Effect on Nutritional and Functional Characteristics by Encapsulating Rose canina Powder in Enriched Corn Extrudates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Standards and Reagents
2.2. Raw Materials
2.3. Rosehip Powder Manufacturing
2.4. Formulations and Extrusion Processing
2.5. Analysis
2.5.1. Water Content and Water Activity
2.5.2. Expansion Index (SEI), Bulk Density (ρb) and Porosity (ε)
2.5.3. Water Absorption Index (WAI), Water Solubility Index (WSI), and Swelling Index (SWE)
2.5.4. Hygroscopicity (Hy)
2.5.5. Texture
2.5.6. Optical Properties
2.5.7. Samples Extraction Assisted by Ultrasounds
2.5.8. Phenolic Compounds Analysis through HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Diode Array Detection–Electro-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry)
2.5.9. Carotenoids Analysis
2.5.10. Ascorbic (AA) and Dehydroascorbic (DHAA) Acids Determination through HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS
2.5.11. Folate Determination through HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS Assay
2.5.12. Antioxidant Capacity (AC)
2.5.13. Minerals Determination
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results & Discussions
3.1. Physicochemical Characteristics of Extrudates
3.2. Nutritional and Functional Value of Mixtures and Extrudates
3.2.1. Phenolic Acid Profile of Mixtures and Extrudates
3.2.2. Carotenoids Profile of Mixtures and Extrudates
3.2.3. Ascorbic and Dehydroascorbic Acids, Vitamin C, Folate, and Antioxidant Activity
3.2.4. Minerals Mixtures and Extrudates Content
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | xw (gw/100 g) | aw | WAI | WSI (%) | SWE (mLswollen/gdry solid) | Hy (gw/100 gdry solid) | SEI | ρb (g/cm3) | ε (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CE | 5.62 (0.05) a | 0.327 (0.003) a | 4.135 (0.015) b | 16.81 (0.12) g | 2.279 (0.102) e | 21.69 (0.19) f | 13.1 (0.4) f | 0.103 (0.003) a | 91.3 (0.2) cd |
R4E | 4.35 (0.05) bcd | 0.310 (0.003) b | 3.9 (0.2) cd | 20.3 (0.9) de | 2.59 (0.04) cd | 23.8 (0.3) bc | 13.9 (0.4) d | 0.078 (0.004) d | 93.0 (0.4) a |
MDR4E | 4.49 (0.03) bc | 0.303 (0.003) c | 3.74 (0.02) def | 23.82 (0.13) b | 2.407 (0.012) cde | 24.1 (0.2) b | 15.4 (0.5) a | 0.090 (0.005) bc | 91.7 (0.5) bcd |
RMDR4E | 4.565 (0.005) b | 0.303 (0.003) c | 3.246 (0.015) h | 26.21 (0.13) a | 2.576 (0.004) cd | 25.1 (0.2) a | 15.6 (0.4) a | 0.0795 (0.0004) bcd | 93.074 (0.009) a |
PPR4E | 4.1 (0.2) de | 0.259 (0.003) h | 3.630 (0.012) efg | 20.95 (0.12) d | 4.7 (0.3) b | 22.71 (0.14) de | 14.6 (0.6) c | 0.081 (0.006) bcd | 91.9 (0.5) bc |
CDR4E | 4.10 (0.03) de | 0.258 (0.003) h | 3.775 (0.006) cde | 23.32 (0.02) b | 1.70 (0.17) fg | 22.3 (0.7) ef | 15.1 (0.4) b | 0.090 (0.009) b | 92.3 (0.6) ab |
