Assessing Nigerian Butchers’ Knowledge and Perception of Good Hygiene and Storage Practices: A Cattle Slaughterhouse Case Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Subjects and Methods
2.1. Schematic Overview of Current Study
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Study Area and Target Population
2.4. Development of Research Instrument
2.5. Questionnaire Items, Slaughterhouse Workday, and Interview Process
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Demographic and Self-Hygiene of Butchers
3.2. Butchers’ Knowledge of Good Hygiene and Storage Practices
3.3. Butchers’ Perception of Good Hygiene and Storage Practices
3.4. Correlation Outcomes of Knowledge and Perception Aspects
4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Sub-Item | Frequency % (n = 50) | H-adj. | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 100% (n = 50) | 99.00 | <0.0001 |
Female | 0% (n = 0) | |||
Education status | Primary | 50% (n = 25) | 13.73 | <0.0010 |
Secondary | 28% (n = 14) | |||
Tertiary | 16% (n = 8) | |||
Unknown | 6% (n = 3) | |||
Hair of butcher | Covered | 44% (n = 22) | - | >0.05 |
Uncovered | 44% (n = 22) | |||
Unknown | 12% (n = 6) | |||
Wearing an apron | Used | 48% (n = 24) | - | >0.05 |
Not used | 42% (n = 21) | |||
Unknown | 10% (n = 5) | |||
Application of cleaning the work area | Water | 66% (n = 33) | 45.83 | <0.0001 |
Water+soap | 32% (n = 16) | |||
Water+soap+disinfectant | 2% (n = 1) | |||
Frequency of cleaning the work area | Before and after each activity | 88% (n = 44) | 60.26 | <0.0001 |
Now and then | 10% (n = 5) | |||
Unknown | 2% (n = 1) |
No. | Question | Response | Frequency % (n = 50) | H-adj | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Are you familiar with good hygiene practices? | Yes | 96% (n = 48) | 83.79 | <0.0001 |
No | 4% (n = 2) | ||||
2 | Are you familiar with good storage practices? | Yes | 98% (n = 49) | 95.12 | <0.0001 |
No | 0% (n = 0) | ||||
3 | If yes to 1/2, how did you acquire the hygiene and or storage practice knowledge? | Formal | 6% (n = 3) | 66.81 | <0.0001 |
Informal | 88% (n = 44) | ||||
4 | Years of experience in the beef-processing sector | <1 year | 0% (n = 0) | 87.83 | <0.0001 |
1–5 years | 14% (n = 7) | ||||
>5 years | 82% (n = 41) | ||||
5 | Did you have prior hygiene/storage knowledge/experience before engaging in the slaughterhouse? | Yes | 20% (n = 10) | 31.10 | <0.0001 |
No | 76% (n = 38) | ||||
6 | Do you know any foodborne pathogen associated with beef? | Yes | 8% (n = 4) | 66.59 | <0.0001 |
No | 90% (n = 45) | ||||
7 | Do you know the importance of hand washing? | Yes | 96% (n = 48) | 91.38 | <0.0001 |
No | 0% (n = 0) | ||||
8 | Do you know how to use the storage facilities in the slaughterhouse? | Yes | 96% (n = 48) | 91.38 | <0.0001 |
No | 0% (n = 0) |
No. | Question | Response | Frequency (n = 50) | H-adj | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | As a butcher, how do you perceive good hygiene/storage practice, in general? | Very important | 72% (n = 36) | 58.88 | <0.0001 |
Important | 28% (n = 14) | ||||
Not sure | 0% (n = 0) | ||||
2 | How do you perceive the hygiene level at the slaughterhouse facility? | Very high | 12% (n = 6) | 37.04 | <0.0001 |
High | 38% (n = 19) | ||||
Not so high | 48% (n = 24) | ||||
Not sure | 2% (n = 1) | ||||
3 | How do you perceive the storage level at the slaughterhouse facility? | Very high | 58% (n = 29) | 61.66 | <0.0001 |
High | 38% (n = 19) | ||||
Not so high | 4% (n = 2) | ||||
Not sure | 0% (n = 0) | ||||
4 | Are there some aspects of hygiene and storage at the slaughterhouse you believe require improvement? | Yes | 90% (n = 45) | 63.66 | <0.0001 |
No | 10% (n = 5) | ||||
