non-umami0.0970.935
473LLGAN15.430 486.280 487.288 6.650 90Non-umami0.0970.976
474ITGAP15.400 457.254 458.263 5.980  Non-umami0.0970.013
475AGAIL15.040 443.274 444.283 8.510  Non-umami0.0970.038
476LALAI16.900 499.337 500.346 11.530  Non-umami0.0960.022
477IAHGGVIP15.340 762.439 382.228 7.380  Non-umami0.0960.065
478LLVGV16.290 499.337 500.345 10.820  Non-umami0.0950.007
479LAIAL16.900 499.337 500.346 11.530  Non-umami0.0940.033
480AVLSI19.770 501.316 502.325 10.260  Non-umami0.0940.283
481VLASI18.280 501.316 502.326 8.750  Non-umami0.0930.287
482VLVPAAL16.990 681.443 682.453 11.570  Non-umami0.0920.015
483TVAGAL15.670 530.306 531.315 7.410  Non-umami0.0920.974
484LLPQQP 694.401 695.410 7.170 96Non-umami0.0920.882
485VIVAP15.120 497.321 498.330 8.280  Non-umami0.0910.011
486PFLGSGLAGLL15.330 1043.601 522.810 14.830  Non-umami0.0910.93
487LLVAG16.500 471.306 472.315 8.310  Non-umami0.0910.018
488ALGLP16.890 469.290 470.299 9.730  Non-umami0.0910.022
489VGVVF15.490 519.306 520.315 10.760  Non-umami0.090.017
490SVGV 360.201 361.209 5.490 98Non-umami0.090.447
491IFSPV15.460 561.316 562.326 10.070  Non-umami0.0890.205
492ERFQPMF17.520 953.443 477.730 9.620  Non-umami0.0890.851
493AIGGLTQL15.990 771.449 772.459 10.760  Non-umami0.0890.974
494PLLQP 566.343 567.353 8.690 96Non-umami0.0880.048
495ELGGL15.930 487.264 488.273 7.060  Non-umami0.0880.954
496PSGQVQWP15.120 897.434 898.446 9.240  Non-umami0.0870.65
497AAGGL17.380 387.212 388.219 4.550  Non-umami0.0870.071
498TLFPLGGL18.140 816.475 817.485 14.360  Non-umami0.0860.352
499TLAAGP 528.291 529.301 6.180 92Non-umami0.0860.4
500LQNGP 527.270 528.280 5.780 91Non-umami0.0860.981
501VLPPVEP15.130 749.432 750.442 9.520  Non-umami0.0850.018
502IEAVP15.980 527.296 528.305 8.600  Non-umami0.0850.932
503FPQQ 518.249 519.257 5.200 98Non-umami0.0850.704
504VVLP 426.284 427.293 9.160 96Non-umami0.0840.01
505LPQQPP23.030 678.370 679.381 6.390  Non-umami0.0840.376
506LPPQQP17.540 678.370 679.381 6.080  Non-umami0.0840.766
507LPAGL15.730 469.290 470.299 9.170  Non-umami0.0840.039
508ASVVGL15.910 544.322 545.331 9.170  Non-umami0.0840.973
509VLAVP 497.321 498.331 9.200 97Non-umami0.0830.028
510TVAGI15.430 459.269 460.278 7.740  Non-umami0.0820.351
511LTGAP15.400 457.254 458.263 5.980  Non-umami0.0820.254
512LLLKVN 698.469 350.243 8.540 91Non-umami0.0820.971
513LIVAP17.160 511.337 512.346 9.830  Non-umami0.0820.01
514LAGAP16.830 427.243 428.251 5.660 98Non-umami0.0820.12
515VLEGK 544.322 545.331 2.610 92Non-umami0.0810.977
516ISGAV19.220 445.254 446.262 6.540  Non-umami0.0810.061
517YPQP 503.238 504.247 5.920 93Non-umami0.0780.038
518TSPHQP16.350 665.313 666.323 2.190  Non-umami0.0780.968
519TLGGIP15.460 556.322 557.332 8.600  Non-umami0.0780.031
520QQPIP17.730 581.317 582.327 7.000  Non-umami0.0780.034
521GVAFP16.120 489.259 490.267 9.540  Non-umami0.0780.023
522FPFP 506.253 507.262 11.870 95Non-umami0.0780.019
523VEIIN15.200 586.333 587.342 8.880  Non-umami0.0770.979
524TLPTM 577.278 578.287 5.760 93Non-umami0.0770.883
525LGPF 432.237 433.246 9.830 94Non-umami0.0770.019
526GVSAI17.270 445.254 446.261 6.730  Non-umami0.0770.593
527VLVPAAI16.990 681.443 682.453 11.570  Non-umami0.0760.018
528LQYVHP 755.397 378.706 6.600 96Non-umami0.0760.746
529ILGAN15.430 486.280 487.288 6.650  Non-umami0.0760.964
530FGPF 466.222 467.231 10.550 97Non-umami0.0760.02
531AITGI16.280 473.285 474.294 7.640  Non-umami0.0760.298
532VAAK 387.248 388.256 1.930 97Non-umami0.0750.028
533SKYNN16.700 624.287 625.292 1.780  Non-umami0.0750.982
534VGGPSVGV 670.365 671.375 8.140 95Non-umami0.0740.99
535FVVVP15.970 559.337 560.345 10.970  Non-umami0.0740.019
536AITGL16.280 473.285 474.294 7.640  Non-umami0.0740.449
537ALLGF16.650 519.306 520.315 11.760  Non-umami0.0730.014
538LGPFL 545.321 546.330 12.130 96Non-umami0.0720.017
539TIAAGL16.550 544.322 545.332 8.580  Non-umami0.0710.871
540LPFP 472.269 473.277 10.890 97Non-umami0.0710.019
541AGPK 371.217 372.224 1.670 95Non-umami0.0710.03
542AAAIT19.980 445.254 446.262 5.960  Non-umami0.0710.973
543AAAAFP19.760 546.280 547.290 8.320 90Non-umami0.0710.061
544TGAFP15.080 491.238 492.247 7.330  Non-umami0.070.128
545IVKVTP16.010 655.427 656.436 6.890  Non-umami0.070.941
546VLLGP15.170 497.321 498.331 9.110 92Non-umami0.0690.008
547LVLSGL17.170 600.385 601.394 11.240  Non-umami0.0690.885
548ISNLQ16.370 573.312 574.322 6.550  Non-umami0.0690.982
549VLLSGL16.230 600.385 601.394 11.330 96Non-umami0.0680.855
550AHGPGQW15.320 751.340 752.350 5.140  Non-umami0.0680.985
551LLFP 488.300 489.309 11.810 95Non-umami0.0670.017
552FPGGL 489.259 490.268 9.300 95Non-umami0.0670.02
