Photobiomodulation, Cells of Connective Tissue and Repair Processes: A Look at In Vivo and In Vitro Studies on Bone, Cartilage and Tendon Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Bone Cells
4. Cartilage Cells
5. Tendon Cells
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cells of Interest | Study Design | Laser Parameters | Main Outcome/s | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wavelength | Fluency | Power Output or Power Density | Irradiation Time | ||||
Bone | |||||||
Osteoblasts | in vitro | 635 nm (diode laser) 809 nm (diode laser) | 0 J/cm2 0.5 J/cm2 1 J/cm2 2 J/cm2 | 50 mW | 10, 20, 40 s | No change in cell viability or cell proliferation between irradiated and control groups. PBM had no effect on ALP activity. | Bölükbaşı Ateş (2017) [21] |
Osteoblasts | in vitro | 635 nm (diode laser) | 0 J/cm2 0.5 J/cm2 1 J/cm2 2 J/cm2 | 50 mW/cm2 | 10, 20, 40 s | Decreased cell viability at 72 h when in irradiated osteoblasts previously incubated in MB. Increased ALP activity in groups with MB and PBM on day 7. Decreased mineralization reported in all treated groups. | Bölükbaşı Ateş (2017b) [22] |
Osteoblasts | in vitro | 660 nm (AlGaInP) 808 nm (GaAlAs) 637 ± 15 nm (LED) | 5 J/cm2 8.3 J/cm2 | 40 mW | 3 s 5 s | Increased cell viability and wound closure occurred in groups exposed to the 660 nm laser and LED. All groups exposed to 5 s irradiation showed increased viability, greater cell density, and faster closure of the wound gap. PBM increased ALP activity. | Cardoso et al. (2021) [23] |
Osteoblast; osteocyte | in vivo (Wistar rats) | 850 nm (LED) | 2.14 J/cm2 | 100 mW | 60 s | Groups treated with LED displayed better bone remodeling and maturation, but not bone formation, with and without the biomaterial scaffold. Increased ALP and decreased AcP activity reported in the LED groups with biomaterial. | Dalapria et al. (2022) [25] |
Osteoblast | in vivo (Wistar rats) | 780 nm (GaAlAs) | 10 J/cm2 | 40 mW | 10 s | Increased osteoblast numbers and enhanced bone formation in the area surrounding the central incisors in groups with a fitted orthodontic appliance (orthodontic force) and PBM exposure. | Gonçalves et al. (2016) [27] |
Osteoblast; osteocyte | in vivo (Wistar rats) | 780 nm (GaAlAs) | 640 J/cm2 | 20 mW | 40 s | PBM enhanced bone remodeling of the alveolar bone. At days 7 and 14, the number of osteopontin-positive osteocytes was higher in the groups receiving laser treatment (in normoglycemic and diabetic rats). PBM increased the number of osteoprotegerin-positive osteoblasts in the groups receiving laser treatment (in normoglycemic and diabetic rats). | Gomes et al. (2017) [28] |
Osteoblast | in vitro | 808 nm (GaAlAs) | 3.75 J/cm2 | 0.401 W, 0.042 W/cm2 | 90 s | PBM down-regulated miR-503 expression and up-regulated Wnt3a expression. miR-503 stimulated apoptosis and caspase-3 expression, but repressed cell proliferation and decreased the expression of Wnt3a, β-catenin, Runx2 and Bcl-2. | Li et al. (2019) [29] |
Osteoblast | in vitro | 915 nm (GaAlAs) | 5 J/cm2 15 J/cm2 45 J/cm2 | 1.5 W 0.12 W/cm2 1.25 W/cm2 | 0.12 W/cm2 (41.7, 125 and 375 s) 1.25 W/cm2 (4, 12 and 36 s) | Osteoblast proliferation did not change in the groups receiving PBM (single treatment per day for 3 days) at 5, 15 and 45 J/cm2 and the control group. PBM stimulated bone nodule formation in groups treated with 5 J/cm2 and 0.12 W/cm2 as compared to control groups. | Mergoni et al. (2018) [38] |
Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts | in vitro | 940 nm (LED) | 0 J/cm2 1 J/cm2 5 J/cm2 7.5 J/cm2 | 1.67 mW/cm2 8.33 mW/cm2 | 10 min | PBM increased osteoblast proliferation after 48 h post-irradiation (1 J/cm2 promoted 100% increase, while 5 J/cm2 promoted a 25% increase). PBM did not affect osteocyte proliferation. Osteoclast differentiation and resorption activity stimulated at 1 J/cm2. Osteocyte and osteoclast viability decreased when irradiated with a dose of 5 J/cm2, while PBM at 7.5 J/cm2 decreased osteoblast viability. | Na et al. (2018) [42] |
Osteocytes | in vivo (Wistar rats) | 780 nm (GaAlAs) | 0 J/cm2 20 J/cm2 30 J/cm2 | 70 mW | 20 J/cm2 (100 s) 30 J/cm2 (150 s) | PBM at higher fluencies promoted bone formation (increased trabecular surface area) and increased osteocyte number. | Scalize et al. (2019) [43] |
Saos-2 human osteoblast-like cells | in vitro | 915 nm (GaAlAs) | 5 J/cm2 10 J/cm2 15 J/cm2 | 6 W ± 20% | 48, 96, 144 s | Wound closure occurred faster (after 72 h) in groups treated with 5 J/cm2 and 10 J/cm2 and after 96 h in the 15 J/cm2 as compared to the control. PBM did not influence cell viability for each experimental period. PBM increased COL1A1 gene expression and decreased TGF-β1 expression (5 and 15 J/cm2). | Tschon et al. (2015) [39] |
