Review on All-Fiber Online Raman Sensor with Hollow Core Microstructured Optical Fiber
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Principle of Raman Spectroscopy and Overview of Raman Sensor with Enhancement
2.1. Principle of Raman Spectroscopy
2.2. Overview of Raman Sensor with Enhancement
3. Fiber-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (FERS)
3.1. Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (HCPCF)
3.2. Capillary-Based Hollow Core Fiber (HCF)
4. Theoretical Analysis
4.1. Theoretical Analysis of FERS
4.2. Theoretical Calculation of Raman Signal Enhancement
4.2.1. Sagnac Loop
4.2.2. Capillary with an Inserted Reflector
4.2.3. Capillary with an Inserted FP Cavity
5. Photonic Crystal Fiber for Raman Sensing
5.1. Hollow Core Photonic Band Gap Fibers (HCPBGFs)
5.2. Hollow Core Anti-Resonant Fiber (HCARF)
6. Capillary-Based Hollow Core Fiber for Raman Sensing
6.1. Metal-Lined Hollow Core Fiber (MLHCF)
6.1.1. Fabrication Method
6.1.2. Enhancement by Optical Path Configurations
- Sagnac Loop
- Capillary with an inserted reflector
- Capillary with an inserted FP cavity
6.2. Liquid Core Optical Fiber (LOF)
7. HCF-based Raman Sensor Applications
7.1. Applications in Gas Detection
7.2. Applications in Liquid Detection
7.3. Application in Medicine
8. Prospect and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sagnac Loop | Capillary with an Inserted Reflector | Capillary with an Inserted FP Cavity | |
---|---|---|---|
Enhancement Ratio | 4 [44] | 1.73 [45] | 5 [46] |
HCPBGF | HCARF | LOF | MLHCF | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Core diameter | Small (5–30 μm) | Medium (20–100 μm) [63] | Large (300–1000 μm) | Large (300–1000 μm) |
Bandwidth | Narrow band [85] | Narrow band | All band [86] | All band |
Loss | Low (1 dB/km) | Low (50 dB/km) | High (3 dB/m) [80] | Medium (1.2 dB/m) [72] |
NA | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.54 [87] | 0.22 [10] |
Detection limit | 4.7 ppm [57] | 2 ppm [66] | 6 ppm [88] | 100 ppm [67] |
Enhancement factor | 104 [39] | 104 [60] | 103–104 [89] | 103 [90] |
Year | Research Team | Reference | Pump Wavelength | Fiber Type | Gas | Core Diameter | Enhancement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | National Energy Technology Laboratory | [93] | 514.5 nm | HCPBGF | N2, O2 | 4.9 μm | Several hundreds |
2009 | [94] | 1302–1637 nm | MLHCF | CO, C3H8, etc. | 300 μm | N.A. | |
2014 | Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology | [57] | 670 nm | HCPCF | H2, CH4 | 10, 20, 30 μm | N.A. |
2014 | University of Bath | [95] | 1064 nm | HCPCF | H2 | 53 μm | N.A. |
2015 | Fusion Science and Technology | [96] | 532 nm | MLHCF | H2 | 1 mm | 10 |
2016 | Ocean University of China | [97] | 532 nm | HCF | O2, N2 | 500 μm | 60 |
2019 | The Hong Kong Polytechnic University | [93] | 1532 nm | HCPCF | H2 | 10 μm | N.A. |
2021 | Chongqing University | [67] | 532 nm | HCARF | H2, CO, etc. | 26 μm | 7 |
Year | Research Team | Reference | Pump Wavelength | Fiber Type | Liquid | Core Diameter | Enhancement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1997 | Northwestern University | [80] | 632.8 nm | LOF | Water, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile | 250 μm | N.A. |
2001 | Northwestern University | [82] | 532 nm | LOF | Water protein | 50 μm | 500 |
2011 | University of Ottawa | [58] | 785 nm | HCPCF | Heparin | 10.6 μm | 90 |
2017 | Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology | [53] | 532, 676, 752 nm | HCPCF | Ethanol | 20 μm | 10 |
2020 | Nanjing University | [10] | 785 nm | MLHCF | Ethanol | 125 μm | 4.83 |
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Ding, H.; Hu, D.J.J.; Yu, X.; Liu, X.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, G. Review on All-Fiber Online Raman Sensor with Hollow Core Microstructured Optical Fiber. Photonics 2022, 9, 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9030134
Ding H, Hu DJJ, Yu X, Liu X, Zhu Y, Wang G. Review on All-Fiber Online Raman Sensor with Hollow Core Microstructured Optical Fiber. Photonics. 2022; 9(3):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9030134
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing, Haonan, Dora Juan Juan Hu, Xingtao Yu, Xiaoxian Liu, Yifan Zhu, and Guanghui Wang. 2022. "Review on All-Fiber Online Raman Sensor with Hollow Core Microstructured Optical Fiber" Photonics 9, no. 3: 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9030134