Continuous Emission Monitoring of Tetrafluoromethane Using Quantum Cascade Lasers
1
Norsk Elektro Optikk AS, Prost Stabels vei 22, Skedsmokorset 2019, Norway
2
NEO Monitors AS, Prost Stabels vei 22, Skedsmokorset 2019, Norway
3
Alcoa Inc., Alcoa Technical Center, 100 Technical Drive, Alcoa Center, PA 15069-0001, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Photonics 2016, 3(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics3020016
Received: 11 March 2016 / Revised: 29 March 2016 / Accepted: 29 March 2016 / Published: 1 April 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Cascade Lasers - Advances and New Applications)
Recent developments in quantum cascade lasers have enabled the development of new sensors for in-situ applications that have so far only been possible with extractive systems. In this work, a sensor is presented using a unique Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy approach to measure tetrafluoromethane, a strong greenhouse gas. The sensor was characterized in a laboratory environment indicating a long-term detection limit of 20 ppb·m and a short-term value of well below 10 ppb·m. To demonstrate the feasibility of the sensor in a real-world environment, it was installed at an Alcoa aluminum smelter. A co-located Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer allowed direct comparison measurements of both systems. General agreement between the two methods was observed, leading to the conclusion that the developed in-situ quantum cascade laser based sensor has the potential to continuously measure tetrafluoromethane at aluminum smelters.
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Keywords:
quantum cascade laser; emission monitoring; tetrafluoromethane; mid-infrared; spectroscopy; in-situ
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Geiser, P.; Avetisov, V.; Espinoza-Nava, L.; Menegazzo, N.; Kaspersen, P. Continuous Emission Monitoring of Tetrafluoromethane Using Quantum Cascade Lasers. Photonics 2016, 3, 16.
AMA Style
Geiser P, Avetisov V, Espinoza-Nava L, Menegazzo N, Kaspersen P. Continuous Emission Monitoring of Tetrafluoromethane Using Quantum Cascade Lasers. Photonics. 2016; 3(2):16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeiser, Peter; Avetisov, Viacheslav; Espinoza-Nava, Luis; Menegazzo, Nicola; Kaspersen, Peter. 2016. "Continuous Emission Monitoring of Tetrafluoromethane Using Quantum Cascade Lasers" Photonics 3, no. 2: 16.
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