R8E | 4.0 (0.3) e | 0.274 (0.003) g | 4.48 (0.02) a | 18.51 (0.17) f | 2.674 (0.012) c | 23.5 (0.6) bc | 12.4 (0.4) g | 0.084 (0.002) bcd | 90.8 (0.3) d |
MDR8E | 4.16 (0.02) de | 0.299 (0.003) d | 4.12 (0.07) b | 21.65 (0.07) c | 1.98 (0.05) f | 23.72 (0.05) bc | 13.9 (0.4) d | 0.079 (0.006) bcd | 92.0 (0.7) bc |
RMDR8E | 4.34 (0.06) bcd | 0.300 (0.003) cd | 3.56 (0.03) g | 25.8 (0.2) a | 2.34 (0.14) de | 22.41 (0.08) e | 14.1 (0.3) d | 0.079 (0.009) cd | 92.3 (0.2) ab |
PPR8E | 3.70 (0.09) f | 0.278 (0.003) f | 3.882 (0.003) c | 19.5 (0.4) e | 5.68 (0.17) a | 23.2 (0.2) cd | 14.2 (0.3) d | 0.075 (0.004) d | 92.6 (0.4) ab |
CDR8E | 4.26 (0.05) cde | 0.290 (0.003) e | 3.61 (0.05) fg | 24.0 (0.3) b | 1.681 (0.108) g | 23.37 (0.03) cd | 13.5 (0.2) e | 0.0861 (0.0009) bcd | 92.02 (0.12) bc |
Sample | Wc (N × mm) | Nsr (mm−1) | Fs (N) | Fp (N) | N0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CE | 0.20 (0.03) a | 10.1 (0.9) bc | 2.1 (0.3) a | 1.6 (0.2) a | 106 (8) d |
R4E | 0.12 (0.03) bc | 11.1 (1.6) bc | 1.3 (0.3) bcd | 1.0 (0.2) bc | 123 (14) bcd |
MDR4E | 0.13 (0.04) b | 11.5 (1.9) b | 1.4 (0.2) b | 1.0 (0.3) b | 126 (21) bc |
RMDR4E | 0.21 (0.05) a | 10.7 (1.2) bc | 2.5 (0.5) a | 1.1 (0.2) b | 127 (14) bc |
PPR4E | 0.099 (0.013) cd | 11.61 (1.02) b | 1.4 (0.3) b | 0.9 (0.2) bc | 137 (7) ab |
CDR4E | 0.110 (0.013) bc | 10.0 (0.8) c | 1.09 (0.08) cde | 0.77 (0.06) cd | 115 (5) cd |
R8E | 0.060 (0.004) e | 10.8 (1.4) bc | 0.728 (0.102) f | 0.48 (0.05) e | 121 (14) bcd |
MDR8E | 0.097 (0.016) cd | 14.0 (1.2) a | 1.34 (0.19) bc | 1.1 (0.2) bc | 145 (14) a |
RMDR8E | 0.095 (0.017) cd | 11.04 (1.02) bc | 1.05 (0.19) de | 0.73 (0.17) d | 125 (8) bc |
PPR8E | 0.075 (0.007) de | 13.12 (0.12) a | 1.04 (0.04) de | 0.77 (0.09) cd | 134 (15) ab |
CDR8E | 0.078 (0.003) de | 11.0 (1.2) bc | 0.85 (0.06) ef | 0.62 (0.13) de | 127(19) bc |
Parameter | L* | a* | b* | C | H | ΔE1 | ΔE2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixtures | |||||||
CM | 79.9 (0.6) aA | 6.4 (0.5) gA | 41 (3) abcA | 42 (3) cA | 81.1 (0.3) aB | - | - |
R4M | 74.4 (0.2) dA | 13.4 (0.6) cA | 40.4 (0.5) bcA | 42.6 (0.3) bcA | 71.59 (1.02) gB | 8.9 (0.7) cA | - |
MDR4M | 76.7 (0.2) cA | 11.0 (0.2) eA | 41.0 (1.6) bcA | 42.4 (1.6) cA | 75.0 (0.3) cdA | 5.7 (0.2) dB | - |
RMDR4M | 76.3 (0.5) cA | 11.6 (0.3) deA | 41.2 (1.5) abcA | 42.8 (1.4) bcA | 74.3 (0.7) deB | 6.4 (0.4) dA | - |
PPR4M | 76.2 (0.2) cA | 9.7 (0.2) fA | 36.9 (0.8) dA | 38.1 (0.7) dA | 75.2 (0.5) cA | 6.5 (0.6) dB | - |
CDR4M | 77.4 (0.4) bA | 9.6 (0.6) fA | 42.4 (1.4) abA | 43.5 (1.5) abcA | 77.2 (0.4) bA | 4.39 (1.09) eB | - |
R8M | 71.0 (0.3) fA | 15.8 (0.8) aA | 40 (2) cA | 43 (2) abcA | 68.5 (0.8) hA | 13.0 (0.6) aA | - |
MDR8M | 73.8 (0.5) eA | 14.2 (0.3) bB | 42.5 (1.7) abB | 44.8 (1.7) abB | 71.5 (0.4) gB | 10.1 (0.8) bA | - |
