Muscle Tissue Quality of Raw and Sous-Vide Cooked Wild and Farmed Pikeperch
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fish, Origin, Rearing Conditions
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Colour Measurements
2.4. pH and Expressible Moisture Determination
2.5. Moisture, Fat, Protein, and Ash Contents
2.6. Fatty Acids
2.7. Sensory Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparison of Weights and Yields of Wild and Farmed Pikeperch
3.2. The Quality of Raw Wild and Farmed Pikeperch Fillets
3.3. The Quality of Cooked Wild and Farmed Pikeperch Fillets
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Wild Pikeperch | Farmed Pikeperch | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Body weight (bw, g) | 1234.3 ± 51.4 | 1173.4 ± 34.8 | NS |
Total body length (cm) | 51.3 ± 0.6 | 47.8 ± 0.5 | * |
Gutted fish (g) | 1097.8 ± 44.0 | 1021.0 ± 28.0 | NS |
Gutted fish (% bw) | 89.0 ± 0.9 | 87.1 ± 1.2 | NS |
Skinned fillet (g) | 573.2 ± 23.4 | 519.6 ± 15.0 | NS |
Skinned fillet (% bw) | 46.5 ± 0.7 | 44.3 ± 0.4 | * |
Fatty Acid (% of Total) | Wild Pikeperch Feed | Farmed Pikeperch Feed | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Saturated fatty acids (SFA) | |||
C 12:0 | 0.144 ± 0.0004 | 0.251 ± 0.0021 | *** |
C 14:0 | 4.85 ± 0.008 | 2.92 ± 0.027 | *** |
C 15:0 | 0.805 ± 0.0019 | 0.253 ± 0.0026 | *** |
C 16:0 | 15.78 ± 0.03 | 12.97 ± 0.09 | *** |
C 17:0 | 0.992 ± 0.004 | 0.162 ± 0.001 | *** |
C 18:0 | 3.03 ± 0.04 | 2.04 ± 0.01 | *** |
C 20:0 | 0.147 ± 0.005 | 0.374 ± 0.003 | *** |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) | |||
C 14:1 | 0.312 ± 0.013 | 0.030 ± 0.001 | *** |
C 16:1 | 14.93 ± 0.48 | 2.85 ± 0.03 | *** |
C 17:1 | 1.22 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | *** |
C 18:1 cis9 | 15.82 ± 0.13 | 32.09 ± 0.02 | *** |
C 18:1 cis11 | 4.54 ± 0.03 | 2.81 ± 0.02 | *** |
C 20:1 n-9 | 0.52 ± 0.04 | 4.53 ± 0.03 | *** |
C 22:1 n-11 | ND | 4.32 ± 0.06 | *** |
C 22:1 n-9 | ND | 0.51 ± 0.01 | *** |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) | |||
C 18:2 n-6 | 5.51 ± 0.02 | 17.06 ± 0.03 | *** |
C 18:3 n-6 | 0.440 ± 0.005 | 0.098 ± 0.001 | *** |
C 18:3 n-3 | 5.34 ± 0.02 | 4.70 ± 0.01 | *** |
C 18:4 n-3 | 1.798 ± 0.005 | 0.937 ± 0.003 | *** |
C 20:2 n-6 | 0.349 ± 0.003 | 0.326 ± 0.002 | ** |
C 20:3 n-6 | 0.349 ± 0.014 | 0.049 ± 0.004 | *** |