553FGFP 466.222 467.232 10.650 94Non-umami0.0670.02
554VIFSP17.510 561.316 562.326 9.790  Non-umami0.0660.18
555LGFP 432.237 433.245 9.930 96Non-umami0.0660.021
556GAAGL15.170 387.212 388.219 4.550  Non-umami0.0660.069
557ALGL 372.237 373.246 8.930 92Non-umami0.0660.042
558NLALQTL15.020 771.449 772.459 10.680  Non-umami0.0650.976
559LPGVL18.790 497.321 498.330 10.340 99Non-umami0.0650.008
560LGGL 358.222 359.230 7.650 98Non-umami0.0650.055
561LAGAI20.000 443.274 444.283 7.600  Non-umami0.0650.039
562TIAGL18.280 473.285 474.293 7.160  Non-umami0.0640.087
563IALAL16.900 499.337 500.346 11.530  Non-umami0.0640.02
564FLPFP 619.337 620.346 13.340 98Non-umami0.0640.019
565ALLL 428.300 429.308 10.570 91Non-umami0.0640.006
566PQQLPP19.780 678.370 679.380 6.480  Non-umami0.0630.588
567INDIFEKL15.200 990.539 496.277 10.610  Non-umami0.0630.978
568IGALP15.340 469.290 470.299 8.870  Non-umami0.0630.04
569AAEGSII20.380 659.349 660.359 8.500  Non-umami0.0630.978
570VSVSH15.960 527.270 528.279 2.420  Non-umami0.0620.99
571TIAGI18.800 473.285 474.293 7.160  Non-umami0.0620.047
572ILPQQP17.010 694.401 695.410 7.170  Non-umami0.0620.856
573VLSGL18.730 487.301 488.310 8.730  Non-umami0.0610.575
574LVVAP15.100 497.321 498.331 8.550 92Non-umami0.0610.011
575LLGGL19.970 471.306 472.314 10.180 95Non-umami0.0610.134
576LGGLL17.670 471.306 472.315 10.440  Non-umami0.0610.035
577IVAIP16.500 511.337 512.347 11.790  Non-umami0.0610.045
578FPPQ 487.243 488.253 6.430 96Non-umami0.0610.01
579FPPP 456.237 457.249 7.460 94Non-umami0.0610.019
580WMLP 587.278 588.289 10.970 99Non-umami0.060.018
581SGAPVY19.600 592.286 593.295 6.400  Non-umami0.060.738
582PVGPTPP22.090 663.359 664.368 7.390  Non-umami0.060.272
583PVGPPTP23.430 663.359 664.368 7.390  Non-umami0.060.274
584VQPP 439.243 440.252 5.370 93Non-umami0.0590.061
585SPAGAGFP15.330 702.334 703.343 6.450  Non-umami0.0590.184
586LLNP 455.274 456.283 7.220 98Non-umami0.0590.081
587KLAP 427.279 428.288 3.890 93Non-umami0.0590.015
588IPGGL19.010 455.274 456.284 8.830  Non-umami0.0590.012
589PFRPP 612.338 613.348 6.930 98Non-umami0.0580.02
590LNDLFEKI15.200 990.539 496.277 10.610  Non-umami0.0580.978
591LLLAG16.550 485.321 486.330 9.270  Non-umami0.0580.015
592LFALP15.090 559.337 560.346 11.880  Non-umami0.0580.014
593LALGF 519.306 520.315 11.760 94Non-umami0.0580.048
594IAGAP17.570 427.243 428.251 5.660  Non-umami0.0580.045
595LVGGL19.340 457.290 458.299 8.920 91Non-umami0.0570.06
596LLGF 448.269 449.278 11.300 99Non-umami0.0570.016
597PIGGL17.310 455.274 456.284 8.580  Non-umami0.0560.017
598TIFPI15.270 589.348 590.356 13.090  Non-umami0.0550.14
599LIVAG16.500 471.306 472.315 8.310  Non-umami0.0550.033
600LGLGL18.240 471.306 472.315 11.800  Non-umami0.0550.173
601LAGL 372.237 373.245 7.240 94Non-umami0.0550.049
602GLLAL15.360 485.321 486.331 10.400  Non-umami0.0550.017
603GLALL15.250 485.321 486.330 10.210  Non-umami0.0550.017
604AIISI19.520 515.332 516.341 11.090  Non-umami0.0550.137
605AAANVP15.510 541.286 542.296 6.940  Non-umami0.0550.982
606AAALT19.980 445.254 446.262 5.960  Non-umami0.0550.981
607VLVAP15.120 497.321 498.330 8.280  Non-umami0.0540.011
608TIFPL15.270 589.348 590.356 13.090  Non-umami0.0540.133
609LVGGI19.340 457.290 458.299 8.920  Non-umami0.0540.026
610LLWP 527.311 528.321 11.770 93Non-umami0.0540.017
611LGLL 414.284 415.292 10.800 97Non-umami0.0540.008
612FRLP 531.317 532.326 8.720 98Non-umami0.0540.018
613LLIPP16.900 551.368 552.378 10.500  Non-umami0.0530.01
614IPGGI19.010 455.274 456.284 8.830  Non-umami0.0530.013
615FPWQ 576.270 577.279 10.090 99Non-umami0.0530.014
616FPSQQP16.800 702.334 703.344 6.220  Non-umami0.0530.988
617FPRPP 612.338 307.177 6.980 98Non-umami0.0530.02
618VLSGI18.730 487.301 488.310 8.730  Non-umami0.0520.56
619VILGP15.170 497.321 498.331 9.110  Non-umami0.0520.01
620LIIPP16.900 551.368 552.378 10.500  Non-umami0.0520.012
621LFPL 488.300 489.309 12.310 93Non-umami0.0520.019
622IATGL18.190 473.285 474.294 8.200  Non-umami0.0520.409
623AFEPLSR 818.429 410.223 7.020 92Non-umami0.0520.973
624VLPP 424.269 425.277 6.970 96Non-umami0.0510.009
625LELGS16.380 517.275 518.283 6.750  Non-umami0.0510.979
626IIIPP16.900 551.368 552.378 10.500  Non-umami0.0510.012
627IATGI18.190 473.285 474.294 8.200  Non-umami0.0510.413
628ALAASVVG15.970 686.396 687.407 8.110  Non-umami0.0510.982
629VLLPP15.080 537.353 538.362 9.790 91Non-umami0.050.008
630VILSGI16.230 600.385 601.394 11.330  Non-umami0.050.858
631LLLPP16.900 551.368 552.378 10.500  Non-umami0.050.008
632FLLIP18.130 601.384 602.392 13.950  Non-umami0.050.017
633VLLP 440.300 441.308 10.640 98Non-umami0.0490.009
