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Article

Luminescent Diimine-Pt(IV) Complexes with Axial Phenyl Selenide Ligands

by
Marzieh Dadkhah Aseman
1,*,
Reza Babadi Aghakhanpour
1,
Zohreh Sharifioliaei
2,
Axel Klein
3,* and
S. Masoud Nabavizadeh
3,4
1
Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran
2
Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran
3
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany
4
Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2023, 11(10), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100387
Submission received: 3 July 2023 / Revised: 17 September 2023 / Accepted: 23 September 2023 / Published: 28 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Inorganics: Organometallic Chemistry)
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Abstract

:
Luminescent diimine-Pt(IV) complexes [Pt(N^N)(Me)2(PhSe)2], (N^N = 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy, 1b), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 2b), and 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (Me2bpy, 3b), PhSe− = phenyl selenide were prepared and identified using multinuclear (1H, 13C{1H} and 77Se{1H}) NMR spectroscopy. The PhSe− ligands were introduced through oxidative addition of diphenyl diselenide to the non-luminescent Pt(II) precursors [Pt(N^N)(Me)2], N^N = (bpy, 1a), (phen, 2a), (Me2bpy, 3a), to give the luminescent Pt(IV) complexes 1b–3b. The UV-vis absorption spectra of 1b–3b are characterised by intense bands in the range 240–330 nm. We assigned them to transitions of essentially π−π* character with small metal and PhSe− ligand contributions with the help of TD-DFT (time-dependent density functional theory) calculations. The weak long-wavelength bands in the range 350–475 nm are of mixed ligand-to-metal charge transfer (L’MCT) (n(Se)→d(Pt)/intra-ligand charge transfer (IL’CT) (n(Se)→π*(Ph) or π(Ph)→π*(Ph))/ligand-to-ligand’ charge transfer (LL’CT) (L = N^N, L’ = PhSe−, M = Pt and n = lone pair) character. The Pt(IV) complexes showed broad emission bands in the solid state at 298 and 77 K, peaking at 560–595 nm with a blue shift upon cooling. Structured emission bands were obtained in the range 450–600 nm, with the maxima depending on the N^N ligands and the solvent polarity (CH2Cl2 vs. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and aqueous tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (tris-HCl) buffer). The emissions originate from essentially ligand-centred triplet states (3LC) with mixed IL’CT/L’MCT contributions as concluded from the DFT calculation. Such dominating PhSe contributions to the emissive states are unprecedented in the world of luminescent diimine-Pt(IV) complexes.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The photophysical properties of heavy transition metal complexes have been of great interest in recent years due to their wide applicability in electroluminescent materials [1,2,3,4,5,6], in photovoltaic devices [2,5,6], for optical sensing [7,8], as photocatalysts [9,10,11,12], in photodynamic therapy [13,14], and as probes for bioimaging [13,14,15,16,17,18]. Most of the studies focused on the d8 systems Au(III) [12,19] and Pt(II) [1,2,4,19,20] and on the d6 configured Ir(III), Ru(II), and Os(II) complexes [2,14,15,16,17,18,21,22], which all contain cyclometalated heteroaromatic ligands because they provide widely tunable emission energies and high quantum yields from admixture of triplet ligand-centred (3LC) states to the emitting triplet metal-to-ligand (3MLCT) or ligand-to-metal (3LMCT) excited states [2,3,4,15,19,20,21,22,23,24].
In contrast, studies on the optical properties of d6-configured cyclometalated Pt(IV) complexes have gained less attention [23,24,25,26]. The general low thermal and photo-stability of Pt(IV) complexes that may result in photoisomerisation or reduction in Pt(II) is the main drawback [23,24]. However, the presence of six coordination sites in Pt(IV) complexes offers opportunities for more ligand combinations compared with the four-coordinated Pt(II) complexes. The first luminescent cyclometalated Pt(IV) complexes [Pt(C^N)2(R)Cl] (R = CH2Cl, CHCl2, C^N = 2-thienylpyridine (thpy) or 2-phenylpyridine (ppy)) were reported by Balzani and von Zelewsky in 1986 [26]. Their emission originates from ligand-centered (3LC) states of the cyclometalating ligand with photoluminescence quantum yields in the range 0.05–0.15 in CH2Cl2 solution at 293 K. In recent years, additional neutral [Pt(C^N)2 × 2] complexes containing two anionic ligands X (or R) have been reported [23,24,26,27,28,29,30,31,32] and supplemented with cationic derivatives [Pt(C^N)3]+ containing three cyclometalated C^N ligands [23,24,33,34,35,36,37,38], comparable to the important class of Ir(III) emitters [Ir(C^N)3] [2,14,16,21,22]. These reports include variations in C^N ligands such as substituted phenyl-pyridines, benzoquinolines, or related heteroaromatic systems [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. Cyclometalating C^C carbene [39] and C^C biphenyl ligands [40] have also recently been introduced. Slightly different structures show the luminescent Pt(IV) complex [Pt(L)Cl2] with a tetradentate doubly cyclometalated C^N-N^C ligand L [41] and the [Pt(C^N)(S2Ph)2]− complexes containing phenyl dithiolate ligands (S2Ph2−) [42]. Although these Pt(IV) complexes emit essentially from ligand-centered 3LC states, the simpler complex [Pt(C^N)Cl3(SMe2)] (C^N = 2-(4-NMe2)benzothiazole) was reported to be non-emissive [43].
In contrast, photoluminescent Pt(IV) complexes bearing α-diimine (N^N) bidentate donor ligands are scarce, although the rich photochemistry [44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52] and the basic photophysics [25,47,48,52,53,54,55] of such complexes have been studied in some detail, including the photodecomposition of the Pt(IV)-terpy complexes [Pt(terpy)X3]+ (X = Cl or Br) [53] and the rather historic example of the luminescent [Pt(bpy)(Me)3I] [25]. A very interesting example of photoreactivity is the photooxidation of the thiophenolate complexes [Pt(N^N)(Me)3(S-C6H4-R)] (N^N = 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) and derivatives −S-C6H4-R = thiophenolate) to the sulfinate derivatives [Pt(N^N)(Me)3(SO2-C6H4-R)] [44,52]. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that emission of the sulfinate complexes originates from the excited state that is formed upon excitation of electrons from Pt–S and Pt–C (trans to S) σ bonding orbitals to π* orbitals of N^N or the aromatic ring of the sulfinate ligands (σ→π*) [44,52], which has also frequently been called sigma(σ)-bond-to-ligand charge transfer (SBLCT) [47,55].
Aiming to extend the structural motifs of photoluminescent diimine Pt(IV) complexes, we stepped over the previously reported complexes [Pt(N^N)(Me)2(PhE)2] (E = S or Se) containing heteroaromatic diimines like bpy and its derivatives [56,57,58,59,60]. Herein we report on the preparation of a series of Pt(IV) complexes [Pt(N^N)(Me)2(PhSe)2], N^N = bpy (1b), phen (2b), and Me2bpy (3b), through oxidative addition reaction of diphenyl diselenide to Pt(II) precursors and the study of their UV-vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL). The synthesis and structures of complexes 1b and 2b have been previously reported; we were able to add the derivative 3b to this series. Importantly, the photophysics of the three complexes has not been reported. In parallel to the experiments, we carried out time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations on the B3LYP level of theory with LANL2DZ basis sets for Pt and Se, and 6-31G(d) basis sets for C, H, and N to probe the nature of the electronic transitions and excited states.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis, Analytical, and Structural Characterisation

