Vinegar-Preserved Sea Fennel: Chemistry, Color, Texture, Aroma, and Taste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pickling
2.2. Chemical Composition
2.3. Volatiles
2.4. Color and Texture Parameters
2.5. Sensory Evaluation
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemistry
3.2. Volatiles
3.3. Color and Texture
3.4. Sensory Evaluation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Apple Cider Vinegar (1:5, v/v) | Wine Vinegar (1:4, v/v) | Alcoholic Vinegar (1:5, v/v) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH value | 3.55 ± 0.05 | 3.64 ± 0.09 | 3.49 ± 0.06 | 0.09 |
Titratable acidity (g/100 mL) | 1.62 a ± 0.01 | 1.65 a ± 0.01 | 2.48 b ± 0.01 | <0.01 |
Salt (g/100 mL) | 1.16 a ± 0.02 | 1.16 a ± 0.02 | 1.25 b ± 0.01 | <0.01 |
No. | RT (min) | Compound | RI | RI Library | Apple Cider Vinegar (1:5, v/v) | Wine Vinegar (1:4, v/v) | Alcoholic Vinegar (1:5, v/v) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1.84 | Acetic acid * | <800 | 600 | 6.10 a ± 0.30 | 6.41 a ± 0.08 | 8.40 b ± 0.54 | <0.01 |
2. | 4.99 | α-Pinene | 947 | 939 | 4.69 ± 0.26 | 5.17 ± 0.34 | 5.04 ± 0.35 | 0.36 |
3. | 5.34 | Camphene | 962 | 961 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.46 |
4. | 5.41 | (E)-Hept-2-enal | 965 | 956 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | - | 0.21 |
5. | 5.56 | Benzaldehyde * | 971 | 961 | - | - | 0.02 ± 0.00 | - |
6. | 6.01 | Sabinene | 987 | 978 | 0.20 a ± 0.00 | 0.14 b ± 0.01 | 0.10 c ± 0.01 | <0.01 |
7. | 6.19 | 6-Methylhept-5-en-2-one | 992 | 987 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | - | - | - |
8. | 6.31 | β-Myrcene | 996 | 994 | 1.16 a ± 0.09 | 1.69 b ± 0.10 | 2.06 c ± 0.13 | <0.01 |
9. | 6.47 | (E,Z)-Hepta-2,4-dienal * | 1002 | 999 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | - | - | - |
10. | 6.64 | Octanal | 1008 | 1005 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.10 |
11. | 6.74 | α-Phellanderene | 1012 | 1105 | 0.40 a ± 0.05 | 0.38 a ± 0.01 | 0.48 b ± 0.02 | <0.05 |
12. | 7.10 | α-Terpinene | 1023 | 1020 | 0.17 a ± 0.00 | 0.43 b ± 0.03 | 0.90 c ± 0.06 | <0.01 |
13. | 7.60 | Limonene | 1037 | 1035 | 52.64 a ± 2.21 | 43.75 b ± 2.22 | 43.31 b ± 2.58 | <0.01 |
14. | 7.76 | (E)-β-Ocimene | 1045 | 1040 | 5.99 a ± 0.04 | 8.30 b ± 0.41 | 8.50 b ± 0.42 | <0.01 |
15. | 8.05 | (Z)-β-Ocimene | 1056 | 1051 | 0.59 a ± 0.04 | 0.94 b ± 0.01 | 1.23 c ± 0.01 | <0.01 |
16. | 8.45 | γ-Terpinene | 1066 | 1064 | 6.26 a ± 0.08 | 8.04 b ± 0.953 | 7.81 b ± 0.52 | <0.01 |
17. | 9.44 | α-Terpinolene | 1097 | 1089 | 0.28 a ± 0.00 | 0.44 b ± 0.02 | 0.86 c ± 0.05 | <0.01 |
18. | 9.83 | Linalool | 1103 | 1104 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.71 |