634PFTQPQ15.280 716.349 717.360 7.030  Non-umami0.0490.987
635LVLGP16.410 497.321 498.331 9.110  Non-umami0.0490.008
636LSGLI17.220 501.316 502.324 10.950  Non-umami0.0490.043
637FPSQP17.360 574.275 575.285 6.850 96Non-umami0.0490.99
638FGPTGL15.780 590.306 591.316 9.550 99Non-umami0.0490.72
639VVPFQ18.720 630.338 631.347 12.560  Non-umami0.0480.042
640PIGGI19.700 455.274 456.284 8.580  Non-umami0.0480.018
641LATGI18.190 473.285 474.294 8.200  Non-umami0.0480.647
642IPGVL15.270 497.321 498.330 10.340  Non-umami0.0480.008
643IPGVI15.270 497.321 498.330 10.340  Non-umami0.0480.01
644IGGLL17.670 471.306 472.315 10.440  Non-umami0.0480.013
645IGGLI17.670 471.306 472.315 10.440  Non-umami0.0480.011
646VPILQ15.110 568.358 569.368 9.390  Non-umami0.0470.056
647VFPL 474.284 475.294 11.460 95Non-umami0.0470.019
648QIIPQQP15.110 822.460 823.470 8.180  Non-umami0.0470.483
649LLAGP15.960 469.290 470.299 7.540 95Non-umami0.0470.026
650ISGLL17.220 501.316 502.324 10.950  Non-umami0.0470.038
651IIGGL19.970 471.306 472.314 10.180  Non-umami0.0470.011
652GPALF17.130 503.274 504.282 9.910  Non-umami0.0470.05
653FPWQP16.130 673.322 674.331 10.810 98Non-umami0.0470.014
654FLAGP15.110 503.274 504.283 8.330  Non-umami0.0470.057
655VVTGVGGQ 715.386 716.396 5.680 97Non-umami0.0460.968
656LVVAAP 568.358 569.368 8.750 91Non-umami0.0460.043
657LPYVHP 724.391 363.204 7.840 97Non-umami0.0460.01
658YPSQ 493.217 494.225 4.080 98Non-umami0.0450.982
659LGGLI17.670 471.306 472.315 10.440  Non-umami0.0450.012
660LFLIP18.290 601.384 602.392 13.950  Non-umami0.0450.017
661KAPP 411.248 412.257 2.100 98Non-umami0.0450.014
662ILGGL19.970 471.306 472.314 10.180  Non-umami0.0450.011
663IAGAI20.000 443.274 444.283 7.600  Non-umami0.0450.044
664FPLQ 503.274 504.284 8.820 98Non-umami0.0450.018
665FLLLP18.130 601.384 602.392 13.950  Non-umami0.0450.017
666AGAII15.040 443.274 444.283 8.510  Non-umami0.0450.047
667LGGAV15.990 415.243 416.251 6.610 91Non-umami0.0440.06
668GPLW 471.248 472.258 9.750 96Non-umami0.0440.016
669FPQP 487.243 488.252 7.500 95Non-umami0.0440.014
670FGLP 432.237 433.246 10.180 96Non-umami0.0440.02
671APPPP23.460 477.259 478.268 4.810 99Non-umami0.0440.012
672VFLP 474.284 475.293 11.390 97Non-umami0.0430.018
673LPGVI17.370 497.321 498.330 10.340  Non-umami0.0430.009
674LPGGL17.160 455.274 456.284 8.830 98Non-umami0.0430.044
675LLGGI19.970 471.306 472.314 10.180  Non-umami0.0430.012
676IIVAG16.500 471.306 472.315 8.310  Non-umami0.0430.039
677TLGGL19.510 459.269 460.278 8.680  Non-umami0.0420.858
678LIGGL19.970 471.306 472.314 10.180  Non-umami0.0420.013
679LAAGP15.080 427.243 428.251 5.260  Non-umami0.0420.12
680IPGLP15.500 495.306 496.315 10.170  Non-umami0.0420.01
681IAIAL16.900 499.337 500.346 11.530  Non-umami0.0420.034
682SLGGL20.400 445.254 446.262 7.030  Non-umami0.0410.154
683LSNLQ16.370 573.312 574.322 6.550  Non-umami0.0410.982
684LPGGI19.010 455.274 456.284 8.830  Non-umami0.0410.012
685LLQP 469.290 470.298 6.910 90Non-umami0.0410.051
686LLLP 454.316 455.324 11.270 97Non-umami0.0410.008
687KIQPFP16.590 728.422 729.432 8.370  Non-umami0.0410.012
688IGGAV16.360 415.243 416.251 6.610  Non-umami0.0410.039
689FLIIP18.130 601.384 602.392 13.950  Non-umami0.0410.017
690FALAGP15.100 574.312 575.322 9.300  Non-umami0.0410.054
691SYPQPP20.280 687.323 688.332 6.930  Non-umami0.040.023
692PLGGL19.700 455.274 456.284 8.580 99Non-umami0.040.078
693LQGGGP 527.270 528.279 5.670 92Non-umami0.040.714
694LPAGLP15.410 566.343 567.352 9.750 96Non-umami0.040.079
695LGLP 398.253 399.261 8.260 94Non-umami0.040.016
696ILLPP16.960 551.368 552.378 10.500  Non-umami0.040.009
697ILGGI18.120 471.306 472.314 10.180  Non-umami0.040.011
698FPLQPP 697.380 698.389 10.590 90Non-umami0.040.013
699FPAGP 487.243 488.253 7.730 98Non-umami0.040.024
700AAGGI17.380 387.212 388.219 4.550  Non-umami0.040.053
701WQWN 632.271 633.281 9.070 90Non-umami0.0390.038
702LSGGP15.300 429.222 430.230 4.520  Non-umami0.0390.085
703LPPEPP 648.348 649.358 7.350 99Non-umami0.0390.04
704LPAGI15.730 469.290 470.299 9.170  Non-umami0.0390.032
705LLPQAGP 694.401 695.410 7.320 97Non-umami0.0390.072
706LIAGP15.960 469.290 470.299 7.540  Non-umami0.0390.042
707LFLLP18.290 601.384 602.392 13.950  Non-umami0.0390.017
708KLLP 511.337 512.346 10.780 90Non-umami0.0390.01
709FIIIP18.130 601.384 602.392 13.950  Non-umami0.0390.019
710TVGAGL16.500 516.291 517.299 7.340  Non-umami0.0380.946
711PPPVDH 660.323 331.170 3.460 97Non-umami0.0380.981
712PAAPFP17.400 598.312 599.321 8.170 96Non-umami0.0380.014
713LAGSPVS 629.338 630.348 6.260 94Non-umami0.0380.985
714IGLGI18.240 471.306 472.315 11.800  Non-umami0.0380.01