The complexes [Pt(N^N)(Me)2(PhSe)2], N^N = 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy, 1b), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 2b), and 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (Me2bpy, 3b), PhSe− = phenyl selenide were synthesised through an oxidative addition reaction of the Pt(II) precursor complexes [Pt(N^N)(Me)2], 1a–3a, carrying N^N = bpy (1a), phen (2a), or Me2bpy (3a) with diphenyl diselenide (Se2Ph2) (Scheme 1; For details, see the Methods and Materials Section) producing pure products that are stable in organic solvents such as CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the absence of light for at least one hour. Extensive visible light irradiation led to decomposition within hours. Although we did not go into the details, we assumed that this is similar to the photoreactivity that has been reported for the thiophenolate complexes [Pt(N^N)(Me)3(S-C6H4-R)] [44,52] and the comparable Re(I) thiolate complexes [Re(N^N’)(CO)3(SR)] (N^N’ = 1-C12H25-1,2,3-triazole-4-(2-pyridyl) (Pyta) or 4-C12H25-1,2,3-triazole-1-(2-pyridyl) (Tapy); R = 4-X-C6H4, X = OMe, COOMe and NO2) [61].
Complexes 1b and 2b have previously been prepared in a similar manner [58,59] (Figures S1 and S2 in the Supplementary Material). The three complexes were analysed and their structures confirmed using 1H, 13C{1H}, and 77Se{1H} NMR spectroscopy (Figures S1–S5).
We optimised the geometry of the S0 ground states using DFT methods in both the gas phase (Figure 1 and Figures S6–S8) and CH2Cl2 solution, with only marginal differences (Tables S1, S3 and S4).
The DFT-calculated 1b and 2b structures agree with previously reported experimental structures from single X-ray diffraction (Tables S1 and S3) [58,59]. They show that both PhSe planes point towards the N^N ligand plane (Figure 1A) but co-planarity is prevented through the Pt–Se–C angles of about 105° and Se–Pt–Se angles of about 174°, deviating from the ideal 180°. The most important difference between the phen complex 2b and the bpy complexes 1b and 3b is the intramolecular stacking motif of the PhSe phenyl group with the aromatic system in the diimines (Figure 1). This corresponds with differences in the dihedral angles between the two PhSe planes, which are relatively small for the bpy and Me2bpy complexes (about 6–9°, independent of the medium) but large for the phen derivative 2b with about 51° in the gas phase calculations and about 20° in CH2Cl2.
Based on the DFT-optimised 1b–3b structures in CH2Cl2, the energies and composition of the molecular orbitals (MOs) of the complexes were calculated (Figure 2 and Figures S11–S13, Tables S5–S7). The gaps between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO–LUMO gaps) increase along the series 1b (3.109 eV) < 2b (3.135 eV) < 3b (3.169 eV), reflecting the increased electron density through the additional C=C group in the backbone of phen and the Me substitutes compared with bpy. The occupied MOs are distributed over the PhSe− ligands, with HOMO–HOMO-2 localised at the Se lone-pairs (~85%) with no difference for 1b–3b, while HOMO-3–HOMO-5 orbitals are cantered on the phenyl cores. Unoccupied MOs are mainly localised on the N^N chelate ligands (92 to 99%), again with only minor differences for series 1b–3b. HOMO had small Pt contributions (~14%) with a dxy character for LUMO+1 (dz2), although the latter is better described as σ-Se–Pt contribution (Figure S11). For LUMO+4, a mixed Pt dx2-y2/σ Pt–CH3 character is observed (~70%) for 1b and 3b. For complex 2b, both contributions were also found, although the labelling was different (LUMO+2 and LUMO+5). The energies of these two orbitals are different (~1.8 eV), pointing to a distortion of the octahedral symmetry with the empty dz2 and dx2-y2 not degenerating.

