Next Article in Journal
Dynamic Observation of Ultrashort Pulses with Chaotic Features in a Tm-Doped Fiber Laser with a Single Mode Fiber–Grade Index Multimode Fiber–Single Mode Fiber Structure
Previous Article in Journal
A Dual-Band Tunable Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) Metamaterial Based on Vanadium Dioxide
Previous Article in Special Issue
Output Characteristics of External-Cavity Mode-Hop-Free Tunable Laser Source in C+L Band
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Editorial

High-Power Lasers and Light–Matter Interactions

1
Center for Advanced Laser Technology (CALT), Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
2
College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Road 258, Hangzhou 310018, China
3
Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
4
Competence Center for Biomedical Laser Systems (BIOLAS), TU Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Photonics 2025, 12(5), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050464
Submission received: 29 April 2025 / Accepted: 8 May 2025 / Published: 9 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in High-Power Laser and Light–Matter Interactions)
High-power laser systems and the study of light–matter interactions at high intensities are crucial for numerous scientific and technological fields, ranging from industrial materials processing [1,2,3,4] and telecommunications [5,6,7,8] to fundamental physics research [9,10,11,12,13,14,15], biomedical applications [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23], and advanced sensing [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. Continuous advancements are focused on enhancing laser performance parameters—such as average and peak power [32,33,34,35,36], wavelength tunability [37,38,39,40], spectral purity [41,42,43,44,45], temporal pulse characteristics [46,47,48,49]—leveraging these capabilities to explore and exploit the complex interactions between intense light and various media [50,51,52]. This Special Issue highlights emerging developments in laser source technology, pulse manipulation, theoretical modeling, novel sensing applications, and diagnostic methods within the domain of high-power lasers and light–matter interactions.
The development of robust, high-performance laser sources tailored for specific applications remains a critical research direction. Recent efforts have focused on improving power scaling, wavelength accessibility, tunability, and beam quality. For applications requiring precise wavelength control, such as spectroscopy and coherent sensing, Sun et al. [53] proposed an external-cavity semiconductor laser design providing mode-hop-free (MHF) tuning across an extensive 140 nm range (1480–1620 nm), which covers the C + L telecommunication bands. This model achieves high spectral purity (SMSR > 61.65 dB), stable output power (>11.14 dBm), and rapid tuning (up to 200 nm/s), making it suitable for high-resolution vector spectrum analysis. Liu et al. [54] developed a kilowatt-level nanosecond laser system. Employing a hybrid MOPA architecture (fiber seed, Nd:YVO4 pre-amplifier, and Nd:YAG slab main amplifier), they achieved an average power of 1.24 kW at a 20 kHz repetition rate, with adjustable pulse parameters (1–20 kHz, 10–300 ns), demonstrating high power extraction efficiency (39.1%). The 2 µm wavelength region is important for gas sensing, medicine, and communications application; therefore, Liu et al. [55] focused on optimizing the output of GaSb-based semiconductor lasers operating at this wavelength. By designing and implementing a slanted, wedge-shaped microlens fiber coupling scheme, they improved the output beam’s symmetry and uniformity, achieving stable output power around 210 mW.
Generating short, high-energy laser pulses is another key development direction. In the field of commercial lasers, slab laser technology is naturally the most conventional technical route for obtaining high-energy lasers. In the field of ultra-short laser pulse generation, the compression technique based on nonlinear optics is a hot topic, and nonlinear optical techniques are commonly employed for pulse compression. Liu et al. [56] developed a kilowatt-level nanosecond laser system, employing a hybrid MOPA architecture (fiber seed, Nd:YVO4 pre-amplifier, and Nd:YAG slab main amplifier), They achieved 1.24 kW average power with a 20 kHz repetition rate and adjustable pulse parameters (1–20 kHz, 10–300 ns). Their system has demonstrated high power extraction efficiency (39.1%) and successfully compressed 7.4 ns input pulses down to 48.3 ps, achieving a pulse energy of 5.27 mJ and an SRS stage energy efficiency of 21.84%, thus offering a practical route for high-energy picosecond pulses. Feng et al. [57] investigated pulse compression using SBS followed by passive laser-induced breakdown (LIB) in CCl4. They have demonstrated that doping the LIB medium with silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires effectively reduces the LIB threshold and enhances the stability of the compressed output. Their method yielded compressed pulses of 254.4 ps with an energy conversion efficiency of 34.2%.