715GLLAI15.360 485.321 486.331 10.400  Non-umami0.0380.022
716TLGGI19.510 459.269 460.278 8.680  Non-umami0.0370.136
717LPPP 422.253 423.262 6.240 99Non-umami0.0370.01
718LGTGP15.460 443.238 444.248 4.960  Non-umami0.0370.82
719LGLGI18.240 471.306 472.315 11.800  Non-umami0.0370.012
720LGAIP15.340 469.290 470.299 8.870  Non-umami0.0370.044
721IPAGV17.920 455.274 456.283 7.550  Non-umami0.0370.034
722IGIGL18.240 471.306 472.315 11.800  Non-umami0.0370.011
723ALGIP16.890 469.290 470.299 9.730  Non-umami0.0370.01
724AIGAI17.130 443.274 444.283 7.600  Non-umami0.0370.049
725LVLLP15.050 553.384 554.394 12.630 97Non-umami0.0360.009
726LIGGI19.970 471.306 472.314 10.180  Non-umami0.0360.012
727LGGGL20.350 415.243 416.251 6.950 98Non-umami0.0360.116
728IPLLP16.050 551.368 552.378 11.970  Non-umami0.0360.009
729IIGGI19.970 471.306 472.314 10.180  Non-umami0.0360.012
730IGGII15.860 471.306 472.315 10.440  Non-umami0.0360.012
731IALAI18.520 499.337 500.346 11.530  Non-umami0.0360.023
732FPLQP 600.327 601.336 9.880 99Non-umami0.0360.015
733FIPQIP18.960 713.411 714.421 11.930  Non-umami0.0360.015
734LPGQ 413.227 414.236 4.060 97Non-umami0.0350.732
735LLVPV15.090 539.368 540.377 12.800  Non-umami0.0350.007
736LIGAN15.430 486.280 487.288 6.650  Non-umami0.0350.968
737LGAGL16.620 429.259 430.267 8.560  Non-umami0.0350.087
738ISGLI17.220 501.316 502.324 10.950  Non-umami0.0350.054
739IPAGL15.730 469.290 470.299 9.170  Non-umami0.0350.032
740IGGIL17.670 471.306 472.315 10.440  Non-umami0.0350.012
741IFLLP18.290 601.384 602.392 13.950  Non-umami0.0350.017
742GPPYIA22.560 616.322 617.333 8.560  Non-umami0.0350.008
743FPPQLP 697.380 698.389 10.910 95Non-umami0.0350.012
744AVLGL17.090 471.306 472.315 11.800  Non-umami0.0350.009
745PAPPP18.310 477.259 478.267 4.620  Non-umami0.0340.015
746LLGGGM 546.284 547.292 8.150 99Non-umami0.0340.081
747LGAP 356.206 357.213 4.440 98Non-umami0.0340.047
748LFSGF 569.285 570.295 10.420 93Non-umami0.0340.159
749LFAIP15.090 559.337 560.346 11.880  Non-umami0.0340.015
750IPAGLP15.410 566.343 567.352 9.750  Non-umami0.0340.043
751IGAPI15.160 469.290 470.299 8.220  Non-umami0.0340.01
752EIGGL15.930 487.264 488.273 7.060  Non-umami0.0340.897
753AILGF16.650 519.306 520.315 11.760  Non-umami0.0340.016
754VISGI16.460 487.301 488.310 8.730  Non-umami0.0330.179
755SLGGI20.400 445.254 446.262 7.030  Non-umami0.0330.028
756LQPP 453.259 454.268 6.470 93Non-umami0.0330.061
757LPGIP15.500 495.306 496.315 10.170  Non-umami0.0330.01
758LLIAG16.550 485.321 486.330 9.270  Non-umami0.0330.02
759LGIGL18.240 471.306 472.315 11.800  Non-umami0.0330.014
760IVIIP15.050 553.384 554.394 12.630  Non-umami0.0330.013
761IVGGL19.340 457.290 458.299 8.920  Non-umami0.0330.021
762IPAGI15.730 469.290 470.299 9.170  Non-umami0.0330.036
763IGGGL20.350 415.243 416.251 6.950  Non-umami0.0330.02
764GSIII18.680 501.316 502.325 11.050  Non-umami0.0330.08
765GLALI15.250 485.321 486.330 10.210  Non-umami0.0330.025
766FPQGAP 615.302 616.312 6.510 98Non-umami0.0330.017
767ALIGF16.650 519.306 520.315 11.760  Non-umami0.0330.016
768VISGL18.730 487.301 488.310 8.730  Non-umami0.0320.114
769QPFRP 643.344 322.681 5.790 90Non-umami0.0320.02
770LILPP16.900 551.368 552.378 10.500  Non-umami0.0320.011
771IVLIP15.050 553.384 554.394 12.630  Non-umami0.0320.011
772IGGGI20.350 415.243 416.251 6.950  Non-umami0.0320.028
773GPPYLA 616.322 617.332 8.460 96Non-umami0.0320.005
774GIALL15.250 485.321 486.330 10.210  Non-umami0.0320.024
775FPFQEH 803.360 402.689 8.070 98Non-umami0.0320.173
776ASAVVGI15.180 615.359 616.369 9.290  Non-umami0.0320.985
777VPIIQ15.110 568.358 569.368 9.390  Non-umami0.0310.114
778LAIGF17.420 519.306 520.315 11.760  Non-umami0.0310.014
779KLPPP 550.348 551.356 5.240 94Non-umami0.0310.012
780IVLLP16.080 553.384 554.394 12.630  Non-umami0.0310.01
781IPAGIP15.410 566.343 567.352 9.750  Non-umami0.0310.044
782GVAPGPIW16.720 795.428 796.438 11.350  Non-umami0.0310.014
783GLIAL15.360 485.321 486.331 10.400  Non-umami0.0310.025
784GLAIL15.250 485.321 486.330 10.210  Non-umami0.0310.025
785AIIGF16.650 519.306 520.315 11.760  Non-umami0.0310.018
786LSGII17.220 501.316 502.324 10.950  Non-umami0.030.042
787LGGGV 401.227 402.236 5.420 96Non-umami0.030.085
788ISGIL17.220 501.316 502.324 10.950  Non-umami0.030.054
789FPQPQP15.450 712.354 713.365 7.740 96Non-umami0.030.009
790AVATPVF24.140 703.390 704.401 10.320  Non-umami0.030.993
791AIGIP16.890 469.290 470.299 9.730  Non-umami0.030.012
792PQQIPP19.780 678.370 679.380 6.480  Non-umami0.0290.139
793LILAG16.550 485.321 486.330 9.270  Non-umami0.0290.02
794LGIGI18.240 471.306 472.315 11.800  Non-umami0.0290.012