19. | 10.00 | (3E)-6-Methylhepta-3,5-dien-2-one * | 1108 | 1107 | 0.08 a ± 0.00 | 0.06 b ± 0.00 | 0.07 b ± 0.00 | <0.01 |
20. | 10.28 | p-Mentha-1,3,8-triene | 1117 | 1119 | - | - | 0.04 ± 0.01 | - |
21. | 10.31 | 2-Phenylethanol * | 1117 | 1117 | 0.05 a ± 0.03 | 0.32 b ± 0.01 | 0.07 a ± 0.02 | <0.01 |
22. | 10.60 | (3E,5E)-2,6-dimethylocta-1,3,5,7-tetraene | 1126 | 1134 | 0.29 a ± 0.04 | 0.21 b ± 0.00 | 0.17 b ± 0.00 | <0.02 |
23. | 10.92 | (Z)-Alloocimene | 1136 | 1130 | 1.22 a ± 0.08 | 2.04 b ± 0.14 | 2.23 b ± 0.15 | <0.03 |
24. | 11.52 | β-Terpineol | 1151 | 1159 | 0.09 a ± 0.00 | 0.12 b ± 0.01 | 0.11 c ± 0.00 | <0.04 |
25. | 11.94 | 4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene * | 1161 | 1161 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | - | - |
26. | 12.08 | (Z)-Non-2-enal | 1161 | 1162 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.23 |
27. | 12.36 | p-Mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol | 1171 | 1171 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 1.00 |
28. | 12.88 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1183 | 1178 | 10.03 a ± 0.32 | 12.85 b ± 0.95 | 9.40 a ± 0.64 | <0.01 |
29. | 13.34 | α-Terpineol | 1193 | 1190 | 1.18 a ± 0.02 | 1.68 b ± 0.07 | 1.37 c ± 0.06 | <0.02 |
30. | 14.47 | (E)-Carveol | 1222 | 1222 | 0.36 a ± 0.03 | 0.21 b ± 0.01 | 0.16 b ± 0.00 | <0.03 |
31. | 14.94 | (Z)-Carveol | 1234 | 1232 | 0.09 a ± 0.02 | 0.06 ab ± 0.01 | 0.03 b ± 0.01 | <0.05 |
32. | 15.13 | Thymol methyl ether | 1239 | 1237 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.42 |
33. | 15.49 | Carvone | 1248 | 1246 | 1.16 a ± 0.12 | 0.58 b ± 0.04 | 0.60 b ± 0.04 | <0.01 |
34. | 15.84 | α-Ionene | 1256 | 1255 | 0.02 a ± 0.00 | 0.05 b ± 0.00 | 0.02 a ± 0.00 | <0.05 |
35. | 16.03 | 2-Phenylethyl acetate * | 1261 | 1260 | 0.02 a ± 0.00 | 0.06 b ± 0.01 | 0.02 a ± 0.00 | <0.01 |
36. | 16.21 | (E)-Dec-2-enal | 1265 | 1260 | 0.07 a ± 0.01 | 0.04 b ± 0.00 | 0.03 c ± 0.00 | <0.01 |
37. | 17.54 | o-Thymol | 1295 | 1294 | 0.06 a ± 0.00 | 0.05 a ± 0.00 | 0.03 b ± 0.00 | <0.01 |
38. | 22.70 | β-Caryophyllene | 1421 | 1428 | 0.13 a ± 0.00 | 0.35 b ± 0.02 | 0.35 b ± 0.02 | <0.01 |
39. | 23.29 | γ-Elemene | 1436 | 1433 | 0.10 a ± 0.04 | 0.15 a ± 0.05 | 0.44 b ± 0.05 | <0.01 |
40. | 23.38 | α-Bergamotene | 1438 | 1436 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 0.30 |
41. | 23.48 | Aromadendrene | 1441 | 1442 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.50 |
42. | 25.27 | α-Curcumene | 1484 | 1485 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.58 |
43. | 25.38 | (E)-β-Ionone | 1487 | 1485 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.87 |
44. | 25.76 | α-Zingiberene | 1496 | 1496 | 0.17 a ± 0.00 | 0.38 b ± 0.01 | 0.79 c ± 0.03 | <0.01 |