RMDR8M | 74.5 (0.7) dA | 13.1 (0.6) cA | 43.3 (1.4) aA | 45.2 (1.5) aA | 73.1(0.6) fA | 9.0 (0.9) cA | - |
PPR8M | 73.6 (0.8) eA | 10.2 (0.4) fA | 37.7 (0.9) dA | 39.06 (1.03) dA | 74.9 (0.3) cdA | 8.1 (0.4) cB | - |
CDR8M | 76.6 (0.3) cA | 11.68 (0.08) dA | 40.75 (1.03) bcA | 42.4 (0.9) cA | 74.0 (0.4) eA | 6.3 (0.3) dB | - |
Extrudates | |||||||
CE | 56 (2) aB | 0.148 (0.013) gB | 17.9 (0.7) eB | 17.9 (0.7) eB | 89.53 (0.03) aA | - | 34 (2) abc |
R4E | 52 (2) bcdB | 5.6 (0.6) deB | 21.0 (0.6) bcB | 21.7 (0.7) bcdB | 75.2 (1.2) cdA | 7.4 (1.8) deA | 30.75 (1.03) cd |
MDR4E | 52 (3) bcB | 5.3 (0.7) efB | 20.8 (2.3) bcB | 21 (2) bcdB | 75.6 (0.9) bcA | 7.5 (1.5) deA | 32 (3) bcd |
RMDR4E | 55 (2) abB | 4.7 (0.3) fB | 20.0 (1.8) bcdB | 20.6 (1.8) cdB | 76.7 (0.9) bA | 5.7 (0.5) eA | 31 (3) bcd |
PPR4E | 52 (3) bcdB | 6.2 (0.5) cdB | 20.2 (1.7) bcdB | 21.2 (1.7) bcdB | 73.0 (0.5) efB | 8.2 (1.4) dA | 30 (4) de |
CDR4E | 48.6 (1.4) deB | 5.2 (0.5) efB | 19.3 (0.6) cdeB | 20.0 (0.7) cdeB | 74.9 (1.3) cdB | 9.0 (1.5) cdA | 37.12 (1.08) a |
R8E | 50.1 (0.9) cdeB | 10.3 (0.5) aB | 24.8 (0.5) aB | 26.8 (0.6) aB | 67.5 (0.6) gA | 13.5 (0.7) aA | 26.6 (0.8) e |
MDR8E | 54.0 (1.5) abB | 6.3 (0.8) cdB | 22.0 (1.4) bB | 22.9 (1.6) bB | 74.04 (1.06) deA | 7.8 (1.6) deB | 29.5 (1.4) de |
RMDR8E | 49 (2) deB | 6.8 (0.4) bcB | 21.07 (1.04) bcB | 22.13 (1.09) bcB | 72.2 (0.4) fA | 10.4 (1.3) bcA | 35 (2) ab |
PPR8E | 49.8 (1.3) cdeB | 7.3 (0.7) bB | 18.3 (1.3) deB | 19.7 (1.4) deB | 68.3 (0.9) gB | 9.5 (0.8) bcdA | 30.9 (1.7) cd |
CDR8E | 48 (4) eB | 6.6 (0.5) bcB | 20 (2) bcdB | 21 (2) bcdB | 71.7 (0.7) fB | 11.3 (2.8) bA | 36 (4) a |
Samples | p-Coumaric Acid | Ferulic Acid | Di-caff | Q-gluc | Q-glu-gluc-rham | I-gluc | I-acet-gluc-gluc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixtures | |||||||
CM | 64.75 (0.21) aA | 42.86 (0.04) aA | 58.61 (0.06) aA | -k | -h | -i | -j |
R4M | 61.95 (0.05) bA | 31.30 (0.09) bB | 44.47 (0.03) bB | 18.29 (0.03) gA | 18.33 (0.08) dB | 19.96 (0.08) eB | 17.62 (0.12) gB |
MDR4M | 61.56 (0.03) dA | 31.00 (0.12) dB | 44.22 (0.51) bB | 16.35 (0.07) jB | 18.00 (0.09) eB | 20.26 (0.50) eB | 14.93 (0.02) iB |
RMDR4M | 61.21 (0.02) eA | 30.83 (0.22) eB | 44.09 (0.05) bB | 18.27 (0.04) gB | 16.67 (0.05) gB | 18.29 (0.45) gB | 18.90 (0.07) fA |
PPR4M | 61.76 (0.06) cA | 31.13 (0.05) cB | 44.27 (0.03) bB | 19.23 (0.02) fB | 16.62 (0.02) gB | 14.66 (0.02) hB | 16.29 (0.34) hB |
CDR4M | 61.54 (0.04) dA | 30.82 (0.34) eB | 44.09 (0.09) bB | 17.59 (0.05) iB | 17.59 (0.55) fB | 19.51 (0.34) fB | 17.93 (0.77) gB |
R8M | 59.55 (0.13) fgA | 29.49 (0.13) fB | 42.93 (0.02) cdB | 44.40 (0.04) aA | 28.42 (0.08) bB | 32.22 (0.09) aB | 27.77 (0.08) aB |
MDR8M | 59.56 (0.02) fgA | 29.22 (0.07) gB | 42.84 (0.08) cdB | 39.83 (0.03) bA | 31.67 (0.04) aA | 29.60 (0.11) cA | 26.75 (0.55) bB |