2.2. UV-Vis Absorption Spectra and TD-DFT Calculations

The experimental UV-vis absorption spectra of compounds 1b–3b in CH2Cl2 solution are very similar (Figure 3 and Figure S9), with two intense maxima at 240 and 320 nm. The phen complex 2b has an additional band at 274 nm. These UV bands can be provisionally assigned to π−π* transitions in the N^N ligands. Possible admixtures can include intra-ligand IL’(PhSe) charge transfer (IL’CT), metal-to-ligand(N^N) charge transfer (MLCT), ligand’(PhSe)-to-ligand(N^N) charge transfer (L’LCT), and ligand’-to-metal charge transfer (L’MCT) character. Additional weak absorptions were observed in the range 350–475 nm as shoulders that are provisionally assigned to L’LCT transitions with small MLCT and L’MCT contributions in line with the ground state frontier orbitals (Figure 2).
For future use in biological media, we also dissolved and studied the complexes in aqueous tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (tris-HCl) buffer with the help of small amounts of DMSO as a co-solvent. The same absorptions were found in the tris-HCl buffer solution. After standing for 30 min in the dark, the long wavelength absorptions were slightly decreased, while UV absorptions remained stable (Figure S10). This is probably due to slow hydrolysis under these conditions adding potential instability to the slow photodecomposition in the presence of light.
The TD-DFT-calculated transitions match the experimental spectra in that they qualitatively reproduce the differences between the bpy complexes 1b and 3b, in contrast to the phen complex 2b, while the calculated maxima are generally red-shifted compared with the experimental maxima (for data, see Tables S8–S10). For the bpy complex 1b, the long wavelength region between 300 and 500 nm includes several excited states (S1 to S6) with very small oscillator strengths in keeping with the weak absorptions observed in this range (Figure 3, inset). They are assigned to transitions with mixed L’LCT/MLCT or L’MCT/IL’CT character, with L’ representing the PhSe ligands and IL’CT describing charge transfer from Se n(Se) lone pairs (or p orbitals) to π* orbitals of the Ph group (Table S8). The HOMO→LUMO transition for 1b has mixed L’LCT (n(Se)→π*(bpy))/MLCT (d(Pt)→π*(bpy)) character in which the most important contribution form, the PhSe ligand, comes from the lone-pairs, n, on the Se atom. In contrast to this, the HOMO→L+1 transition has a mixed L’MCT/IL’CT (n(Se)→π*(Ph)) character. The S0→S7 transition (H-1→L+1, 354 nm) has the highest oscillator strength (0.9801) and mixed L’MCT/IL’CT character. Similar transitions with similar characters were calculated for the Me2bpy complex, 3b. They are all slightly blue-shifted (Table S9) in keeping with the electron-releasing character of the Me substituents on the bpy core. Despite some very small contributions to LUMO+4 in 1b and 3b, the Me ligands show overall negligible contributions. For the phen complex, 2b, the long wavelength region shows eight excited states of low energy (S1–S8), with energies slightly blue-shifted compared to 1b; both findings are in line with the additional C=C group in the phen backbone.
When comparing the results of our calculations with those previously reported for complexes [Pt(bpy)(Me)3(SR)] (R = H or p-CO2C6H4) [50] and [Pt(bpy)(Me)3(SO2-C6H4-R)] (SO2-C6H4-R = p-R-phenyl-sulfinates, R = H or NO2) [52], we found a role for our PhSe− ligands that was similar to that of S-aryl ligands contributing both the S lone pairs and the aryl π* system to electronic transitions. Moreover, the σ→π* transitions involving the Pt–S and Pt–C (trans to S) in these systems are similar to the σ→π* contributions from the PhSe− ligands in our systems. On the other hand, the intramolecular stacking of the PhSe− and N^N ligands that characterise our structures have been found for [Pt(bpy)(Me)3(SO2-Ph)] but not for [Pt(bpy)(Me)3(S-C6H4-CO2)] or [Pt(bpy)(Me)3(SO2-C6H4-NO2)] [52]. In the above-mentioned Pt(Me)3 complexes, as well as in the [Pt(N^N)(Me)3I] [48,54,55], [Pt(N^N)(Me)4] [47,48,55], and [Pt(N^N)(Me)2(SnPh3)2] derivatives [55], the axial Me ligands do not contribute to the long wavelength transitions.
Similar to the Pt(IV) complexes, the intense absorptions at around 330–355 nm observed for the Re(I) thiolate complexes [Re(N^N’)(CO)3(SR)] (N^N’ = pyridyl-trizoles) are assigned to predominantly π–π* transitions with admixtures of LL’CT (thiolate to N^N) and MLCT (Re to N^N) character. Weak bands were observed at lower energies and DFT calculations suggest L’LCT and L’MCT (thiolate to Re) character [61].

