Improving the Accuracy of Saffron Adulteration Classification and Quantification through Data Fusion of Thin-Layer Chromatography Imaging and Raman Spectral Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Data Acquisition
2.3.1. Raw and Featured Raman Spectral Data
2.3.2. Raw and Featured Imaging Data
2.4. Data Fusion
2.5. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis
2.6. Partial Least Square (PLS)—Regression of Quantification
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Effect of Mid-Level Fusion on Classification Performance
3.2. Mid-Level Fusion Model Validation for Adulteration Classification
3.3. The Effect of Data Fusion on PLS Model Quantification Performances
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Members | Correct (%) | Safflower | Turmeric | Red 40 | Yellow 5 | Pure Saffron | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. Featured Imaging data | |||||||
Safflower | 50 | 100% | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Turmeric | 50 | 56% | 2 | 28 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
Red 40 | 50 | 96% | 0 | 0 | 48 | 2 | 0 |
Yellow 5 | 50 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 |
Pure Saffron | 10 | 0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Total | 210 | 83.81% | 52 | 28 | 68 | 62 | 0 |
B. Featured Raman Data | |||||||
Safflower | 50 | 94% | 47 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Turmeric | 50 | 94% | 3 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Red 40 | 50 | 80% | 0 | 0 | 40 | 10 | 0 |
Yellow 5 | 50 | 72% | 0 | 0 | 14 | 36 | 0 |
Pure Saffron | 10 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Total | 210 | 85.71% | 50 | 50 | 54 | 46 | 10 |
C. Fused Data | |||||||
Safflower | 50 | 100% | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Turmeric | 50 | 100% | 1 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Red 40 | 50 | 98% | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Yellow 5 | 50 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 |
Pure Saffron | 10 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Total | 210 | 99.52% | 51 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 10 |
Members | Correct (%) | Safflower | Turmeric | Red 40 | Yellow 5 | Pure Saffron | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fused data (external validataion) | |||||||
Safflower | 25 | 100% | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Turmeric | 25 | 100% | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Red 40 | 25 | 96% | 0 | 0 | 24 | 1 | 0 |
Yellow 5 | 25 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
Pure Saffron | 5 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Total | 105 | 99.20% | 25 | 25 | 24 | 26 | 5 |
Featured Imaging Data | Featured Raman Data | Fused Data | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | RMSEP | RMSECV | R2 | RMSEP | RMSECV | R2 | RMSEP | RMSECV | |
Safflower | 0.923 | 6.15 | 6.02 | 0.959 | 4.54 | 11.09 | 0.961 | 4.78 | 5.97 |
Turmeric | 0.946 | 7.30 | 7.96 | 0.978 | 3.53 | 5.37 | 0.982 | 3.11 | 5.05 |
Red 40 | 0.923 | 1.28 | 0.82 | 0.892 | 1.65 | 1.37 | 0.978 | 1.03 | 0.97 |
Yellow 5 | 0.873 | 2.84 | 1.16 | 0.868 | 1.60 | 1.38 | 0.990 | 1.55 | 0.72 |
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Dai, H.; Gao, Q.; Lu, J.; He, L. Improving the Accuracy of Saffron Adulteration Classification and Quantification through Data Fusion of Thin-Layer Chromatography Imaging and Raman Spectral Analysis. Foods 2023, 12, 2322. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122322
Dai H, Gao Q, Lu J, He L. Improving the Accuracy of Saffron Adulteration Classification and Quantification through Data Fusion of Thin-Layer Chromatography Imaging and Raman Spectral Analysis. Foods. 2023; 12(12):2322. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122322
Chicago/Turabian StyleDai, Haochen, Qixiang Gao, Jiakai Lu, and Lili He. 2023. "Improving the Accuracy of Saffron Adulteration Classification and Quantification through Data Fusion of Thin-Layer Chromatography Imaging and Raman Spectral Analysis" Foods 12, no. 12: 2322. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122322