RMDR8M | 59.40 (0.15) ghA | 29.03 (0.08) hB | 42.74 (0.02) dB | 37.83 (0.08) cA | 28.41 (0.09) bB | 29.60 (0.05) cB | 25.80 (0.09) dB |
PPR8M | 59.38 (0.09) hA | 29.05 (0.23) hB | 43.34 (0.84) cB | 37.12 (0.09) dA | 31.59 (0.03) aB | 28.98 (0.03) dB | 26.39 (0.05) cB |
CDR8M | 59.59 (0.03) fA | 28.99 (0.78) hB | 42.70 (0.15) dB | 29.98 (0.03) eB | 23.78 (0.02) cB | 30.31 (0.02) bA | 24.44 (0.03) eA |
Extrudates | |||||||
CE | 60.36 (0.05) aB | 32.52 (0.23) dB | 46.79 (0.40) eB | -k | -j | -g | -j |
R4E | 57.73 (0.13) bB | 37.92 (0.24) aA | 53.56 (0.12) aA | 17.02 (0.02) iB | 31.66 (0.07) eA | 29.13 (0.04) eA | 19.83 (0.03) gA |
MDR4E | 57.75 (0.07) bB | 37.76 (0.08) abA | 53.31 (0.13) aA | 19.56 (0.05) hA | 27.11 (0.55) hA | 26.01 (0.06) fA | 16.12 (0.02) iA |
RMDR4E | 57.76 (0.04) bB | 37.78 (0.08) abA | 53.26 (0.22) abA | 23.59 (0.23) gA | 28.27 (0.03) fgA | 27.97 (0.38) eA | 16.46 (0.04) iB |
PPR4E | 57.48 (0.11) cB | 37.81 (0.07) aA | 53.31 (0.33) aA | 25.96 (0.34) eA | 36.80 (0.78) cA | 31.47 (0.78) dA | 23.97 (0.65) fA |
CDR4E | 57.36 (0.15) dB | 37.60 (0.09) bA | 52.71 (0.66) bA | 28.54 (0.04) dA | 27.82 (0.03) ghA | 28.45 (0.56) eA | 18.85 (0.05) hA |
R8E | 55.35 (0.04) fB | 36.62 (0.13) cA | 51.91 (0.07) cA | 33.09 (0.08) bB | 39.56 (0.22) bA | 40.05 (0.22) bA | 34.30 (0.67) bA |
MDR8E | 55.37 (0.08) efB | 36.65 (0.22) cA | 51.63 (0.23) cdA | 25.35 (0.06) fB | 24.43 (0.19) iB | 29.09 (0.34) eA | 29.09 (0.34) eA |
RMDR8E | 55.46 (0.07) eB | 36.73 (0.31) cA | 51.50 (0.22) cdA | 25.09 (0.45) fB | 34.76 (0.34) dA | 34.70 (0.05) cA | 34.70 (0.05) cA |
PPR8E | 55.20 (0.15) gB | 36.54 (0.15) cA | 51.17 (0.07) dA | 36.92 (0.57) aA | 43.47 (0.67) aA | 45.55 (1.06) aA | 45.55 (1.06) aA |
CDR8E | 55.41 (0.02) efB | 36.60 (0.06) cA | 51.43 (0.02) cdA | 31.60 (0.03) cA | 28.81 (0.94) fA | 25.38 (0.02) fB | 25.38 (0.02) fB |
Samples | Lutein | Zeaxanthin | Lycopene | β Carotene | Zea-ester | Lut-ester | Total Carotenoids |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixtures | |||||||
CM | 1.52 (0.02) fA | 3.52 (0.07) dA | 0.43 (0.02) fA | 0.47 (0.09) hA | 0.29 (0.06) gA | 0.26 (0.02) cA | 6.47 (0.28) gA |
R4M | 1.86 (0.13) dA | 4.17 (0.19) cA | 8.23(0.04) dA | 5.03 (0.02) dA | 4.16 (0.32) eA | 1.28 (0.03) bA | 24.73 (0.73) dA |
MDR4M | 1.79 (0.15) deA | 3.99 (0.11) cA | 7.86 (0.03) dA | 4.62 (0.23) efA | 4.03 (0.15) efA | 1.05 (0.10) bA | 23.34 (0.77) eA |
RMDR4M | 1.67 (0.19) deA | 4.03 (0.02) cA | 7.83 (0.16) dA | 4.27 (0.17) gA | 3.91 (0.04) efA | 1.01 (0.08) bA | 22.73 (0.66) efA |
PPR4M | 1.53 (0.25) fA | 4.07 (0.16) cA | 7.85 (0.19) dA | 4.86 (0.04) deA | 4.11 (0.23) efA | 1.13 (0.12) bA | 23.55 (0.99) eA |
CDR4M | 1.77 (0.09) deA | 3.97 (0.44) cA | 7.13 (0.14) eA | 4.41 (0.03) fgA | 3.87 (0.06) fA | 1.00 (0.03) bA | 22.14 (0.79) fA |
