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Article

Continuous Emission Monitoring of Tetrafluoromethane Using Quantum Cascade Lasers

by
Peter Geiser
1,2,*,
Viacheslav Avetisov
1,2,
Luis Espinoza-Nava
3,
Nicola Menegazzo
3 and
Peter Kaspersen
1
1
Norsk Elektro Optikk AS, Prost Stabels vei 22, Skedsmokorset 2019, Norway
2
NEO Monitors AS, Prost Stabels vei 22, Skedsmokorset 2019, Norway
3
Alcoa Inc., Alcoa Technical Center, 100 Technical Drive, Alcoa Center, PA 15069-0001, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Photonics 2016, 3(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics3020016
Submission received: 11 March 2016 / Revised: 29 March 2016 / Accepted: 29 March 2016 / Published: 1 April 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Cascade Lasers - Advances and New Applications)
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Abstract

Recent developments in quantum cascade lasers have enabled the development of new sensors for in-situ applications that have so far only been possible with extractive systems. In this work, a sensor is presented using a unique Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy approach to measure tetrafluoromethane, a strong greenhouse gas. The sensor was characterized in a laboratory environment indicating a long-term detection limit of 20 ppb·m and a short-term value of well below 10 ppb·m. To demonstrate the feasibility of the sensor in a real-world environment, it was installed at an Alcoa aluminum smelter. A co-located Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer allowed direct comparison measurements of both systems. General agreement between the two methods was observed, leading to the conclusion that the developed in-situ quantum cascade laser based sensor has the potential to continuously measure tetrafluoromethane at aluminum smelters.
Keywords: quantum cascade laser; emission monitoring; tetrafluoromethane; mid-infrared; spectroscopy; in-situ quantum cascade laser; emission monitoring; tetrafluoromethane; mid-infrared; spectroscopy; in-situ
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MDPI and ACS Style

Geiser, P.; Avetisov, V.; Espinoza-Nava, L.; Menegazzo, N.; Kaspersen, P. Continuous Emission Monitoring of Tetrafluoromethane Using Quantum Cascade Lasers. Photonics 2016, 3, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics3020016

AMA Style

Geiser P, Avetisov V, Espinoza-Nava L, Menegazzo N, Kaspersen P. Continuous Emission Monitoring of Tetrafluoromethane Using Quantum Cascade Lasers. Photonics. 2016; 3(2):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics3020016

Chicago/Turabian Style

Geiser, Peter, Viacheslav Avetisov, Luis Espinoza-Nava, Nicola Menegazzo, and Peter Kaspersen. 2016. "Continuous Emission Monitoring of Tetrafluoromethane Using Quantum Cascade Lasers" Photonics 3, no. 2: 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics3020016

APA Style

Geiser, P., Avetisov, V., Espinoza-Nava, L., Menegazzo, N., & Kaspersen, P. (2016). Continuous Emission Monitoring of Tetrafluoromethane Using Quantum Cascade Lasers. Photonics, 3(2), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics3020016

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