Accurate modeling and characterization are vital for understanding fundamental processes and optimizing the performance of optical systems. For diffraction-limited imaging systems, understanding the point spread function (PSF) is crucial. Song et al. [58] derived a novel analytical solution for the defocused PSF using series expansions of confluent hypergeometric functions. This model provides insights into imaging performance degradation caused by defocusing, is independent of specific system design details, and shows good agreement (<3% RMS error) with numerical FFT methods in weak to medium defocus regimes. In laser Doppler sensors employing intersecting beams, precisely knowing the interference fringe geometry is critical for accurate measurements. Zhang et al. [59] developed and experimentally validated a high-accuracy 3D model for fringe spacing distributions in line-shaped Gaussian beam intersections. Their model, derived from Gaussian beam phase expressions, accurately predicted fringe geometry (average relative difference of <0.6% compared to the experimental results), enabling error minimization in 3D shape and velocity measurements.
High-power and precisely controlled lasers enable unique sensing modalities and material interaction studies. Wang et al. [60] explored the Goos–Hänchen shift (GHS)—a subtle lateral displacement of a reflected beam—as a potential basis for illicit drug detection. By measuring GHS variations for different substances (serum, methamphetamine, and heroin) and correlating them with complex refractive indices and dielectric constants, they have demonstrated the sensitivity of the GHS to these parameters, emphasizing its potential in the development of novel optical sensors for chemical identification. Enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic devices is a primary scientific objective. To that end, Wang et al. [60] demonstrated broadband (400–2000 nm) spectral response enhancement in amorphous silicon p-i-n photovoltaic modules by incorporating flower-like silver nanoparticles. The observed tenfold increase in peak responsivity was attributed to the near-field plasmonic effects arising from the complex nanoparticle geometry, improving optical energy utilization. Understanding the dynamics of laser–material interactions, such as shock wave generation, is important for applications like laser peening and material processing. Li et al. [61] employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict the temporal evolution of shock wave velocity, induced by the combination of millisecond–nanosecond laser pulses on silicon. The CNN model achieved high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.9865) with limited experimental data, showcasing the potential of machine learning for modeling complex, dynamic laser interaction phenomena.
Probing extreme environments, such as combustion chambers or supersonic flows, requires sophisticated diagnostic techniques. Song et al. [58] provided a timely review of the advances in femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs-CARS) for thermometry. They highlighted the advantages of fs-CARS, such as the suppression of collisional effects and non-resonant background, thus enabling accurate, time-resolved temperature measurements crucial for understanding transient chemical reaction dynamics in harsh environments.
Overall, this Special Issue highlights several key trends in high-power laser technology and light–matter interactions. There is a continuous drive towards higher-power sources [54] and broader, more agile wavelength tuning [53], often tailored for specific application domains. Simultaneously, precise control over the temporal domain, particularly towards the achievement of ultra-short pulses via novel compression schemes [56,57], remains a key focus for accessing high peak intensities and studying ultrafast dynamics. Theoretical modeling and accurate system characterization [59] are increasingly more sophisticated, providing essential tools for optimizing design and performance. Furthermore, the exploration of subtle optical phenomena, such as the GHS for sensing [60] and harnessing plasmonics for device enhancement [61], demonstrate innovative application pathways. The integration of machine learning techniques represents a promising direction for modeling and predicting complex, nonlinear interaction dynamics where analytical solutions are intractable. Advanced diagnostics like fs-CARS are indispensable for probing the extreme conditions often generated or studied using high-power lasers. These advancements are also highlighted in this Special issue.