C 20:4 n-6 | 4.198 ± 0.040 | 0.287 ± 0.003 | *** |
C 20:3 n-3 | 0.378 ± 0.007 | 0.160 ± 0.002 | *** |
C 20:4 n-3 | 1.222 ± 0.012 | 0.350 ± 0.004 | *** |
C 20:5 n-3 (EPA) | 7.04 ± 0.06 | 3.64 ± 0.02 | *** |
C 22:5 n-6 | 0.846 ± 0.017 | 0.060 ± 0.002 | *** |
C 22:5 n-3 (DPA) | 1.801 ± 0.025 | 0.465 ± 0.010 | *** |
C 22:6 n-3 (DHA) | 7.64 ± 0.09 | 5.46 ± 0.08 | *** |
SFA | 25.75 ± 0.08 | 18.97 ± 0.12 | *** |
MUFA | 37.34 ± 0.39 | 47.43 ± 0.03 | *** |
PUFA | 36.90 ± 0.31 | 33.59 ± 0.10 | *** |
n-3 | 25.21 ± 0.22 | 15.71 ± 0.12 | *** |
n-6 | 11.69 ± 0.09 | 17.88 ± 0.02 | *** |
Attribute | Wild Pikeperch | Farmed Pikeperch | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Moisture (%) | 78.88 ± 0.08 | 76.70 ± 0.22 | *** |
Fat (%) | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 1.09 ± 0.03 | *** |
Protein (%) | 19.29 ± 0.12 | 20.82 ± 0.21 | *** |
Ash (%) | 1.21 ± 0.01 | 1.09 ± 0.01 | *** |
pH | 6.69 ± 0.02 | 6.51 ± 0.01 | *** |
Expressible moisture (%) | 4.60 ± 0.21 | 4.52 ± 0.18 | NS |
L* | 35.03 ± 0.29 | 35.59 ± 0.42 | NS |
a* | 0.46 ± 0.08 | −0.33 ± 0.04 | *** |
b* | −0.99 ± 0.11 | −0.98 ± 0.12 | NS |
C | 1.25 ± 0.09 | 1.12 ± 0.10 | NS |
h | 57.4 ± 4.3 | 68.0 ± 3.6 | NS |
Fatty Acid | Proportion (% of Total) | Concentration (mg/100 g Wet Tissue) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wild Pikeperch | Farmed Pikeperch | p Value | Wild Pikeperch | Farmed Pikeperch | p Value | |
Saturated fatty acids (SFA) | ||||||
C 12:0 | 0.185 ± 0.015 | 0.036 ± 0.001 | *** | 0.504 ± 0.034 | 0.273 ± 0.011 | *** |
C 14:0 | 4.308 ± 0.187 | 3.344 ± 0.035 | *** | 11.94 ± 0.76 | 25.38 ± 0.65 | *** |
C 15:0 | 1.066 ± 0.061 | 0.288 ± 0.003 | *** | 2.94 ± 0.20 | 2.19 ± 0.06 | ** |
C 16:0 | 22.23 ± 0.69 | 14.91 ± 0.51 | *** | 62.10 ± 4.17 | 113.08 ± 4.54 | *** |
C 17:0 | 0.919 ± 0.044 | 0.160 ± 0.001 | *** | 2.60 ± 0.24 | 1.22 ± 0.04 | *** |
C 18:0 | 4.034 ± 0.249 | 1.477 ± 0.012 | *** | 11.42 ± 1.16 | 11.22 ± 0.31 | NS |
C 20:0 | 0.153 ± 0.005 | 0.162 ± 0.003 | NS | 0.427 ± 0.026 | 1.23 ± 0.04 | *** |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) | ||||||
C 14:1 | 0.189 ± 0.014 | 0.113 ± 0.005 | *** | 0.517 ± 0.039 | 0.857 ± 0.034 | *** |
C 16:1 | 9.099 ± 1.483 | 6.426 ± 0.160 | * | 25.58 ± 4.13 | 48.57 ± 0.97 | *** |
C 17:1 | 1.312 ± 0.072 | 0.334 ± 0.003 | *** | 3.57 ± 0.14 | 2.53 ± 0.07 | *** |