795LGGV 344.206 345.215 5.910 97Non-umami0.0290.071
796LGGGI20.350 415.243 416.251 6.950  Non-umami0.0290.026
797LAIAI16.900 499.337 500.346 11.530  Non-umami0.0290.035
798ISGII17.220 501.316 502.324 10.950  Non-umami0.0290.056
799GPIWTP17.040 669.349 670.359 10.420  Non-umami0.0290.125
800FVVPPGHP21.390 848.455 425.237 8.070  Non-umami0.0290.019
801FPQHP 624.302 625.310 5.430 95Non-umami0.0290.016
802VLGGF15.900 491.274 492.283 9.280  Non-umami0.0280.017
803VGAGGVT15.160 559.297 560.307 5.190  Non-umami0.0280.984
804LPYP 488.264 489.273 8.520 98Non-umami0.0280.012
805LPLLP16.050 551.368 552.378 11.970  Non-umami0.0280.008
806LPLIP16.050 551.368 552.378 11.970  Non-umami0.0280.009
807LPIIP16.050 551.368 552.378 11.970  Non-umami0.0280.011
808LLEP 470.274 471.282 7.450 98Non-umami0.0280.014
809IPILP16.050 551.368 552.378 11.970  Non-umami0.0280.011
810ILVPV15.110 539.368 540.377 12.800  Non-umami0.0280.009
811IIGAN15.430 486.280 487.288 6.650  Non-umami0.0280.952
812GILAL15.360 485.321 486.331 10.400  Non-umami0.0280.024
813AGGLL16.550 429.259 430.267 8.260  Non-umami0.0280.056
814VIISGI16.230 600.385 601.394 11.330  Non-umami0.0270.726
815VIGGF15.900 491.274 492.283 9.280  Non-umami0.0270.018
816TLVVAP 598.369 599.379 8.800 97Non-umami0.0270.086
817TGGLY15.680 509.249 510.258 5.060  Non-umami0.0270.773
818PIVNP15.520 538.312 539.321 7.750  Non-umami0.0270.396
819LPGLP15.500 495.306 496.315 10.170 98Non-umami0.0270.014
820LGAPP 453.259 454.267 6.580 96Non-umami0.0270.014
821ISGGP15.300 429.222 430.230 4.520  Non-umami0.0270.038
822FPPHT 597.291 598.299 7.230 94Non-umami0.0270.186
823PWLPP16.860 608.332 609.342 11.640  Non-umami0.0260.019
824LDVK 473.285 474.293 4.110 96Non-umami0.0260.985
825IGAIP15.340 469.290 470.299 8.870  Non-umami0.0260.048
826FGTGP 477.222 478.230 6.040 95Non-umami0.0260.614
827SIGGL18.520 445.254 446.262 7.030  Non-umami0.0250.026
828RGLP 441.270 442.278 3.570 93Non-umami0.0250.03
829LYPQQP16.260 744.381 745.391 7.020  Non-umami0.0250.953
830LGAGI16.620 429.259 430.267 8.560  Non-umami0.0250.052
831HPSLL 565.322 566.332 7.040 91Non-umami0.0250.353
832AAAVP15.780 427.243 428.252 5.750  Non-umami0.0250.466
833TIGGL19.510 459.269 460.278 8.680  Non-umami0.0240.092
834TFPHQP20.390 725.350 363.683 5.840  Non-umami0.0240.188
835QGGLL15.000 486.280 487.289 8.300  Non-umami0.0240.262
836PGAYPGAP18.280 728.349 729.359 6.250  Non-umami0.0240.054
837LPLP 438.284 439.293 10.000 98Non-umami0.0240.01
838IAAGP15.080 427.243 428.251 5.260  Non-umami0.0240.045
839FLPQLP16.410 713.411 714.421 11.930 96Non-umami0.0240.01
840AASL 360.201 361.209 4.620 92Non-umami0.0240.835
841VPGGL17.030 441.259 442.267 7.360 99Non-umami0.0230.277
842VLGGL17.100 457.290 458.299 8.920  Non-umami0.0230.056
843PFLQPHQP16.830 962.497 482.258 7.930  Non-umami0.0230.028
844LPYPQP21.350 713.375 714.385 8.580 91Non-umami0.0230.02
845LIPTH15.720 579.338 580.346 7.200  Non-umami0.0230.057
846LGGAP 413.227 414.236 4.160 92Non-umami0.0230.129
847IVILP15.050 553.384 554.394 12.630  Non-umami0.0230.012
848IAIAI16.900 499.337 500.346 11.530  Non-umami0.0230.04
849GPAYP15.520 503.238 504.247 5.700  Non-umami0.0230.039
850GLIAI15.360 485.321 486.331 10.400  Non-umami0.0230.027
851GIIAI15.360 485.321 486.331 10.400  Non-umami0.0230.044
852GIAII15.250 485.321 486.330 10.210  Non-umami0.0230.044
853FLPQIP16.410 713.411 714.421 11.930  Non-umami0.0230.013
854YPAGP 503.238 504.247 5.850 98Non-umami0.0220.056
855YGGAP15.710 463.207 464.215 3.390 98Non-umami0.0220.072
856VIGGL16.850 457.290 458.299 8.920  Non-umami0.0220.021
857PRPP 465.270 466.279 6.950 96Non-umami0.0220.014
858LVLIP16.080 553.384 554.394 12.630  Non-umami0.0220.01
859LVIIP16.080 553.384 554.394 12.630  Non-umami0.0220.012
860FVHP 498.259 499.267 5.530 97Non-umami0.0220.019
861VPGGI16.970 441.259 442.267 7.360  Non-umami0.0210.012
862PGAYP15.200 503.238 504.247 5.700  Non-umami0.0210.041
863LPQPP 550.312 551.321 7.710 97Non-umami0.0210.036
864LPILP16.050 551.368 552.378 11.970  Non-umami0.0210.01
865LIIAG16.550 485.321 486.330 9.270  Non-umami0.0210.035
866ILIAG16.550 485.321 486.330 9.270  Non-umami0.0210.023
867GILAI15.360 485.321 486.331 10.400  Non-umami0.0210.027
868FPQQP15.710 615.302 616.310 6.600 95Non-umami0.0210.972
869ERVW 588.302 589.312 6.150 97Non-umami0.0210.04
870AVLGI17.090 471.306 472.315 11.800  Non-umami0.0210.011
871AVIGL17.090 471.306 472.315 11.800  Non-umami0.0210.011
872TGGHFP16.640 614.281 615.291 5.920  Non-umami0.020.149
873SIGGI20.400 445.254 446.262 7.030  Non-umami0.020.037
874QPQFPP16.550 712.354 713.363 7.230  Non-umami0.020.053