2.3. Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

Complexes 1b–3b emit yellow to orange light in different media at ambient temperatures when irradiated at 365 nm (Figure 4 and Figure 5), in stark contrast to their corresponding deeply red-coloured Pt(II) precursors [Pt(N^N)(Me)2]), 1a–3a, which are non-emissive under the same conditions [62]. Changing the excitation wavelength within the range 300–400 nm had no marked impact on the shape or maxima of the emission bands.
In the solid state, the emission spectra for 1b–3b had broad bands with maxima between 554 and 595 nm (Figure 4, Table 1). Different temperatures (298 vs. 77 K) did not make a marked difference. At 298 K, the highest photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦL) was 0.081 for 2b, while 1b and 3b had slightly lower values of 0.069 and 0.065, respectively. At 77 K, the ΦL value for 2b increased and reached 0.14. The excitation spectra showed intense maxima in the range 300–400 nm, with the most red-shifted maximum observed for 1b.
More structured emission bands were observed in the CH2Cl2 solution, with their maxima blue-shifted compared with the solids (Figure 5, Table 1). Within our series of complexes, the energy of the emission maximum increased for 2b and 3b compared with 1b. The excitation spectra showed sharp bands at around 360 nm for all three complexes. This means a Stokes Shift of about 8400 cm−1 for 1b and about 7400 cm−1 for 2b and 3b. This is consistent with a triplet character of the excited states, thus a triplet emission. The most intense excitation bands at around 360 nm are markedly red-shifted compared with the intense absorption bands observed at around 320 nm. The energy difference of about 3500 cm−1 suggests that the most intensely absorbing state is not identical to the state responsible for the emission. Unfortunately, the ΦL values are generally very low in the CH2Cl2 solution (0.002–0.006) and the PL spectra for 1b differ from those for 2b and 3b. Therefore, we cannot rule out the effect of different species or impurities on PL behaviour.
To probe for the influence of solvent polarity on the PL of 1b–3b, we studied DMSO and aqueous tris-HCl buffer (pH = 7.4, 0.01 M) solutions in addition to CH2Cl2. A further background is the idea of using these complexes as probes in biological media. As in the CH2Cl2 solution, the complexes were emissive at 298 K and also showed partially structured emission bands (Figure 5). Interestingly, the solvents had almost no impact on the shape and energies of the emission band of the phen complex 2b (Figure 5), while 1b showed a red-shifted maximum (516 nm) for the CH2Cl2 solution compared with the DMSO and tris-HCl buffer solutions (484 nm), and 3b showed a blue-shifted maximum in CH2Cl2 (490 nm) compared with the DMSO and tris-HCl buffer solutions (522 nm). The ΦL values are generally low (0.0017–0.0123) and are higher in each case in the polar media, for 2b and 3b, with the highest values found in aqueous tris-HCl buffer (Table 1). In the excitation spectra, the intense band observed in CH2Cl2 solutions at around 360 nm is also found for 2b in tris-HCl and 3b in both polar media, but with a markedly lower intensity. Additional broad, blue-shifted bands were found for 1b in DMSO and tris-HCl and for 2b in DMSO. We assume that both Me substituents on the bpy ligand and the C=C backbone of the phen ligand render the molecules more lipophilic, thus minimising the effect of solvent polarity on the chromophoric parts of the complexes.
Unfortunately, the lifetimes were too short to measure using our equipment in the lab and we assumed that they were in the nanosecond domain. For the Pt(IV) complex [Pt(bpy)(Me)3(S-C6H4-R)] (−S-C6H4-R = 4-methoxycarbonylthiophenolate), a triplet emission lifetime of 5.6 ns was reported [52], while for [Pt(Me)3(bpy)I], 2.8 ns was recorded [52]. The lifetimes of complexes 1b–3b will be the subject of future studies.
To rationalise the emission spectra, the geometry of the T1 triplet state for complexes 1b and 2b were DFT-optimised in the gas phase. Unfortunately, attempts to do the same for 3b were unsuccessful. Energy differences between the T1 and S0 states representing the theoretical emissions were calculated as 2.146 eV (578 nm) and 2.098 eV (591 nm) for complexes 1b and 2b, respectively. These are in very good agreement with the experimental values recorded for 1b and 2b at 595 nm and 564 nm in the solid at 298 K (Table 1). Furthermore, the observed red-shift in the main emission component in the CH2Cl2 solution from 490 to 515 nm when going from 2b (phen) to 1b (bpy) is also qualitatively reproduced, although the total values deviate markedly. This marked deviation is due to the gas phase conditions used for the DFT calculations and is in line with the strong dependence of the emission on the medium found in the experiments.
For complexes 1b and 2b, plots of LSOMO (Lowest Singly Occupied Molecular Orbital) and HSOMO (Highest Singly Occupied Molecular Orbital) compositions (Figure 6) showed high similarities between LSOMO and HOMO compositions (Figure 2), while the compositions of HSOMO and LUMO in both complexes were different. LUMO+1 and LUMO+2 levels are stabilised when they are converted to HSOMO for 1b and 2b, respectively. LSOMO and HSOMO are mainly located on the Pt and Se atoms (Figure 6). The emissive excited states of 1b and 2b can thus be described as having mixed 3IL’CT/3L’MCT characters, with a significant contribution of the PhSe ligands. This is in agreement with the intense excitations observed at around 360 nm where the TD-DFT-calculated transitions show strong IL’CT contributions (Tables S8 and S9). This also accounts for the marked differences between absorptions with large contributions of the N^N ligands to the transitions and the excitations populating triplet excited states with essential PhSe and Pt characters and supports our assumptions of different absorption and excitation characters.
Broad, unstructured emission bands were reported for complexes [Pt(N^N)(Me)3(SR)] (N^N = bpy or 4,4′-(CO2Me)2bpy; R = p-CO2C6H4) [51] and [Pt(N^N)(Me)3(SO2-C6H4-R)] (N^N = bpy, phen, 4,7-Ph2phen and dppz (dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine); SO2-C6H4-R = p-R-phenyl-sulfinates, R = H, CO2Me, OMe, or NO2) [52], although they had similar energies as our complexes. The same is true for [Pt(bpy)(Me)3I], which emits at 528 nm in EtOH at 298 K [25]. Similar emissions were found for the related Re(I) thiolate complexes [Re(N^N’)(CO)3(SR)] and a mixed 3MLCT/3L’LCT character was concluded from DFT calculations [61].
For [Pt(iPr-DAB)(Me)3I], a broad emission band was recorded at 550 nm in glassy frozen 2-Me-THF at 90 K, while for the tetramethyl Pt(IV) complexes [Pt(N^N)(Me)4] with N^N = tmphen (3,4,7,8-tetramethylphenanthroline) or iPr-DAB (1,2-di(isopropyl)diazabutadiene), broad emission bands were observed at 775 nm (iPr-DAB) and 600 nm (tmphen) [55]. Quantum chemical calculations for the (Me)3I complexes showed a 3XLCT character for the emission (X = I) similar to the L’LCT contribution for thiolate complexes [51], while for the (Me)4 derivatives, an SBLCT character of the emission was concluded [55]. This is supported by the markedly red-shifted emission of complex [Pt(iPr-DAB)(Me)2(SnPh3)2] to 809 nm in line with the reduced axial Sn–Pt bond strength and σ-donating power of SnPh3 compared with Me. The (Me)4 complexes and the (Me)2(SnPh3)2 derivative were photo-reactive at ambient temperatures, forming the Pt(II) species [55].
Structured emission bands were observed at 298 K in CH2Cl2 solutions and PMMA matrices for cyclometalated Pt(IV) complexes fac-[Pt(C^N)2(C6F5)Cl] with C^N = bzq (benzoquinolinyl), dfppy (2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridyl), pq (2-phenylquinolinyl), thpy (2-thienyl-pyridyl), pbt (2-phenylbenzothiazole), or Br-pbt (2-(4-bromophenyl)benzothiazole) and mer-[Pt(C^N)2(C6F5)(CN)] (C^N = pbt, Br-pbt) [31]. Additionally, the complex [Pt(thpy)(tpy)(Cl)2] [32] and several derivatives of [Pt(C^N)(C^N’)(Cl)2] [36] containing two different cyclometalating C^N ligands, including [Pt(C^N)(C^Ccarbene)(Cl)2] [39], and the series of complexes [Pt(C^N)2(Me)Cl] (C^N = ppy, dfppy thpy and more) [29] showed structured emission bands in CH2Cl2 solution at 298 K. The bands are very similar, in both structure and energy, to what we found for our complexes. The structure is in keeping with the essential 3LC character of the emission of these cyclometalate complexes. TD-DFT calculations of the electronic transitions support 3MLCT and 3L’MCT admixtures to the 3LC emissive states for the [Pt(C^N)2(C6F5)Cl] complexes [31], while small to negligible LMCT contributions were found for [Pt(C^N)(C^N’)(Cl)2] derivatives [29,32,39].
We found, for our previously unreported [Pt(N^N)(Me)2(PhSe)2] systems, a predominant PhSe ligand–character in the triplet excited states, with mixed 3IL’CT/3L’MCT contributions being responsible for the pronounced structuring and efficient emission in solution at 298 K. This contrasts with the TD-DFT-calculated absorption spectra showing appreciable contributions of the N^N chelate ligands with mixed L’LCT/MLCT contributions in addition to the 3IL’CT/3L’MCT, and also differs from previously reported Pt(IV) systems with Pt(N^N) or Pt(C^N) scaffolds, for which essential contributions from the N^N or C^N chelate ligands (L’LCT or MLCT) to the emissive states were reported. We ascribe this to a perfect match between the axial PhSe ligands and the Pt orbitals in terms of energy and orbital overlap.