C 18:1 cis9 | 16.93 ± 0.59 | 35.99 ± 0.23 | *** | 46.39 ± 1.68 | 273.60 ± 7.79 | *** |
C 18:1 cis11 | 4.310 ± 0.191 | 2.795 ± 0.042 | *** | 11.79 ± 0.49 | 21.23 ± 0.63 | *** |
C 20:1 n-9 | 0.514 ± 0.023 | 4.268 ±0.098 | *** | 1.41 ± 0.06 | 32.41 ± 1.10 | *** |
C 22:1 n-11 | ND | 1.833 ± 0.039 | *** | ND | 13.94 ± 0.51 | *** |
C 22:1 n-9 | ND | 0.318 ± 0.006 | *** | ND | 2.42 ± 0.08 | *** |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) | ||||||
C 18:2 n-6 | 4.608 ±0.232 | 11.896 ± 0.166 | *** | 12.55 ± 0.51 | 90.49 ± 3.02 | *** |
C 18:3 n-6 | 0.413 ± 0.017 | 0.169 ± 0.004 | *** | 1.13 ± 0.05 | 1.29 ± 0.05 | NS |
C 18:3 n-3 | 4.233 ± 0.248 | 3.461 ± 0.044 | ** | 11.59 ± 0.68 | 26.34 ± 0.89 | *** |
C 18:4 n-3 | 0.939 ± 0.068 | 0.653 ± 0.007 | *** | 2.60 ± 0.22 | 4.96 ± 0.16 | *** |
C 20:2 n-6 | 0.327 ± 0.014 | 0.651 ± 0.007 | *** | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 4.95 ± 0.16 | *** |
C 20:3 n-6 | 0.327 ± 0.013 | 0.152 ± 0.003 | *** | 0.90 ± 0.04 | 1.16 ± 0.04 | *** |
C 20:4 n-6 | 4.200 ± 0.141 | 0.254 ± 0.006 | *** | 11.77 ± 0.83 | 1.93 ± 0.07 | *** |
C 20:3 n-3 | 0.477 ± 0.027 | 0.323 ± 0.003 | *** | 1.33 ± 0.11 | 2.46 ± 0.08 | *** |
C 20:4 n-3 | 1.142 ± 0.072 | 0.497 ± 0.005 | *** | 3.21 ± 0.30 | 3.78 ± 0.12 | NS |
C 20:5 n-3 (EPA) | 5.703 ± 0.187 | 2.561 ±0.048 | *** | 16.01 ± 1.15 | 19.48 ± 0.66 | * |
C 22:5 n-6 | 0.736 ± 0.054 | 0.105 ± 0.004 | *** | 2.10 ± 0.23 | 0.80 ± 0.04 | *** |
C 22:5 n-3 (DPA) | 1.689 ± 0.067 | 0.812 ± 0.007 | *** | 4.68 ± 0.28 | 6.18 ± 0.18 | *** |
C 22:6 n-3 (DHA) | 9.957 ± 0.515 | 6.004 ± 0.089 | *** | 28.30 ± 2.65 | 45.64 ± 1.41 | *** |
SFA | 32.90 ± 0.88 | 20.38 ± 0.50 | *** | 91.92 ± 6.08 | 154.59 ± 5.07 | *** |
MUFA | 32.35 ± 1.35 | 52.08 ± 0.30 | *** | 89.25 ± 4.93 | 395.56 ± 10.14 | *** |
PUFA | 34.75 ±0.78 | 27.54 ± 0.34 | *** | 97.08 ± 6.04 | 209.47 ± 6.69 | *** |
n-3 | 24.14 ± 0.64 | 14.31 ± 0.18 | *** | 67.71 ± 4.66 | 108.84 ± 3.41 | *** |
n-6 | 10.61 ± 0.24 | 13.23 ± 0.18 | *** | 29.37 ± 1.42 | 100.63 ± 3.33 | *** |
n-3/n-6 | 2.3 | 1.1 | ||||
n-6/n-3 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
Attribute | Wild Pikeperch | Farmed Pikeperch | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Moisture (%) | 74.37 ± 0.34 | 75.33 ± 0.40 | NS |
Fat (%) | 0.52 ± 0.04 | 1.36 ± 0.05 | *** |
Protein (%) | 23.85 ± 0.33 | 22.10 ± 0.38 | *** |
Ash (%) | 1.20 ± 0.03 | 1.17 ± 0.01 | NS |