875QGGLI15.000 486.280 487.289 8.300  Non-umami0.020.108
876LPQFPHPQ16.110 962.497 482.258 7.930  Non-umami0.020.055
877VIGGI17.100 457.290 458.299 8.920  Non-umami0.0190.027
878PQFPQPP15.480 809.407 810.419 8.940  Non-umami0.0190.02
879PFLQPHQ19.130 865.445 433.731 7.600  Non-umami0.0190.993
880LVILP16.080 553.384 554.394 12.630  Non-umami0.0190.011
881GIIAL15.360 485.321 486.331 10.400  Non-umami0.0190.041
882GIALI15.250 485.321 486.330 10.210  Non-umami0.0190.027
883GIAIL15.250 485.321 486.330 10.210  Non-umami0.0190.038
884FPQQPP18.860 712.354 713.363 7.150  Non-umami0.0190.273
885FPPQQP20.980 712.354 713.363 6.970  Non-umami0.0190.261
886EIGGI15.930 487.264 488.273 7.060  Non-umami0.0190.861
887AVIGI17.090 471.306 472.315 11.800  Non-umami0.0190.012
888VLGGI17.100 457.290 458.299 8.920  Non-umami0.0180.02
889TIGGI17.870 459.269 460.278 8.680  Non-umami0.0180.047
890QGGII15.000 486.280 487.289 8.300  Non-umami0.0180.11
891LIVPV15.090 539.368 540.377 12.800  Non-umami0.0180.01
892LGVL 400.269 401.277 9.600 93Non-umami0.0180.008
893IIPQQP17.010 694.401 695.410 7.170  Non-umami0.0180.045
894YYQPPR 822.402 412.210 5.220 97Non-umami0.0170.945
895VVLF 476.300 477.309 11.610 91Non-umami0.0170.015
896QLGL 429.259 430.267 9.170 94Non-umami0.0170.352
897ALGW 445.233 446.241 9.470 90Non-umami0.0170.016
898AGGIL16.550 429.259 430.267 8.260  Non-umami0.0170.021
899YPQQPIP17.460 841.433 842.443 9.410  Non-umami0.0160.027
900TGGIY16.400 509.249 510.258 5.060  Non-umami0.0160.307
901QGGIL15.000 486.280 487.289 8.300  Non-umami0.0160.103
902VVPPGHP24.980 701.386 351.701 5.410 92Non-umami0.0150.01
903KLGL 471.306 472.315 11.800 95Non-umami0.0150.018
904IGAGL16.620 429.259 430.267 8.560  Non-umami0.0150.043
905FPTH 500.238 501.247 6.760 92Non-umami0.0150.279
906IGAGI16.620429.259430.2678.560 Non-umami0.0140.058
Table A2. Multi-dimensional sensory evaluation of lager beer.
Table A2. Multi-dimensional sensory evaluation of lager beer.
Different SamplesAroma
Intensity b
Malt Aroma cHop Aroma aFermentation-Derived
(By-Product) Aroma a
Sweet Taste eBitterness iUmami Taste hCarbonic Bite fSmoothness fBitterness Persistence cMalt/Hop Aftertaste bResidual Off-Flavour gOverall Balance and Typicity d
Aa7.05 + 1.797.45 + 1.937.00 + 2.137.05 + 1.706.95 + 1.96.50 + 2.066.30 + 2.037.00 + 1.867.30 + 1.757.50 + 2.357.40 + 1.987.05 + 2.337.50 + 1.50
A-1c7.30 + 1.667.75 + 1.627.25 + 1.746.95 + 1.328.05 + 1.96.90 + 1.487.65 + 1.908.00 + 1.727.70 + 1.847.80 + 1.707.00 + 1.528.25 + 1.627.85 + 1.84
A-2b7.55 + 1.767.15 + 1.637.20 + 1.777.50 + 1.827.05 + 1.857.30 + 1.817.70 + 1.787.40 + 2.067.90 + 1.747.10 + 1.557.45 + 1.648.35 + 1.697.55 + 1.32
A-3d6.25 + 0.795.90 + 0.855.65 + 0.675.85 + 0.815.95 + 0.945.80 + 0.896.45 + 1.676.00 + 0.796.05 + 0.836.40 + 0.826.00 + 0.865.90 + 0.916.15 + 0.88
A-4d6.00 + 0.655.60 + 0.756.20 + 0.775.90 + 0.796.10 + 0.975.80 + 0.896.40 + 1.276.40 + 0.686.30 + 0.86.00 + 0.866.00 + 0.866.25 + 0.795.80 + 0.77
A-5b7.75 + 1.527.05 + 1.677.40 + 1.857.30 + 2.007.55 + 1.707.30 + 1.877.35 + 1.607.95 + 1.437.45 + 1.647.10 + 1.657.30 + 1.567.70 + 1.817.50 + 1.70
A-6a7.20 + 1.777.05 + 2.396.80 + 2.317.10 + 1.926.90 + 1.715.90 + 1.747.00 + 2.716.25 + 2.296.20 + 1.747.15 + 2.066.50 + 1.616.65 + 1.987.25 + 1.89
Note: Symbols such as a, b, and c represent the significance between different samples and sensory dimensions.

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Figure 1. Homology modeling results for the taste receptor. (a) The homology modeling structure of the T1R1/T1R3 taste receptor. (b) A Ramachandran plot.
Figure 1. Homology modeling results for the taste receptor. (a) The homology modeling structure of the T1R1/T1R3 taste receptor. (b) A Ramachandran plot.
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Figure 2. Molecular-docking diagrams. The left panel displays an overall view. The ligand is rendered as orange sticks. The T1R1 protein is shown in green, and the T1R3 protein is shown in cyan. The right panel displays a 2D interaction diagram. The dashed lines indicate hydrogen bonds. Chain A represents T1R1, and chain B represents T1R3. (a) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/DELIK, obtained by docking. (b) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/DEVR, obtained by docking. (c) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/DIGISSK, obtained by docking. (d) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/IEKYSGA, obtained by docking. (e) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/KSTEL, obtained by docking. (f) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/PVPL, obtained by docking.