R8M | 2.81 (0.07) aA | 6.31 (0.33) aA | 17.30 (0.42) aA | 9.69 (0.06) aA | 8.03 (0.22) dA | 3.59 (0.37) aA | 47.73 (1.47) aA |
MDR8M | 2.22 (0.18) cA | 5.73 (0.06) bA | 16.45 (0.09) bcA | 8.61 (0.26) bA | 8.6 (0.2) bA | 3.48 (0.21) aA | 44.29 (0.83) bA |
RMDR8M | 2.24 (0.02) bcA | 5.58 (0.08) bA | 16.06 (0.06) cA | 8.10 (0.23) cA | 8.21 (0.11) cdA | 3.62 (0.16) aA | 43.07 (0.66) cA |
PPR8M | 2.52 (0.03) bA | 6.29 (0.04) aA | 16.79 (0.40) bA | 9.53 (0.05) aA | 9.71 (0.07) aA | 3.68 (0.30) aA | 47.65 (0.89) aA |
CDR8M | 2.36 (0.24) bcA | 5.62 (0.06) bA | 16.42 (0.03) bcA | 8.69 (0.07) bA | 8.50 (0.05) bcA | 3.55 (0.28) aA | 44.36 (0.73) bA |
Extrudates | |||||||
CE | 0.40 (0.03) fB | 0.60 (0.02) bB | 0.14 (0.02) fB | 0.17 (0.02) fB | 0.12 (0.03) hB | 0.13 (0.02) eB | 1.56 (0.14) fB |
R4E | 0.60 (0.02) cdeB | 0.93 (0.23) bB | 1.76 (0.03) dB | 1.13 (0.08) dB | 0.89 (0.05) efB | 0.49 (0.03) cB | 5.80 (0.44) dB |
MDR4E | 0.43 (0.06) fB | 0.82 (0.06) bB | 1.61 (0.05) eB | 0.98 (0.13) deB | 0.74 (0.08) fgB | 0.35 (0.08) ceB | 4.93 (0.46) eB |
RMDR4E | 0.46 (0.03) fB | 0.73 (0.02) bB | 1.58 (0.04) eB | 0.89 (0.05) eB | 0.70 (0.30) gB | 0.37 (0.04) ceB | 4.72 (0.48) eB |
PPR4E | 0.56 (0.07) eB | 0.89 (0.03) bB | 1.68 (0.07) deB | 0.99 (0.03) deB | 0.98 (0.02) deB | 0.60 (0.03) bcB | 5.70 (0.25) dB |
CDR4E | 0.41 (0.02) fB | 0.86 (0.10) bB | 1.64 (0.09) deB | 0.86 (0.08) eB | 0.79 (0.04) fgB | 0.57 (0.04) bcB | 5.12 (0.37) eB |
R8E | 0.81 (0.51) aB | 1.68 (0.09) aB | 3.25 (0.02) bB | 1.98 (0.15) aB | 1.50 (0.03) bB | 0.83 (0.15) abB | 10.04 (0.95) bB |
MDR8E | 0.69 (0.04) bcB | 1.39 (0.49) aB | 3.13 (0.05) bcB | 1.76 (0.04) bB | 1.24 (0.07) cB | 0.78 (0.06) abB | 8.98 (0.75) cB |
RMDR8E | 0.67 (0.02) cdB | 1.62 (0.13) aB | 3.04 (0.03) cB | 1.51 (0.16) cB | 1.11 (0.02) cdB | 0.79 (0.33) abB | 8.74 (0.69) cB |
PPR8E | 0.77 (0.09) abB | 1.59 (0.03) aB | 3.66 (0.04) aB | 2.16 (0.04) aB | 1.81 (0.21) aB | 1.01 (0.07) aB | 11.00 (0.48) aB |
CDR8E | 0.60 (0.03) deB | 1.34 (0.09) aB | 3.02 (0.16) cB | 1.68 (0.08) bcB | 1.46 (0.02) bB | 0.90 (0.13) aB | 8.99 (0.43) cB |
Samples | AA | DHAA | Vitamin C | Folates | AC (TEq) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixtures | |||||
CM | 77.72 (0.44) kA | 126.60 (0.37) kA | 204.33 (0.81) jA | 0.80 (0.03) iA | 98.6 (1.3) kA |
R4M | 401.34 (0.07) eA | 267.77 (0.24) dA | 669.11 (0.31) dA | 11.40 (0.35) eA | 1480 (6) cA |
MDR4M | 315.95 (0.57) gA | 254.91 (0.29) fA | 570.86 (0.85) fA | 7.59 (0.16) gA | 920 (3) fA |
RMDR4M | 300.67 (0.27) hA | 238.94 (0.23) gA | 539.61 (0.50) gA | 7.68 (0.18) gA | 796 (2) hA |
PPR4M | 195.71 (0.35) jA | 219.24 (0.33) iA | 414.95 (0.68) iA | 6.75 (0.29) hA | 326 (2) jA |
