Microalgae Derived Astaxanthin: Research and Consumer Trends and Industrial Use as Food
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microalgae as Food: Current Challenges and Opportunities
3. Astaxanthin, More than Just a Red Pigment
3.1. Astaxanthin Research 2010–2020
3.2. Industrial Use of Natural Astaxanthin
3.3. Health Benefits of Natural Astaxanthin
4. Astaxanthin Producing Microalgae
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brand | Company | Description | Astaxanthin Content |
---|---|---|---|
Better Foods Astaxanthin | Better Foods GmbH, Göttingen, Germany | Food supplement rich in astaxanthin extracted from H. pluvialis. Contains 80 capsules, and the recommended daily intake is two capsules. | 4 mg per capsule |
Time Health Astaxanthin | Time Health Ltd., Uckfield, UK | Capsules containing 350 mg of powdered H. pluvialis. Commercialized as super antioxidant, GMO free, gluten free, and 100% vegan. The recommended daily intake is one capsule. | 7 mg per capsule |
Natural Astaxanthin | Nutravita Ltd., Maidenhead, UK | Food supplement containing astaxanthin-rich oleoresin from H. pluvialis. Softgels commercialized as free from artificial colors and flavors, GMO free, and easy to swallow | 0.9 mg per softgel |
Astaxanthin 10 mg | Solgar Inc., New Jersey, USA | Softgels containing natural astaxanthin labelled as non-GMO; glute, wheat, and dairy free. Product commercialized as an antioxidant support and a support for a healthy skin | 10 mg per softgel |
Sila Astaxanthin | Sila, Hsinchu, Taiwan | Food supplement containing astaxanthin extracted from H. pluvialis plus vitamins and Omega-3. | 12 mg per capsule |
Vivanaturals Astaxanthin from microalgae | Viva Naturals Inc., North York, Canada | Softgels sold as GMO free, dairy free, and gluten free that are good for inspiring firm and healthy skin, supporting immune health, and providing antioxidant protection. | 4 mg per softgel |
Ox Nature Natural Hawaiian Astaxanthin | Ox Nature, Lisbon, Portugal | Softgels commercialized as 100% pure, vegan, GMO free, and wheat free. | 4 mg per softgel |
Synthetic Astaxanthin | Natural Astaxanthin | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Stereochemistry | (3R,3′R), (3R,3′S), (3S,3′S) optical isomers-1:2:1 | (3R,3′R), (3R,3′S), (3S,3′S) optical isomers-1:2:22 | [40] |
Structure | Non-esterified | More than 95% of the natural astaxanthin molecules are esterified | [40,41] |
Industrial uses | Aquaculture feed | Food and dietary supplements, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, aquaculture feed | [41,42] |
Market Price | USD 2000 per kg | USD 7000 per kg | [43] |
Production |
|
| [44] |
Production Price * | 800–900 €·kg−1 | 1000–7000 €·kg−1 | [43] |
Health Benefit | Conditions Studied | Comments | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Protecting against lipid peroxidation | Two 4-mg astaxanthin (Astaxin®) capsules daily for 3 months | Astaxanthin consumption decreased the plasma levels of 12- and 15-fatty acids of healthy non-smoking men | [69] |
Decreasing TG levels and increasing HDL-cholesterol | 12 mg·day−1 astaxanthin for 12 weeks | Non-obese subjects with fasting serum triglyceride of 120–200 mg/dL and without diabetes and hypertension, aged 25–60 years. | [70] |
Reducing oxidative stress and reversing age-related morphological changes of skin | 4 mg·day−1 astaxanthin for 4 weeks | The study included 31 volunteers (17 men and 14 women) over the age of 40. | [71] |
Improving glucose metabolism and reducing blood pressure | 8 mg·day−1 astaxanthin for 8 weeks | The study enrolled 44 participants with type 2 diabetes. | [72] |
Recovering from mental fatigue | 3 mg·day−1 and 5 mg·day−1 of sesamin for 4 weeks | The study included 24 healthy volunteers. | [73] |
Protecting against UV-induced skin deterioration | 4 mg·day−1 astaxanthin for 10 weeks | The study included 23 healthy participants. | [74] |
Maintaining the body’s antioxidant capacity after high-intensity exercise | 12 mg·day−1 astaxanthin for 4 weeks | The study enrolled 16 male students. | [75] |
Decreasing a DNA damage biomarker and enhancing immune response | 2–8 mg·day−1 astaxanthin for 8 weeks | The study included 42 young healthy females. | [76] |
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Villaró, S.; Ciardi, M.; Morillas-España, A.; Sánchez-Zurano, A.; Acién-Fernández, G.; Lafarga, T. Microalgae Derived Astaxanthin: Research and Consumer Trends and Industrial Use as Food. Foods 2021, 10, 2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102303
Villaró S, Ciardi M, Morillas-España A, Sánchez-Zurano A, Acién-Fernández G, Lafarga T. Microalgae Derived Astaxanthin: Research and Consumer Trends and Industrial Use as Food. Foods. 2021; 10(10):2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102303
Chicago/Turabian StyleVillaró, Silvia, Martina Ciardi, Ainoa Morillas-España, Ana Sánchez-Zurano, Gabriel Acién-Fernández, and Tomas Lafarga. 2021. "Microalgae Derived Astaxanthin: Research and Consumer Trends and Industrial Use as Food" Foods 10, no. 10: 2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102303
APA StyleVillaró, S., Ciardi, M., Morillas-España, A., Sánchez-Zurano, A., Acién-Fernández, G., & Lafarga, T. (2021). Microalgae Derived Astaxanthin: Research and Consumer Trends and Industrial Use as Food. Foods, 10(10), 2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102303