Cooking loss (%) | 22.19 ± 0.66 | 19.98 ± 0.66 | NS |
L* | 67.43 ± 1.01 | 73.85 ± 0.80 | *** |
a* | −0.34 ± 0.15 | 0.52 ± 0.36 | * |
b* | 11.25 ± 0.35 | 12.17 ± 0.44 | NS |
C | 11.27 ± 0.35 | 12.24 ± 0.44 | NS |
h | 86.94 ± 0.40 | 85.04 ± 0.98 | NS |
Sensory quality (points from 1 to 5) | |||
Colour | 4.86 ± 0.06 | 4.96 ± 0.04 | NS |
Aroma | 4.61 ± 0.08 | 4.58 ± 0.10 | NS |
Texture | 4.58 ± 0.11 | 4.25 ± 0.12 | NS |
Juiciness | 4.64 ± 0.11 | 4.42 ± 0.15 | NS |
Taste | 4.75 ± 0.07 | 4.79 ± 0.08 | NS |
Fatty Acid | Proportion (% of Total) | Concentration (mg/100 g Wet Tissue) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wild Pikeperch | Farmed Pikeperch | p Value | Wild Pikeperch | Farmed Pikeperch | p Value | |
Saturated fatty acids (SFA) | ||||||
C 12:0 | 0.178 ± 0.018 | 0.034 ± 0.001 | ** | 0.657 ± 0.110 | 0.328 ± 0.014 | * |
C 14:0 | 3.78 ± 0.07 | 3.40 ± 0.06 | ** | 13.74 ± 1.22 | 32.31 ± 0.67 | *** |
C 15:0 | 0.888 ± 0.021 | 0.295 ± 0.004 | ** | 3.22 ± 0.27 | 2.81 ± 0.08 | NS |
C 16:0 | 19.33 ± 0.55 | 15.49 ± 0.26 | *** | 70.9 ± 7.5 | 147.4 ± 3.1 | *** |
C 17:0 | 0.878 ± 0.045 | 0.160 ± 0.002 | ** | 3.23 ± 0.36 | 1.53 ± 0.06 | ** |
C 18:0 | 3.430 ± 0.134 | 1.427 ± 0.043 | ** | 12.66 ± 1.51 | 13.62 ± 0.82 | NS |
C 20:0 | 0.147 ± 0.001 | 0.155 ± 0.006 | NS | 0.535 ± 0.046 | 1.474 ± 0.079 | *** |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) | ||||||
C 14:1 | 0.167 ± 0.013 | 0.124 ± 0.012 | * | 0.59 ± 0.04 | 1.17 ± 0.08 | *** |
C 16:1 | 11.63 ± 0.90 | 6.15 ± 0.32 | ** | 41.34 ± 2.91 | 58.42 ± 2.62 | ** |
C 17:1 | 1.23 ± 0.06 | 0.348 ± 0.010 | *** | 4.40 ± 0.32 | 3.31 ± 0.11 | * |
C 18:1 cis9 | 16.04 ± 0.67 | 36.37 ± 0.15 | *** | 58.18 ± 5.56 | 346.7 ± 13.1 | *** |
C 18:1 cis11 | 3.92 ± 0.17 | 2.84 ± 0.02 | *** | 14.13 ± 1.16 | 27.08 ± 0.97 | *** |
C 20:1 n-9 | 0.529 ± 0.016 | 4.09 ± 0.15 | * | 1.94 ± 0.21 | 39.05 ± 2.30 | *** |
C 22:1 n-11 | ND | 1.77 ± 0.08 | *** | ND | 16.92 ±1.13 | *** |
C 22:1 n-9 | ND | 0.304 ± 0.009 | *** | ND | 2.90 ± 0.18 | *** |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) | ||||||
C 18:2 n-6 | 4.55 ± 0.27 | 11.94 ± 0.20 | *** | 16.29 ± 1.18 | 113.99 ± 5.92 | *** |
C 18:3 n-6 | 0.398 ± 0.018 | 0.173 ± 0.002 | * | 1.43 ± 0.09 | 1.65 ± 0.05 | NS |
C 18:3 n-3 | 4.31 ± 0.26 | 3.47 ± 0.07 | * | 15.31 ± 0.74 | 33.17 ± 1.78 | *** |
C 18:4 n-3 | 1.02 ± 0.07 | 0.649 ± 0.007 | * | 3.65 ± 0.34 | 6.19 ± 0.28 | *** |