5 | Do you believe the local, state, and federal governments have a role to play to enhance the slaughterhouse hygiene and storage facilities/practices? | Yes | 84% (n = 42) | 45.78 | <0.0001 |
No | 16% (n = 8) | ||||
6 | Do you believe the government regulation protects slaughterhouse good hygiene and storage practices? | Yes | 52% (n = 26) | - | >0.05 |
No | 48% (n = 24) | ||||
7 | Do you believe the above (6) has helped to sustain slaughterhouse hygiene and storage facilities? | Yes | 52% (n = 26) | - | >0.05 |
No | 48% (n = 24) |
Variable | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 | A7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A2 | −0.0292 1 0.8407 2 | ||||||
A3 | 0.2387 0.0950 | −0.0528 0.7160 | |||||
A4 | −0.0956 0.5088 | 0.3049 0.0313 * | −0.1730 0.2295 | ||||
A5 | 0.1243 0.3899 | −0.0803 0.5794 | 0.2248 0.1165 | −0.1414 0.3274 | |||
A6 | 0.2722 0.0559 | −0.0476 0.7426 | −0.1231 0.3944 | −0.1562 0.2788 | 0.1249 0.3875 | ||
A7 | −0.0417 0.7739 | −0.0292 0.8407 | 0.2387 0.0950 | −0.0956 0.5088 | 0.1243 0.3899 | 0.2722 0.0559 | |
A8 | −0.0417 0.7739 | −0.0292 0.8407 | 0.2387 0.0950 | −0.0956 0.5088 | 0.1243 0.3899 | 0.2722 0.0559 | 1.0000 <0.0001 * |
Variable | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B2 | 0.5100 1 0.0002 * 2 | ||||||
B3 | 0.6426 <0.0001 * | 0.5743 <0.0001 * | |||||
B4 | 0.2376 0.0967 | 0.3203 0.0234 * | 0.1216 0.4004 | ||||
B5 | 0.4569 0.0009 * | 0.4193 0.0024 * | 0.1813 0.2077 | 0.4001 0.0040 * | |||
B6 | 0.5599 <0.0001 * | 0.8430 <0.0001 * | 0.7235 <0.0001 * | 0.3469 0.0136 * | 0.3451 0.0141 * | ||
B7 | 0.5345 <0.0001 * | 0.8006 <0.0001 * | 0.6889 <0.0001 * | 0.3333 0.0180 * | 0.3273 0.0203 * | 0.9608 <0.0001 * |
Variable | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 0.1000 1 | 0.1961 | 0.0331 | 0.2722 | 0.1893 | 0.2125 | 0.2041 |
0.4895 2 | 0.1723 | 0.8196 | 0.0559 | 0.1879 | 0.1385 | 0.1551 | |
A2 | −0.0891 | −0.1487 | −0.1216 | −0.0476 | −0.0624 | −0.1373 | −0.1429 |
0.5384 | 0.3028 | 0.4004 | 0.7426 | 0.6671 | 0.3419 | 0.3223 | |
A3 | 0.0439 | −0.0148 | 0.1846 | 0.0821 | 0.1746 | 0.0148 | 0.0000 |
0.7623 | 0.9188 | 0.1995 | 0.5710 | 0.2252 | 0.9188 | 1.0000 | |
A4 | −0.2922 | −0.4877 | −0.3987 | −0.1562 | −0.2045 | −0.4501 | −0.3644 |
0.0395 * | 0.0003 * | 0.0041 * | 0.2788 | 0.1543 | 0.0010 * | 0.0093 * | |
A5 | −0.1418 | −0.0225 | −0.0987 | 0.1249 | −0.1175 | −0.1650 | −0.1873 |
0.3258 | 0.8768 | 0.4954 | 0.3875 | 0.4163 | 0.2523 | 0.1927 | |
A6 | −0.0594 | 0.1868 | −0.0135 | 0.1111 | 0.0364 | 0.2135 | 0.2000 |
0.6820 | 0.1939 | 0.9258 | 0.4424 | 0.8020 | 0.1366 | 0.1638 | |
A7 | 0.3273 | 0.1961 | 0.2399 | −0.0680 | 0.1893 | 0.2125 | 0.2041 |
0.0203 * | 0.1723 | 0.0934 | 0.6387 | 0.1879 | 0.1385 | 0.1551 | |
A8 | 0.3273 | 0.1961 | 0.2399 | −0.0680 | 0.1893 | 0.2125 | 0.2041 |
0.0203 * | 0.1723 | 0.0934 | 0.6387 | 0.1879 | 0.1385 | 0.1551 |
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Okpala, C.O.R.; Nwobi, O.C.; Korzeniowska, M. Assessing Nigerian Butchers’ Knowledge and Perception of Good Hygiene and Storage Practices: A Cattle Slaughterhouse Case Analysis. Foods 2021, 10, 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061165
Okpala COR, Nwobi OC, Korzeniowska M. Assessing Nigerian Butchers’ Knowledge and Perception of Good Hygiene and Storage Practices: A Cattle Slaughterhouse Case Analysis. Foods. 2021; 10(6):1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061165
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkpala, Charles Odilichukwu R., Obichukwu Chisom Nwobi, and Małgorzata Korzeniowska. 2021. "Assessing Nigerian Butchers’ Knowledge and Perception of Good Hygiene and Storage Practices: A Cattle Slaughterhouse Case Analysis" Foods 10, no. 6: 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061165