3. Methods and Materials

3.1. General Procedures and Materials

1H NMR, 13C{1H} NMR, and 77Se{1H} spectra were obtained using a Bruker Avance (400 MHz) instrument at 298 K. The chemical shifts (δ) are reported in ppm relative to their external standards (SiMe4 for 1H and 13C, Ph2Se for 77Se), and the coupling constant J is expressed in Hz. UV-vis absorption spectra were recorded using a PerkinElmer Lambda 25 spectrophotometer. Luminescence spectra were measured at 298 and 77 K using a PerkinElmer LS45 fluorescence spectrometer. CH2Cl2, DMSO, and aqueous tris-HCl buffer solutions were Ar-purged prior to use. Due to the virtual insolubility of the complexes in the tris-HCl buffer solution, small amounts of DMSO were added. Absolute photoluminescence quantum yields in the solid state were measured using an integrating sphere. Quantum yields in solution were measured using MeCN solutions of complex [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2 as standard [63].
2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (Me2bpy), diphenyl diselenide (Se2Ph2), and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tris-HCl) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and used without further purification. Reactions were performed in solvents purified and dried according to standard procedures [64]. Complexes [Pt(bpy)(Me)2(PhSe)2] (1b) [58] and [Pt(phen)(Me)2(PhSe)2] (2b) [59] were prepared and analysed as described in the literature.