45. | 26.30 | β-Bisabolene | 1510 | 1509 | 0.26 a ± 0.02 | 0.32 b ± 0.00 | 0.44 c ± 0.01 | <0.01 |
46. | 26.88 | β-Sesquiphellanderene | 1526 | 1526 | 0.41 a ± 0.03 | 0.49 a ± 0.03 | 0.70 b ± 0.04 | <0.01 |
47. | 27.52 | Selina-3,7(11)-dien | 1543 | 1543 | 0.02 a ± 0.00 | 0.03 b ± 0.00 | 0.09 c ± 0.00 | <0.01 |
48. | 28.11 | Germacrene B | 1558 | 1558 | 0.04 a ± 0.00 | 0.07 b ± 0.00 | 0.22 c ± 0.02 | <0.01 |
49. | 29.14 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1584 | 1583 | 0.15 a ± 0.01 | 0.15 a ± 0.01 | 0.11 b ± 0.00 | <0.01 |
50. | 29.44 | α-Guaiol | 1591 | 1595 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.23 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.14 |
Apple Cider Vinegar (1:5, v/v) | Wine Vinegar (1:4, v/v) | Alcoholic Vinegar (1:5, v/v) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Color parameters | ||||
L* | 38.48 a ± 0.33 | 35.30 b ± 0.32 | 36.21 b ± 0.33 | <0.01 |
a* | −0.27 a ± 0.01 | −0.84 ab ± 0.01 | −1.45 b ± 0.02 | <0.05 |
b* | 20.62 a ± 0.60 | 23.03 b ± 0.59 | 15.28 c ± 0.61 | <0.01 |
C | 20.64 a ± 0.58 | 23.05 b ± 0.57 | 15.36 c ± 0.56 | <0.01 |
h | 90.88 a ± 0.43 | 91.22 a ± 0.43 | 95.03 b ± 0.42 | <0.01 |
Texture parameters | ||||
Load at Maximum Load (N) | 8.22 ± 1.79 | 10.47 ± 0.45 | 8.56 ± 1.58 | 0.21 |
Work of shear (N/mm) | 14.19 a ± 3.52 | 19.62 b ± 1.72 | 13.91 a ± 1.05 | <0.05 |
Apple Cider Vinegar (1:5, v/v) | Wine Vinegar (1:4, v/v) | Alcoholic Vinegar (1:5, v/v) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Color | 4.08 ± 0.38 | 3.58 ± 0.29 | 4.17 ± 0.52 | 0.25 |
Texture | 4.00 ± 0.66 | 3.92 ± 0.29 | 4.17 ± 0.28 | 0.81 |
Taste | 3.92 a ± 0.80 | 3.00 b ± 0.50 | 4.25 a ± 0.25 | <0.05 |
Aroma | 3.25 ± 0.87 | 3.25 ± 0.25 | 3.83 ± 0.52 | 0.44 |
Overall impression | 3.92 ± 0.63 | 3.25 ± 0.50 | 4.17 ± 0.38 | 0.16 |
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Radman, S.; Brzović, P.; Radunić, M.; Rako, A.; Šarolić, M.; Ninčević Runjić, T.; Urlić, B.; Generalić Mekinić, I. Vinegar-Preserved Sea Fennel: Chemistry, Color, Texture, Aroma, and Taste. Foods 2023, 12, 3812. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203812
Radman S, Brzović P, Radunić M, Rako A, Šarolić M, Ninčević Runjić T, Urlić B, Generalić Mekinić I. Vinegar-Preserved Sea Fennel: Chemistry, Color, Texture, Aroma, and Taste. Foods. 2023; 12(20):3812. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203812
Chicago/Turabian StyleRadman, Sanja, Petra Brzović, Mira Radunić, Ante Rako, Mladenka Šarolić, Tonka Ninčević Runjić, Branimir Urlić, and Ivana Generalić Mekinić. 2023. "Vinegar-Preserved Sea Fennel: Chemistry, Color, Texture, Aroma, and Taste" Foods 12, no. 20: 3812. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203812