Cartilage | |||||||
Chondrocytes | in vivo (Wistar rats) | 808 nm (GaAIAs) | 50 J/cm2 | 50 mW | 28 s | Decreased caspase-3 expression in groups treated with irradiation coupled with exercise. Decreased IL-β and MMP-13 expression in groups receiving irradiation, exercise or both. | Assis et al. (2016) [56] |
Chondrocytes | in vivo (Wistar rats) | 808 nm (GaAIAs) | 50 J/cm2 | 50 mW | 28 s | IL-10 and COL-2 expression increased in response to aerobic and aquatic exercise, with and without PBM intervention. Aerobic exercise with and without PBM stimulated TGF-β expression. | Assis et al. (2018) [58] |
Chondrocytes | in vivo (Wistar rats) | 850 nm (GaAIAs) | 57.14 J/cm2 | 100 mW/1.43 W/cm2 | 40 s per site | PBM stimulated cartilage regeneration. | Balbinot et al. (2021) [48] |
Chondrocytes | in vivo (Wistar rats) | 808 nm (GaAIAs) | 50 J/cm2 | 50 mW | 28 s | Aquatic exercise, with or without PBM, resulted in better tissue organization as well as improved chondrocyte organization along the articular surface. Aquatic exercise coupled with PBM decreased MMP-13 expression. | Milares et al. (2016) [57] |
Chondrocytes | in vitro | 910 nm (GaAs) | 8 J/cm2 | 300 mW | 256 s | PBM decreased inflammatory cytokine expression (IL1β and IL-6) and NF-κB in IL1β-treated chondrocytes. | Sakata et al. (2022) [60] |
Chondrocytes | in vitro in vivo (Wistar rats) | 808 nm | 28 J/cm2 (in vitro only) 50 J/cm2 | 50 mW | 16 s (in vitro only) 28 s | PBM at a higher energy dose stimulated chondrocyte proliferation (in vitro). Decreased IL-1β expression in PBM groups after 4 and 8 weeks. Greater IL-10, COL-2 and IL-4 expression in PBM group after 8 weeks of treatment. Increased gene expression in TGF-β, COL-2, aggrecan after 4 weeks of PBM treatment (in vivo). | Tim et al. (2022) [59] |
Chondrocytes | in vivo (Wistar rats | 850 nm (GaAIAs) | Not given | 200 mW/0.4 mW/cm2 | 30 s | Groups treated with PBM showed enhanced COL-2 and TGFβ expression as compared to control. | Trevisan et al. (2020) [47] |
Tendon | |||||||
Tenocytes | in vitro | 630 nm (small probe) 625 nm (large probe) 850 nm (large probe) | 4 J/cm2 | 4150 mW (small probe) 1200 mW (large probe) | 18 min | PBM alone did not change cell viability; however, PBM increased viability of cells grown in a platelet-rich plasma culture medium. LED application increased the closure of the wound gap. | Alzyoud et al. (2019) [74] |
Tenocytes | in vivo (Wistar rats) | 660 nm | 4 J/cm2 | 10 mW/ 250 mW/cm2 | 16 s | PBM and exercise increased COL-1 immunoreactivity and resulted provided better cellular alignment. MMP3 and MMP13 expression was reduced in the PBM groups. | de Oliveira et al. (2019) [73] |
Tenocytes | in vivo (Wistar rats) | 630 ± 20nm | 9 J/cm2 | 300 mW/ 0.3 W/cm2 | 30 s | LED increased HSP70 expression and collagen production | Evangelista et al. (2021) [70] |
Tenocytes | in vivo (Wistar rats) | 660 nm | 6 J/cm2 | 0.04 W/ 1 W/cm2 | 5.70 s | Heterologous fibrin polymer and PBM, either alone or coupled together, were successful at decreasing edema. After 7 days, the PBM group showed greater tendon injury, which reduced after 14 and 21 days. No differences in collagen quantification were found in treated and control groups over the 3-week period. | de Freitas Dutra Júnior et al. (2022) [71] |
Tenocytes | in vitro | 660 nm | 1 J/cm2 1.5 J/cm2 2 J/cm2 | 50 mW | 5.2 min 7.8 min 10.4 min | PBM stimulated cell migration and wound closure. Dynamin-2 expression up-regulated in groups exposed to PBM. Dynasore treatment reduced cell migration in the 2 J/cm2 irradiated group | Tsai et al. (2012) [66] |
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Shaikh-Kader, A.; Houreld, N.N. Photobiomodulation, Cells of Connective Tissue and Repair Processes: A Look at In Vivo and In Vitro Studies on Bone, Cartilage and Tendon Cells. Photonics 2022, 9, 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9090618
Shaikh-Kader A, Houreld NN. Photobiomodulation, Cells of Connective Tissue and Repair Processes: A Look at In Vivo and In Vitro Studies on Bone, Cartilage and Tendon Cells. Photonics. 2022; 9(9):618. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9090618
Chicago/Turabian StyleShaikh-Kader, Asma, and Nicolette Nadene Houreld. 2022. "Photobiomodulation, Cells of Connective Tissue and Repair Processes: A Look at In Vivo and In Vitro Studies on Bone, Cartilage and Tendon Cells" Photonics 9, no. 9: 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9090618