CDR4M | 288.61 (0.39) iA | 207.73 (0.40) jA | 496.34 (0.80) hA | 8.49 (0.28) fA | 1209 (2) dA |
R8M | 761.01 (0.54) aA | 236.12 (0.33) hA | 997.13 (0.88) aA | 20.47 (0.25) aA | 2350.1 (1.4) aA |
MDR8M | 503.70 (0.66) cA | 303.88 (0.09) aA | 807.59 (0.75) bA | 18.66 (0.15) bA | 1054.4 (0.9) eA |
RMDR8M | 441.54 (0.30) dA | 260.67 (0.04) eA | 702.21 (0.35) cA | 16.01 (0.50) cA | 873 (6) gA |
PPR8M | 335.98 (0.21) fA | 272.00 (0.53) bA | 607.97 (0.74) eA | 14.45 (0.26) dA | 508 (3) iA |
CDR8M | 537.142 (0.43) bA | 269.81 (0.30) cA | 806.95 (0.73) bA | 19.03 (0.36) bA | 1822 (3) bA |
Extrudates | |||||
CE | 35.12 (0.41) hB | 23.10 (0.12) fB | 58.22 (0.52) hB | 0.72 (0.03) gA | 11.8 (1.3) hB |
R4E | 55.50 (0.20) bB | 33.30 (0.23) aB | 88.80 (0.43) bB | 9.30 (0.14) dB | 216.8 (1.4) cB |
MDR4E | 39.41 (0.51) gB | 32.03 (0.31) bB | 71.44 (0.83) gB | 6.94 (0.21) fA | 153 (3) fB |
RMDR4E | 50.43 (0.31) dB | 30.52 (0.29) cdB | 80.95 (0.60) cdB | 5.81 (0.08) eB | 146.4 (1.4) gB |
PPR4E | 47.13 (0.31) fB | 32.78 (0.53) aB | 79.91 (0.84) defB | 5.82 (0.27) eA | 144 (2) gB |
CDR4E | 48.79 (0.30) eB | 30.95 (0.28) cB | 79.74 (0.58) defB | 7.15 (0.19) fB | 148 (3) gB |
R8E | 85.50 (0.30) aB | 33.32 (0.15) aB | 118.82 (0.45) aB | 14.86 (0.41) aB | 270.9 (0.5) aB |
MDR8E | 50.76 (0.34) dB | 29.87 (0.48) deB | 80.63 (0.82) cdeB | 10.06 (0.19) cB | 195.4 (0.9) eB |
RMDR8E | 48.41 (0.22) eB | 31.16 (0.47) cB | 79.57 (0.68) efB | 10.35 (0.19) cB | 202 (2) dB |
PPR8E | 51.79 (0.66) cB | 29.99 (0.21) deB | 81.79 (0.87) cB | 9.53 (0.10) dB | 238 (3) bB |
CDR8E | 48.99 (0.17) eB | 29.60 (0.33) eB | 78.58 (0.50) fB | 12.36 (0.16) bB | 242 (4) bB |
Samples | Na | Mg | K | Ca | Total Macrominerals |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixtures | |||||
CM | 41.65 (0.79) fB | 139.70 (0.93) eB | 614.71 (0.88) fB | 61.26 (0.89) eB | 857.32 (3.49) |
R4M | 74.31 (0.89) cB | 240.02 (0.89) cB | 964.11 (0.65) cB | 108.80 (0.77) cB | 1387.24 (3.20) |
MDR4M | 67.94 (0.80) deB | 190.44 (0.88) dB | 884.90 (0.39) dB | 91.88 (0.48) dB | 1235.16 (2.55) |
RMDR4M | 65.55 (0.76) deB | 189.93 (0.57) dB | 884.46 (0.78) dB | 90.59 (0.57) dB | 1230.53 (2.68) |
PPR4M | 65.62 (1.08) eB | 190.72 (0.24) dB | 885.96 (0.81) dB | 91.61 (0.75) dB | 1233.91 (2.88) |
CDR4M | 68.31 (1.10) dB | 191.79 (0.89) dB | 871.58 (0.96) eB | 91.96 (0.79) dB | 1223.64 (3.74) |
R8M | 96.79 (0.43) aB | 421.78 (0.77) aB | 1399.21 (0.44) aB | 190.13 (0.65) aB | 2107.91 (2.29) |
MDR8M | 94.01 (0.27) bB | 402.15 (0.88) bB | 1325.50 (0.77) bB | 176.01 (0.72) bB | 1997.67 (2.64) |
RMDR8M | 93.99 (0.93) bB | 400.00 (0.79) bB | 1325.44 (0.28) bB | 175.10 (0.80) bB | 1994.53 (2.80) |
PPR8M | 93.67 (0.38) bB | 402.04 (0.97) bB | 1326.10 (0.89) bB | 175.56 (0.19) bB | 1997.37 (2.43) |
CDR8M | 92.92 (0.25) bB | 400.55 (0.77) bB | 1325.59 (0.85) bB | 175.22 (0.72) bB | 1994.28 (2.59) |