C 20:2 n-6 | 0.361 ± 0.016 | 0.651 ± 0.010 | *** | 1.32 ± 0.12 | 6.21 ± 0.30 | *** |
C 20:3 n-6 | 0.329 ± 0.010 | 0.150 ± 0.002 | * | 1.18 ± 0.09 | 1.43 ± 0.06 | NS |
C 20:4 n-6 | 4.44 ± 0.321 | 0.236 ± 0.005 | *** | 16.34 ± 1.76 | 2.25 ± 0.12 | *** |
C 20:3 n-3 | 0.529 ± 0.027 | 0.22 ± 0.007 | *** | 1.92 ± 0.18 | 3.06 ± 0.16 | ** |
C 20:4 n-3 | 1.26 ± 0.12 | 0.496 ± 0.009 | * | 4.59 ± 0.59 | 4.73 ± 0.24 | NS |
C 20:5 n-3 (EPA) | 6.22 ± 0.44 | 2.45 ± 0.06 | * | 22.85 ± 2.65 | 23.41 ± 1.40 | NS |
C 22:5 n-6 | 0.957 ± 0.105 | 0.106 ± 0.004 | * | 3.55 ± 0.49 | 1.00 ± 0.04 | ** |
C 22:5 n-3 (DPA) | 1.90 ± 0.09 | 0.790 ± 0.019 | * | 6.86 ± 0.55 | 7.55 ± 0.45 | NS |
C 22:6 n-3 (DHA) | 11.58 ± 0.98 | 5.60 ± 0.05 | ** | 42.75 ± 5.28 | 53.40 ± 2.36 | NS |
SFA | 28.63 ± 0.65 | 20.96 ± 0.31 | *** | 104.9 ± 10.8 | 199.5 ± 4.7 | *** |
MUFA | 33.51 ± 1.68 | 52.00 ± 0.34 | *** | 120.6 ± 9.9 | 495.5 ± 17.6 | *** |
PUFA | 37.86 ± 1.57 | 27.04 ± 0.42 | *** | 138.1 ± 12.9 | 258.1 ± 13.1 | *** |
n-3 | 26.82 ± 1.50 | 13.78 ± 0.22 | *** | 97.9 ± 9.9 | 131.5 ± 6.6 | * |
n-6 | 11.04 ± 0.15 | 13.26 ± 0.21 | *** | 1.06 ± 0.09 | 3.00 ± 0.11 | *** |
n-3/n-6 | 2.43 | 1.04 | ||||
n-6/n-3 | 0.41 | 0.96 |
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Modzelewska-Kapituła, M.; Pietrzak-Fiećko, R.; Kozłowski, K.; Szczepkowski, M.; Zakęś, Z. Muscle Tissue Quality of Raw and Sous-Vide Cooked Wild and Farmed Pikeperch. Foods 2022, 11, 3811. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11233811
Modzelewska-Kapituła M, Pietrzak-Fiećko R, Kozłowski K, Szczepkowski M, Zakęś Z. Muscle Tissue Quality of Raw and Sous-Vide Cooked Wild and Farmed Pikeperch. Foods. 2022; 11(23):3811. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11233811
Chicago/Turabian StyleModzelewska-Kapituła, Monika, Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko, Krzysztof Kozłowski, Mirosław Szczepkowski, and Zdzisław Zakęś. 2022. "Muscle Tissue Quality of Raw and Sous-Vide Cooked Wild and Farmed Pikeperch" Foods 11, no. 23: 3811. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11233811
APA StyleModzelewska-Kapituła, M., Pietrzak-Fiećko, R., Kozłowski, K., Szczepkowski, M., & Zakęś, Z. (2022). Muscle Tissue Quality of Raw and Sous-Vide Cooked Wild and Farmed Pikeperch. Foods, 11(23), 3811. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11233811