3.2. Synthesis of [Pt(Me2bpy)(Me)2(PhSe)2] 3b

A total of 38.1 mg Se2Ph2 (0.122 mmol) was added to a solution of 50 mg [Pt(Me2bpy)(Me)2] (0.122 mmol) in 20 mL CH2Cl2, and the yellow solution stirred for 1 h. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting pale-yellow solid was washed with diethyl ether (3 × 3 mL) and dried under an air atmosphere. Yield: 79%. Elem. Anal. Calcd. for C26H28N2PtSe2 (MW = 721.51 g.mol−1): C, 43.28; H, 3.91; N, 3.88; Found: C, 43.01 H, 3.54 N, 3.91. 1H NMR in CDCl3: δ (1H) 1.55 (s, 3JPtH = 70.3 Hz, 6H, Me ligands), 2.44 (s, 6H, Me2bpy), 6.48 (dd, 3JHH = 7.3 Hz, 3JHH = 7.3 Hz, 4H, Hm PhSe), 6.67 (d, 3JHH = 7.0 Hz, 1H, Ho PhSe), 6.83 (t, 3JHH = 6.9 Hz, 2H, Hp PhSe), 7.12 (d, 3JHH = 5.1 Hz, 2H, H5 Me2bpy), 7.30 (s, 2H, H3 Me2bpy), 8.41 (d, 3JPtH = 15.5 Hz, 3JHH = 5.8 Hz, 2H, H4 Me2bpy); 13C NMR in CDCl3: δ (13C{H}) −6.99 (s, 1JPtC = 595 Hz, 2C, Me ligands), 21.17 (s, 2C, Me substituents Me2bpy), 123.01 (s, 3JPtC = 9.9 Hz, 2C, C5 Me2bpy), 124.91 (s, 3JPtC = 7.7 Hz, 2C, C3 Me2bpy), 126.76 (s, 2JPtC = 16.1 Hz, 2C, C2 Me2bpy), 126.99 (s, 3JPtC = 7.5 Hz, 4C, Co PhSe), 130.44 (s, 2JPtC = 30.4 Hz, 2C, Ci PhSe), 137.21 (s, 4JPtC = 7.7 Hz, 4C, Cm of PhSe), 146.08 (s, 2JPtC = 13.3 Hz, 2C, C6 Me2bpy), 149.35 (s, 2C, Cp PhSe), 153.37 (s, 2C, C4 Me2bpy); 77Se NMR in CDCl3: δ (77Se{1H}) 347.75 (s, 1JPtSe = 183.1 Hz, 2Se).

3.3. Computational Details

DFT calculations were carried out on the B3LYP level of theory [65,66,67] using the Gaussian09 program suite [68], LANL2DZ basis sets for Pt and Se atoms [69,70], and 6-31G(d) basis sets for C, H, and N atoms. The calculations were run either in the gas phase or CH2Cl2 solution using the CPCM (conductor-like polarisable continuum model) model [71,72]. The structures of the electronic S0 and T1 states were optimised without any symmetry constraints. The UV-vis absorption spectra were calculated using time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) methods and emission energies were calculated using DFT-optimised geometries. The composition of molecular orbitals and the TD-DFT bars for electronic transitions were drawn using the “Chemcraft version 1.7” software [73]. Data for the electronic transitions were extracted using the GaussSum software [74].