Extrudates | |||||
CE | 90.17 (0.51) iA | 202.16 (0.73) fA | 699.74 (0.84) hA | 119.60 (0.72) gA | 1111.67 (2.86) |
R4E | 339.08 (0.57) gA | 323.07 (0.49) dA | 1153.26 (0.73) fA | 209.67 (0.97) cA | 2025.08 (2.76) |
MDR4E | 353.50 (0.78) fA | 293.97 (0.89) eA | 984.21 (0.58) gA | 200.07 (0.25) dA | 1831.75 (2.50) |
RMDR4E | 394.11 (0.38) eA | 297.75 (0.88) eA | 984.93 (0.88) gA | 172.80 (0.78) fA | 1849.59 (2.92) |
PPR4E | 447.58 (0.93) cA | 328.11 (0.73) dA | 1159.71 (0.78) eA | 215.98 (0.39) cA | 2151.38 (2.83) |
CDR4E | 324.97 (0.69) hA | 289.06 (0.34) eA | 986.31 (0.59) gA | 189.99 (0.89) eA | 1790.33 (2.51) |
R8E | 393.57 (0.99) eA | 629.63 (0.77) aA | 1510.00 (0.82) bA | 251.35 (0.55) aA | 2784.55 (3.13) |
MDR8E | 412.54 (0.88) dA | 603.05 (0.99) bA | 1455.61 (0.69) cA | 239.05 (0.93) bA | 2710.25 (3.49) |
RMDR8E | 455.16 (1.09) bA | 591.40 (0.67) cA | 1451.61 (0.73) dA | 239.67 (0.64) bA | 2737.84 (3.13) |
PPR8E | 572.25 (0.88) aA | 637.40 (0.63) aA | 1518.03 (0.59) aA | 257.61 (0.72) aA | 2985.29 (2.82) |
CDR8E | 351.28 (0.79) fA | 590.17 (0.88) bcA | 1451.54 (0.64) dA | 239.11 (0.83) bA | 2632.10 (3.14) |
Samples | Cr | Mn | Fe | Ni | Cu | Zn | Se | Total Microminerals |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixtures | ||||||||
CM | 0.25 (0.04) eB | 1.35 (0.29) fB | 14.58 (0.60) dB | 0.27 (0.03) eB | 0.86 (0.04) cB | 4.26 (0.12) deB | 0.60 (0.07) aA | 22.17 (1.19) |
R4M | 0.97 (0.03) cB | 5.95 (0.12) cB | 16.47 (0.55) cB | 0.54 (0.04) cB | 1.06 (0.10) bB | 5.98 (0.04) aB | 0.35 (0.02) bA | 31.31 (0.90) |
MDR4M | 0.76 (0.04) dB | 4.40 (0.21) deB | 13.99 (0.04) deB | 0.40 (0.07) deB | 0.82 (0.04) cB | 4.14 (0.03) eB | 0.23 (0.04) cdeA | 24.74 (0.47) |
RMDR4M | 0.79 (0.05) dB | 4.56 (0.06) dE | 14.10 (0.14) deB | 0.45 (0.03) cdB | 0.77 (0.06) cB | 4.36 (0.05) dB | 0.21 (0.03) defA | 25.17 (0.42) |
PPR4M | 0.69 (0.07) dB | 4.28 (0.08) deB | 13.92 (0.06) deB | 0.43 (0.04) cdB | 0.80 (0.03) cB | 4.25 (0.15) deB | 0.27 (0.02) cdA | 24.64 (0.45) |
CDR4M | 0.71 (0.04) dB | 4.17 (0.98) eB | 13.83 (0.08) eB | 0.42 (0.02) cdB | 0.83 (0.21) cB | 4.32 (0.03) deB | 0.30 (0.06) bcA | 24.58 (1.42) |
R8M | 1.51 (0.04) aB | 11.82 (0.13) aB | 19.68 (0.07) aB | 0.87 (0.06) aB | 1.35 (0.05) aB | 5.02 (0.20) bB | 0.17 (0.45) efgA | 40.22 (1.00) |
MDR8M | 1.22 (0.05) bB | 10.33 (0.16) bB | 17.39 (0.24) bB | 0.75 (0.11) abB | 1.23 (0.02) abB | 4.76 (0.07) cB | 0.14 (0.03) fgA | 36.36 (0.68) |
RMDR8M | 1.25 (0.03) bB | 10.20 (0.77) bB | 17.61 (0.38) bB | 0.77 (0.02) abB | 1.26 (0.51) aB | 4.67 (0.06) cB | 0.11 (0.02) gA | 35.87 (1.78) |
PPR8M | 1.19 (0.23) bB | 9.98 (0.03) bB | 17.31 (0.04) bB | 0.80 (0.03) abB | 1.23 (0.34) abB | 4.82 (0.04) cB | 0.17 (0.04) efgA | 35.50 (0.75) |