Figure 2. Molecular-docking diagrams. The left panel displays an overall view. The ligand is rendered as orange sticks. The T1R1 protein is shown in green, and the T1R3 protein is shown in cyan. The right panel displays a 2D interaction diagram. The dashed lines indicate hydrogen bonds. Chain A represents T1R1, and chain B represents T1R3. (a) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/DELIK, obtained by docking. (b) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/DEVR, obtained by docking. (c) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/DIGISSK, obtained by docking. (d) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/IEKYSGA, obtained by docking. (e) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/KSTEL, obtained by docking. (f) The binding mode of T1R1–T1R3/PVPL, obtained by docking.
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Figure 3. Stability analysis from molecular-dynamics simulations. (a) The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) was tracked over time. (b) The radius of gyration (RoG) was monitored during the simulation. (c) The solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) was calculated for each complex.
Figure 3. Stability analysis from molecular-dynamics simulations. (a) The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) was tracked over time. (b) The radius of gyration (RoG) was monitored during the simulation. (c) The solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) was calculated for each complex.
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Figure 4. Molecular-dynamics simulation. (a) The root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) values were calculated from the trajectories. (b) The number of hydrogen bonds between each ligand and the protein was tracked during the simulation.
Figure 4. Molecular-dynamics simulation. (a) The root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) values were calculated from the trajectories. (b) The number of hydrogen bonds between each ligand and the protein was tracked during the simulation.
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Figure 5. The MM-GBSA binding energies and energy decomposition were displayed.
Figure 5. The MM-GBSA binding energies and energy decomposition were displayed.
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Figure 6. Multidimensional effects of the single-factor addition experiments on the beer-body sensory attributes. (a) The overall sensory scores of the beer samples. (b) The beer-body sensory attributes of the KSTEL-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer. (c) The beer-body sensory attributes of the DELIK-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer. (d) The beer-body sensory attributes of the DIGISSK-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer. (e) The beer-body sensory attributes of the IEKYSGA-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer. (f) The beer-body sensory attributes of the DEVR-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer. (g) The beer-body sensory attributes of the PVPL-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer.
Figure 6. Multidimensional effects of the single-factor addition experiments on the beer-body sensory attributes. (a) The overall sensory scores of the beer samples. (b) The beer-body sensory attributes of the KSTEL-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer. (c) The beer-body sensory attributes of the DELIK-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer. (d) The beer-body sensory attributes of the DIGISSK-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer. (e) The beer-body sensory attributes of the IEKYSGA-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer. (f) The beer-body sensory attributes of the DEVR-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer. (g) The beer-body sensory attributes of the PVPL-enriched sample were compared with those of the original beer.
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Table 1. Liquid chromatography separation conditions.
Table 1. Liquid chromatography separation conditions.
Time (min)Flow Velocity (mL/min)A%B%
00.2955
0.50.2955
240.23070
24.10.21090
270.21090
27.10.2955
300.2955
Table 2. Mass spectrometer ion source parameters.
Table 2. Mass spectrometer ion source parameters.
Mass Spectrometry Ion Source ParametersSet Value
Spray voltage4.0 kV
Sheath gas flow rate35 °C
Auxiliary gas flow rate15 mL/min
Capillary temperature300 °C
S-lens RF power30 eV
Table 3. Sensory dimensions description and scoring.
Table 3. Sensory dimensions description and scoring.
Sensory DimensionSensory DescriptionRating
Aroma intensityThe predominant aroma is malt freshness, with weaker hop and byproduct odors, resulting in an overall clean and pure flavor profile, with no off-tastes.0 (No aroma)–9 (Very strong aroma)
Malt aromaThe fragrance includes fresh bread and light caramel sweetness from the malt, with no burnt or harsh aftertastes.0 (No malt aroma)–9 (Extremely strong malt aroma)
Hop aromaHerbal floral or light citrus notes provide a refreshing and complementary aroma, without any sharp or oxidized odors.0 (No hops aroma)–9 (Extremely strong hops aroma)
Fermentation-derived (by-product) aromaLow ester fruitiness or light sulfur notes are present, maintaining the “clean” characteristic of lagers, with no phenolic flavors.0 (Strong by-product flavors that affect sensory perception of the body)–9 (Balanced by-product aroma)
Sweet tasteMalt sweetness is accompanied by a hint of honey and biscuit flavors, finishing cleanly.0 (No malt flavor)–9 (Extremely strong malt flavor)
BitternessThe herbal or floral bitterness is smooth and balanced with malt sweetness, without any harshness.0 (No hops flavor)–9 (Extremely strong hops flavor)
Umami tasteFree amino acids and peptides contribute to a gentle aftertaste and full-bodied sensation, without any umami or MSG-like flavors.0 (No fresh flavor)–9 (Extremely strong fresh flavor)
Carbonic biteThe crisp and stimulating sensation from carbonation is felt as a tingling on the tip of the tongue and a refreshing throat feel.0 (Completely flat)–9 (Extremely stimulating)
SmoothnessThe mouthfeel is smooth and refined, with no rough or harsh textures.0 (Very rough)–9 (Extremely smooth)
Bitterness persistencePost-swallow bitterness is short-lived and refreshing, without any sharpness.0 (No bitterness)–9 (Extremely strong bitterness)
Malt/hop aftertasteA lingering malt sweetness and floral/herbal aftertaste provide a brief but pleasant finish.0 (No aftertaste)–9 (Rich and lasting aftertaste)
Residual off-flavorNo sour, phenolic, metallic, or cardboard-like off-flavors are present.0 (Heavy aftertaste of defects)–9 (Long aftertaste)
Overall balance and typicityMalt, hop, freshness, and carbonation are well-balanced, characteristic of a typical pale lager.0 (Unbalanced and atypical)–9 (Perfectly balanced and highly typical)
Table 4. Comparison of binding energy of potential and reported umami peptides with T1R1/T1R3 receptor.
Table 4. Comparison of binding energy of potential and reported umami peptides with T1R1/T1R3 receptor.