4. Conclusions

A series of diimine-Pt(IV) complexes [Pt(N^N)(Me)2(PhSe)2] with N^N = 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy, 1b), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 2b), and 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (Me2bpy, 3b) chelate ligands and axial PhSe− ligands were found to be luminescent in solid (298 and 77 K) and solution at 298 K and thus formed a new class of luminescent Pt(IV)-diimine complexes. Long wavelength absorptions were observed as shoulders in the range 350–475 nm. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations attribute the lowest energy bands (HOMO–LUMO) to transitions with mixed L’LCT (n(Se)→π*(bpy))/MLCT (d(Pt)→π*(bpy)) character, with the most important contribution of the PhSe− ligand coming from the lone pair (n) on the Se atom. Transitions slightly higher in energy (HOMO→L+1) have mixed L’MCT/IL’CT (n(Se)→π*(Ph)) character. The 200-350 nm range is dominated by one intense band at around 315 nm. The TD-DFT-calculated energy for this band is approximately 354 nm, thus slightly red-shifted, and the assignment shows essentially π–π* character of the transitions, with smaller contributions from the PhSe− ligand (L’LCT and IL’CT) and metal (MLCT). Overall, the TD-DFT-calculated data is in excellent agreement with the experimental data.
Upon irradiation at 365 nm, which is markedly blue-shifted to low-energy absorptions, the maximum of unstructured emission bands of the complexes in the solid ranges lies at 560 nm for 3b, 564 nm for 2b, and 595 nm for 1b, in line with the electron-donating properties of the Me substituents and the additional C=C group in the phen ligand compared with bpy. Structured bands were observed in fluid CH2Cl2 solution, but the wavelength dependence of the emission maximum is the same as in the solid, with blue-shifted bands for 2b and 3b compared with 1b. In both the solid and CH2Cl2 solution, intense excitation bands were found in the range 300–400 nm, with pronounced maxima at 360 nm in the CH2Cl2 solution. The Stokes shift of these sharp excitations and the emission maxima are large (8400–7400 cm−1), which strongly supports a triplet character of the emission. However, the luminescence lifetimes are below the µs range and remain to be studied. In the very polar solvents, DMSO and aqueous tris-HCl buffer, the emission maximum for 3b was observed at 522 nm, while those for 1b and 2b were blue-shifted (~490 nm). This is remarkable, as the overall structures of the three complexes are very similar. In future studies, we will add other α-diimine ligands such as the sterically bulky 2,9-dimethyl-phenanthroline (neocuproin) and 6,6′-dimethyl-bipyridine as well as other bpy and phen derivatives with electron-withdrawing substituents.
Using the DFT-optimised T1 and S0 geometries for 1b and 2b, the T1→S0 transitions were calculated as 578 nm and 591 nm, respectively, in agreement with the experimental values, 595 nm and 564 nm, recorded in the solid at 298 K. While the LSOMO (Lowest Singly Occupied Molecular Orbital) compositions showed high similarities with the HOMO compositions, the HSOMO and LUMO compositions in 1b and 2b differ. LSOMO and HSOMO are mainly located on the Pt and Se atoms and the excited states of 1b and 2b can thus be described as having essentially mixed 3IL’CT/3L’MCT character, with a significant contribution of PhSe ligands to the emissive excited states. This is in excellent agreement with the observed intense excitations at around 360 nm, for which TD-DFT-calculated transitions show strong IL’CT contributions and account for the marked differences between absorption and excitation spectra. The triplet character is in line with the observed Stokes shifts, and the structuring is in line with the strong 3LC (= PhSe) character.
While previously reported Pt(IV) systems with Pt(N^N) or Pt(C^N) scaffolds show essential contributions of the N^N or C^N chelate ligands (L’LCT or MLCT) to the emissive states, our [Pt(N^N)(Me)2(PhSe)2] systems reported herein show a predominant PhSe ligand–character for the emissive triplet excited states, with mixed 3IL’CT/3L’MCT contributions. We ascribe this to a perfect match between the axial PhSe ligands and the Pt orbitals in terms of energy and orbital overlap. We will study the impact of substitutions at the axial PhSe on photophysics in the future. We will also add ps time-resolved PL spectroscopy and study the observed photo-sensibility of the compounds in solution in more detail. Finally, we will explore the potential use of the complexes as luminophores in fluorescent cell imaging.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/inorganics11100387/s1. Figure S1: 1H NMR spectrum of 1b in CDCl3, Figure S2: 1H NMR spectrum of 2b in CDCl3, Figure S3: 1H NMR spectrum of 3b in CDCl3, Figure S4: 13C{H} NMR spectrum of 3b in CDCl3, Figure S5: 77Se{H} NMR spectrum of 3b in CDCl3, Figure S6: View of the DFT-optimised S0 structure of 1b in the gas phase with atom numbering, Table S1: Selected DFT-calculated metrics for the S0 state of 1b in the gas phase and CH2Cl2 compared with experimental data from single crystal XRD, Figure S7: View of the DFT-optimised S0 structure of 2b in the gas phase with atom numbering, Table S2: Selected DFT-calculated metrics for the T1 state of complexes 1b and 2b in the gas phase, Table S3: Selected DFT-calculated metrics for the S0 state of 2b in the gas phase and CH2Cl2 compared with experimental data from single crystal XRD, Figure S8: View of the DFT-optimised S0 structure of 3b in the gas phase with atom numbering, Table S4: Selected DFT-calculated metrics for the S0 state of 3b in the gas phase and CH2Cl2, Figure S9: UV-vis absorption spectra of 1b, 2b, and 3b in CH2Cl2 at 298 K, Figure S10: UV-vis absorption spectra of complex 3b in tris-HCl buffer at 298 K, Figure S11: Molecular orbital plots for the DFT-optimised S0 structure of 1b in CH2Cl2 solution, Figure S12: Molecular orbital plots for the DFT-optimised S0 structure of 2b in CH2Cl2 solution, Figure S13: Molecular orbital plots for the DFT-optimised S0 structure of 3b in CH2Cl2 solution, Table S5: Composition and energies of selected molecular orbitals of 1b in CH2Cl2, Table S6: Composition and energies of selected molecular orbitals of 2b in CH2Cl2, Table S7: Composition and energies of selected molecular orbitals of 3b in CH2Cl2, Table S8: Wavelengths and the nature of transitions of complex 1b, Table S9: Wavelengths and the nature of transitions of complex 2b, Table S10: Wavelengths and the nature of transitions of complex 3b.

Author Contributions

Conceptualisation, M.D.A.; methodology, M.D.A., S.M.N. and A.K.; software, M.D.A.; validation, M.D.A., R.B.A. and A.K.; formal analysis, M.D.A., R.B.A. and A.K.; investigation, Z.S., M.D.A. and R.B.A.; resources, M.D.A. and S.M.N.; data curation, Z.S., M.D.A. and R.B.A.; writing—original draft preparation, M.D.A. and S.M.N.; writing—review and editing, M.D.A. and A.K.; visualisation, M.D.A. and R.B.A.; supervision, M.D.A.; project administration, M.D.A., S.M.N. and A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

M.D.A. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Tarbiat Modares University and Iran Science Elites Federation (ISEF). A.K. and S.M.N. acknowledge the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), grant KL-1194/19-1.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The work and report are in full agreement with the ethical standards of all three universities and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).