CDR8M | 1.11 (0.16) bB | 10.11 (0.33) bB | 15.51 (0.14) bB | 0.74 (0.05) bB | 1.38 (0.71) aB | 4.77 (0.03) cB | 0.12 (0.34) gA | 33.74 (1.76) |
Extrudates | ||||||||
CE | 0.92 (0.03) fA | 1.94 (0.06) hA | 16.91 (0.11) eA | 0.75 (0.04) fA | 1.74 (0.07) cA | 6.88 (0.14) hA | 0.00 -B | 29.14 (0.45) |
R4E | 1.67 (0.09) deA | 8.59 (0.05) fA | 18.11 (0.31) dA | 1.01 (0.03) cdeA | 1.31 (0.08) dA | 7.83 (0.08) efA | 0.00 -B | 38.52 (0.64) |
MDR4E | 1.53 (0.02) eA | 8.07 (0.06) gA | 18.39 (0.23) dA | 0.93 (0.05) defA | 1.35 (0.13) dA | 7.48 (0.23) fgA | 0.00 -B | 37.75 (0.72) |
RMDR4E | 1.56 (0.07) eA | 8.05 (0.03) gA | 18.53 (0.26) cdA | 0.86 (0.03) efA | 1.41 (0.27) dA | 7.66 (0.13) efgA | 0.00 -B | 38.07 (0.79) |
PPR4E | 1.89 (0.05) dA | 9.01 (0.03) eA | 19.59 (0.51) cA | 1.11 (0.28) cdA | 1.90 (0.23) bcA | 8.04 (0.16) eA | 0.00 -B | 41.54 (1.26) |
CDR4E | 1.52 (0.26) eA | 8.27 (0.09) fgA | 18.43 (0.59) dA | 0.92 (0.34) defA | 1.34 (0.22) dA | 7.40 (0.03) gA | 0.00 -B | 37.88 (1.53) |
R8E | 2.95 (0.08) aA | 13.49 (0.40) bA | 21.88 (0.16) bA | 1.40 (0.07) abA | 2.00 (0.34) bA | 9.74 (0.21) abA | 0.00 -B | 51.46 (1.26) |
MDR8E | 2.86 (0.05) bA | 12.61 (0.03) cA | 21.00 (0.34) bA | 1.22 (0.05) bcA | 1.80 (0.18) bcA | 9.17 (0.08) cdA | 0.00 -B | 48.66 (0.73) |
RMDR8E | 2.85 (0.07) bA | 12.27 (0.25) cdA | 21.19 (0.52) bA | 1.17 (0.08) bcA | 1.94 (0.22) bA | 8.90 (0.13) dA | 0.00 -B | 48.32 (1.27) |
PPR8E | 3.31 (0.03) bA | 13.93 (0.06) aA | 23.02 (0.78) aA | 1.59 (0.06) aA | 2.45 (0.13) aA | 10.14 (0.13) aA | 0.00 -B | 54.44 (1.19) |
CDR8E | 2.55 (0.21) cA | 12.17 (0.23) dA | 21.13 (0.13) bA | 1.16 (0.24) cA | 1.85 (0.89) bcA | 9.44 (0.17) bcA | 0.00 -B | 48.30 (1.87) |
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Igual, M.; Chiş, M.S.; Păucean, A.; Vodnar, D.C.; Ranga, F.; Mihăiescu, T.; Török, A.I.; Fărcaș, A.; Martínez-Monzó, J.; García-Segovia, P. Effect on Nutritional and Functional Characteristics by Encapsulating Rose canina Powder in Enriched Corn Extrudates. Foods 2021, 10, 2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102401
Igual M, Chiş MS, Păucean A, Vodnar DC, Ranga F, Mihăiescu T, Török AI, Fărcaș A, Martínez-Monzó J, García-Segovia P. Effect on Nutritional and Functional Characteristics by Encapsulating Rose canina Powder in Enriched Corn Extrudates. Foods. 2021; 10(10):2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102401
Chicago/Turabian StyleIgual, Marta, Maria Simona Chiş, Adriana Păucean, Dan Cristian Vodnar, Floricuța Ranga, Tania Mihăiescu, Anamaria Iulia Török, Anca Fărcaș, Javier Martínez-Monzó, and Purificación García-Segovia. 2021. "Effect on Nutritional and Functional Characteristics by Encapsulating Rose canina Powder in Enriched Corn Extrudates" Foods 10, no. 10: 2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102401