NumberPeptide SequencePeptide Chain LengthΔEdocking (kcal/mol)ΔEinteraction (kcal/mol)ΔEbinding (kcal/mol)
1DIGISSK7−125.028−107.79−238.433
2IEKYSGA7−123.489−105.566−236.545
3AAEVIE6−115.817−84.9475−240.514
4KSTEL5−111.033−108.351−501.245
5AASEGKL7−110.848−102.666−221.33
6KVGADK6−108.145−89.6395−241.495
7KEELE5−107.783−88.7778−314.491
8DVVAI5−107.637−87.5399−175.456
9QELQLQ6−106.492−91.267−149.841
10DEVR4−105.523−76.4819−186.616
11FATPLQ6−103.521−102.69−326.679
12DELIK5−102.52−81.7171−254.719
13EAAVL5−102.002−81.779−201.669
14VEILN5−101.716−96.1308−282.968
15DELR4−100.336−88.69−361.423
16EVGAL5−99.6013−83.949−218.184
17LGGVE5−97.9888−77.7048−260.41
18AAEVI5−97.3921−65.5859−62.5942
19IAAVE5−96.4886−84.0782−301.133
20IGTPGKG7−95.8082−104.236−333.345
21VDAGI5−94.9971−80.5047−191.284
22TIADV5−94.5377−72.3421−149.121
23LGAVD5−93.5717−82.6503−280.053
24LAGVE5−91.5818−62.7922−123.894
25IGAVD5−90.8998−68.4441−166.599
26AAGQY5−90.548−82.4856−311.285
27AAEVL5−89.9893−70.3364−208.152
28VSVVD5−89.9392−79.0146−255.595
29LAAVE5−89.1563−79.0668−254.727
30TAEPY5−84.7037−85.4494−206.263
31TVSGF5−84.16−73.4952−171.631
32TTVSPH6−83.9876−100.04−365.475
33KNCQLA6−83.945−82.4215−222.162
34TVVSA5−82.9071−76.1503−204.041
35IVMQQ5−82.6036−81.4959−225.551
36TATVP5−77.9485−79.7372−298.009
37TVTVP5−77.2092−87.853−334.745
38LPEDA5−75.7012−80.2355−170.975
39VLQDR5−75.5022−69.5075−155.017
40TVATP5−73.8591−78.7827−269.535
41TLPLT5−73.7163−75.0438−133.258
42TTVSP5−73.4146−74.2375−184.347
43TVTSP5−71.5777−78.5044−240.692
44KRTP4−70.9232−85.6676−294.082
45LPSLQ5−69.9013−75.7618−175.372
46LDLP4−69.893−66.5489−150.146
47PVAPLQ6−69.867−87.1519−260.307
48TNLP4−66.6257−74.2949−286.005
49AVAYDP6−65.1639−71.822−67.7682
50LPSNP5−61.5173−73.2008−231.768
51PSPNN5−58.9083−77.5908−230.304
52AAVLEY6−58.487−62.9721786.893
53TVSP4−57.4176−63.4953−208.571
54LPTKP5−56.7889−80.1074−256.268
55VEVMR5−54.8233−60.8928−31.4658
56AIVMQQ6−47.7704−78.7023−336.775
57TLPQQP6−41.7705−71.3837−162.521
56* PVPL4−39.6184−57.8106−65.824
Note: *: reported umami peptides [16], ΔEdocking: docking energy, ΔEinteraction: interaction energy, ΔEbinding: binding energy.
Table 5. Basic information, taste description, and threshold of selected umami peptides.
Table 5. Basic information, taste description, and threshold of selected umami peptides.
Peptide SequencePeptide Chain LengthMassPeptide SourceTaste DescriptionUmami Threshold (mmol/L)
KSTEL5576.312 Triticum turgidum, barleyTypical umami with a slight hint of saltiness0.217 
DELIK5616.343 Triticum turgidum, barleyUmami-salty composite, virtually no bitterness0.406 
DIGISSK7718.386 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, barleyUmami with a bready/yeast-like aftertaste0.696 
IEKYSGA7766.386 Saccharomyces cerevisiaeUmami accompanied by a mild sweetness0.326 
DEVR4517.250 Triticum turgidum, barleyUmami with a subtle salty note0.121 
PVPL4424.540 Oryza, wild rice, durum wheatMild umami with a touch of sweetness0.589 
Table 6. Binding free energies and energy components predicted by MM/GBSA (kcal/mol).
Table 6. Binding free energies and energy components predicted by MM/GBSA (kcal/mol).
SystemΔEvdWΔEelecΔGGBΔGSAΔGbind
T1R1-T1R3/DELIK−52.83 ± 3.39−177.59 ± 17.87202.53 ± 16.15−8.24 ± 0.24−36.14 ± 3.11
T1R1-T1R3/DEVR−42.78 ± 3.60−190.13 ± 26.12195.58 ± 18.95−6.76 ± 0.32−44.09 ± 5.47
T1R1-T1R3/DIGISSK−47.66 ± 4.72−156.25 ± 41.90184.41 ± 37.34−6.96 ± 0.64−26.45 ± 4.52
T1R1-T1R3/IEKYSGA−54.27 ± 2.13−196.15 ± 23.49220.33 ± 20.81−9.51 ± 0.22−39.60 ± 4.37
T1R1-T1R3/KSTEL−52.77 ± 3.08−244.96 ± 18.17262.45 ± 17.99−7.93 ± 0.20−43.21 ± 3.45
T1R1-T1R3/PVPL−45.93 ± 2.03−42.53 ± 11.0455.49 ± 10.81−6.51 ± 0.39−39.53 ± 2.52
Note: ΔEvdW: van der Waals energy; ΔEelec: electrostatic energy; ΔGGB: electrostatic contribution to solvation; ΔGSA: non-polar contribution to solvation; ΔGbind: binding free energy.
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Wu, Y.; Yin, R.; Guo, L.; Song, Y.; He, X.; Huang, M.; Ren, Y.; Zhong, X.; Zhao, D.; Li, J.; et al. The Identification and Analysis of Novel Umami Peptides in Lager Beer and Their Multidimensional Effects on the Sensory Attributes of the Beer Body. Foods 2025, 14, 2743. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152743

AMA Style

Wu Y, Yin R, Guo L, Song Y, He X, Huang M, Ren Y, Zhong X, Zhao D, Li J, et al. The Identification and Analysis of Novel Umami Peptides in Lager Beer and Their Multidimensional Effects on the Sensory Attributes of the Beer Body. Foods. 2025; 14(15):2743. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152743

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Yashuai, Ruiyang Yin, Liyun Guo, Yumei Song, Xiuli He, Mingtao Huang, Yi Ren, Xian Zhong, Dongrui Zhao, Jinchen Li, and et al. 2025. "The Identification and Analysis of Novel Umami Peptides in Lager Beer and Their Multidimensional Effects on the Sensory Attributes of the Beer Body" Foods 14, no. 15: 2743. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152743

APA Style

Wu, Y., Yin, R., Guo, L., Song, Y., He, X., Huang, M., Ren, Y., Zhong, X., Zhao, D., Li, J., Liu, M., Sun, J., Huang, M., & Sun, B. (2025). The Identification and Analysis of Novel Umami Peptides in Lager Beer and Their Multidimensional Effects on the Sensory Attributes of the Beer Body. Foods, 14(15), 2743. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152743

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