Data Availability Statement

Data is available on request.

Acknowledgments

We thank Hamidreza Shahsavari for his helpful comments.

Conflicts of Interest

We hereby declare that there are no conflict of interest and that this work was conducted solely for academic purposes.

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Inorganics 11 00387 sch001
Scheme 1. Synthesis routes for complexes 1b–3b.
Scheme 1. Synthesis routes for complexes 1b–3b.
Inorganics 11 00387 sch001
Inorganics 11 00387 g001
Figure 1. View of the DFT-optimised S0 structure of 3b in the gas phase, with atom numbering (A) and top views of 1b, 2b, and 3b (B).
Figure 1. View of the DFT-optimised S0 structure of 3b in the gas phase, with atom numbering (A) and top views of 1b, 2b, and 3b (B).
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Figure 2. Energy level diagrams and composition of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) for 1b–3b.
Figure 2. Energy level diagrams and composition of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) for 1b–3b.
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Inorganics 11 00387 g003
Figure 3. Experimental UV-vis absorption spectra (black spectra in CH2Cl2) and TD-DFT-calculated transitions as blue bars for 1b, 2b, and 3b.
Figure 3. Experimental UV-vis absorption spectra (black spectra in CH2Cl2) and TD-DFT-calculated transitions as blue bars for 1b, 2b, and 3b.
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Inorganics 11 00387 g004
Figure 4. Photoluminescence (solid lines) and excitation (dashed lines) spectra of 1b, 2b, and 3b in the solid state at 298 K (black lines) and 77 K (red lines).
Figure 4. Photoluminescence (solid lines) and excitation (dashed lines) spectra of 1b, 2b, and 3b in the solid state at 298 K (black lines) and 77 K (red lines).
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Inorganics 11 00387 g005
Figure 5. Photoluminescence (solid lines) and excitation (dashed lines) spectra for 1b, 2b, and 3b in CH2Cl2 (blue lines), DMSO (green lines), and tris-HCl (orange lines) solutions at 298 K.
Figure 5. Photoluminescence (solid lines) and excitation (dashed lines) spectra for 1b, 2b, and 3b in CH2Cl2 (blue lines), DMSO (green lines), and tris-HCl (orange lines) solutions at 298 K.
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Figure 6. DFT-calculated HSOMO and LSOMO compositions of complexes 1b and 2b.
Figure 6. DFT-calculated HSOMO and LSOMO compositions of complexes 1b and 2b.
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Table 1. UV-vis absorption and emission data for Pt(IV) complexes a.
Table 1. UV-vis absorption and emission data for Pt(IV) complexes a.
Complexλabs/nm (105 ε/M−1 cm−1)State (T)λem/nmΦL
1b400 (0.0595), 313 (1.697)solid (298 K)5950.069
solid (77 K)5800.117
CH2Cl2 (298 K)453, 484, 5160.0065
DMSO (298 K)450, 484, 5260.0123
tris-HCl (298 K)442, 484, 5260.0093
2b400 (0.1167), 318 (2.003), 272 (1.451)solid (298 K)5640.081
solid (77 K)5600.140
CH2Cl2 (298 K)463, 490, 5290.0017
DMSO (298 K)456, 490, 5280.0032
tris-HCl (298 K)462, 490, 5260.0090
3b400 (0.1004), 314 (2.184)solid (298 K)5600.065
solid (77 K)5600.101
CH2Cl2 (298 K)453, 490, 5300.0042
DMSO (298 K)447, 486, 5220.0050
tris-HCl (298 K)447, 486, 5220.0053
a Excitation wavelength λexc = 365 nm in all cases. The absorption spectra were obtained in CH2Cl2. Emission spectra in Ar-purged CH2Cl2 solution, c = 10−5 M, emission maxima are underlined. tris-HCl = aqueous tris-HCl buffer (pH = 7.4), for Ar-purged DMSO and tris-HCl solutions c = 0.01 M). ΦL = photoluminescence quantum yields.
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Aseman, M.D.; Aghakhanpour, R.B.; Sharifioliaei, Z.; Klein, A.; Nabavizadeh, S.M. Luminescent Diimine-Pt(IV) Complexes with Axial Phenyl Selenide Ligands. Inorganics 2023, 11, 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100387

AMA Style

Aseman MD, Aghakhanpour RB, Sharifioliaei Z, Klein A, Nabavizadeh SM. Luminescent Diimine-Pt(IV) Complexes with Axial Phenyl Selenide Ligands. Inorganics. 2023; 11(10):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100387

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aseman, Marzieh Dadkhah, Reza Babadi Aghakhanpour, Zohreh Sharifioliaei, Axel Klein, and S. Masoud Nabavizadeh. 2023. "Luminescent Diimine-Pt(IV) Complexes with Axial Phenyl Selenide Ligands" Inorganics 11, no. 10: 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100387

APA Style

Aseman, M. D., Aghakhanpour, R. B., Sharifioliaei, Z., Klein, A., & Nabavizadeh, S. M. (2023). Luminescent Diimine-Pt(IV) Complexes with Axial Phenyl Selenide Ligands. Inorganics, 11(10), 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100387

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