Future research is projected to continue following these trends, potentially exploring novel gain materials and laser architectures, pushing pulse compression limits further into the femtosecond and attosecond regimes. Moreover, by developing more sophisticated multi-physics models, which are perhaps further enhanced by machine learning, and discovering new applications based on precisely controlled light–matter interactions, this field holds tremendous potential. Integrating multiple functionalities, such as combined sensing and processing capabilities, may be another future direction. Significant progress continues to be made across the field of high-power lasers and light–matter interactions. The recent developments highlighted in this review include the realization of versatile high-power and widely tunable laser sources, innovative techniques for achieving picosecond pulses through nonlinear optics, refined analytical models for optical system performance, the application of optical phenomena and nanostructures for novel sensing and device enhancement, and the use of machine learning and advanced diagnostics to understand complex interaction dynamics. These advancements collectively underscore the role of laser technology in science and industry and point towards continued innovation in the future.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all the contributing authors of this Special issue for their support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Dutta Majumdar, J.; Manna, I. Laser material processing. Int. Mater. Rev. 2011, 56, 341–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Li, L. The advances and characteristics of high-power diode laser materials processing. Opt. Lasers Eng. 2000, 34, 231–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Nath, A. High power lasers in material processing applications: An overview of recent developments. In Laser-Assisted Fabrication of Materials; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; pp. 69–111. [Google Scholar]
  4. Bachmann, F. Industrial applications of high power diode lasers in materials processing. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2003, 208, 125–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Schneider, A.; Stillhart, M.; Günter, P. High efficiency generation and detection of terahertz pulses using laser pulses at telecommunication wavelengths. Opt. Express 2006, 14, 5376–5384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Knox, W.H. Ultrafast technology in telecommunications. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2000, 6, 1273–1278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Jauregui, C.; Limpert, J.; Tünnermann, A. High-power fibre lasers. Nat. Photonics 2013, 7, 861–867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Jia, S.; Lo, M.C.; Zhang, L.; Ozolins, O.; Udalcovs, A.; Kong, D.; Pang, X.; Guzman, R.; Yu, X.; Xiao, S.; et al. Integrated dual-laser photonic chip for high-purity carrier generation enabling ultrafast terahertz wireless communications. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 1388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Mourou, G.; Tajima, T.; Bulanov, S. Optics in the relativistic regime. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2006, 78, 309–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Khalatpour, A.; Paulsen, A.K.; Deimert, C.; Wasilewski, Z.R.; Hu, Q. High-power portable terahertz laser systems. Nat. Photonics 2021, 15, 16–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Jackson, S.D. Towards high-power mid-infrared emission from a fibre laser. Nat. Photonics 2012, 6, 423–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Hirose, K.; Liang, Y.; Kurosaka, Y.; Watanabe, A.; Sugiyama, T.; Noda, S. Watt-class high-power, high-beam-quality photonic-crystal lasers. Nat. Photonics 2014, 8, 406–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Liu, P.Q.; Hoffman, A.J.; Escarra, M.D.; Franz, K.J.; Khurgin, J.B.; Dikmelik, Y.; Wang, X.; Fan, J.Y.; Gmachl, C.F. Highly power-efficient quantum cascade lasers. Nat. Photonics 2010, 4, 95–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Südmeyer, T.; Marchese, S.; Hashimoto, S.; Baer, C.; Gingras, G.; Witzel, B.; Keller, U. Femtosecond laser oscillators for high-field science. Nat. Photonics 2008, 2, 599–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Xu, G.; Colombelli, R.; Khanna, S.P.; Belarouci, A.; Letartre, X.; Li, L.; Linfield, E.H.; Davies, A.G.; Beere, H.E.; Ritchie, D.A. Efficient power extraction in surface-emitting semiconductor lasers using graded photonic heterostructures. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, 952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Jawad, H.J.; Sultan, A.F. Review recent developments in high-power diode lasers for biomedical applications. J. Opt. 2024, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Allen, T.J.; Beard, P.C. High power visible light emitting diodes as pulsed excitation sources for biomedical photoacoustics. Biomed. Opt. Express 2016, 7, 1260–1270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Kieffer, J.C.; Fourmaux, S.; Krol, A. The ultrafast high-peak power lasers in future biomedical and medical x-ray imaging. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference and School on Quantum Electronics: Laser Physics and Applications, Sozopol, Bulgaria, 26–30 September 2016; SPIE: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2017; Volume 10226, pp. 306–315. [Google Scholar]
  19. Sun, J.; Wu, J.; Wu, S.; Goswami, R.; Girardo, S.; Cao, L.; Guck, J.; Koukourakis, N.; Czarske, J.W. Quantitative phase imaging through an ultra-thin lensless fiber endoscope. Light. Sci. Appl. 2022, 11, 204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Müller, A.; Marschall, S.; Jensen, O.B.; Fricke, J.; Wenzel, H.; Sumpf, B.; Andersen, P.E. Diode laser based light sources for biomedical applications. Laser Photonics Rev. 2013, 7, 605–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Sun, J.; Kuschmierz, R.; Katz, O.; Koukourakis, N.; Czarske, J.W. Lensless fiber endomicroscopy in biomedicine. PhotoniX 2024, 5, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Sanchez, M.; Gallego, D.; Lamela, H. High current short pulse driver using a high power diode laser for optoacoustic biomedical imaging techniques. Opt. Express 2022, 30, 44954–44966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Sun, J.; Yang, B.; Koukourakis, N.; Guck, J.; Czarske, J.W. AI-driven projection tomography with multicore fibre-optic cell rotation. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Killinger, D.K.; Menyuk, N. Laser remote sensing of the atmosphere. Science 1987, 235, 37–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Walsh, B.M.; Lee, H.R.; Barnes, N.P. Mid infrared lasers for remote sensing applications. J. Lumin. 2016, 169, 400–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Lamb, R.A. A review of ultra-short pulse lasers for military remote sensing and rangefinding. Technol. Opt. Countermeas. VI 2009, 7483, 61–75. [Google Scholar]
  27. Hovis, F.E.; Rhoades, M.; Burnham, R.L.; Force, J.D.; Schum, T.; Gentry, B.M.; Chen, H.; Li, S.X.; Hair, J.W.; Cook, A.L.; et al. Single-frequency lasers for remote sensing. In Proceedings of the Solid State Lasers XIII: Technology and Devices, San Jose, CA, USA, 25–29 January 2004; SPIE: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2004; Volume 5332, pp. 263–270. [Google Scholar]
  28. Kobayashi, T. Techniques for laser remote sensing of the environment. Remote Sens. Rev. 1987, 3, 1–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Morton, P.A.; Morton, M.J. High-power, ultra-low noise hybrid lasers for microwave photonics and optical sensing. J. Light. Technol. 2018, 36, 5048–5057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Lin, S.; Wang, Z.; Qi, Y.; Han, B.; Wu, H.; Rao, Y. Wideband remote-sensing based on random fiber laser. J. Light. Technol. 2022, 40, 3104–3110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Bäuerle, D. Laser Processing and Chemistry, 4th ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Omar, A.; Hoffmann, M.; Galle, G.; Sylla, F.; Saraceno, C.J. Hybrid air-bulk multi-pass cell compressor for high pulse energies with full spatio-temporal characterization. Opt. Express 2024, 32, 13235–13248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Omar, A.; Vogel, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Saraceno, C.J. Spectral broadening of 2-mJ femtosecond pulses in a compact air-filled convex–concave multi-pass cell. Opt. Lett. 2023, 48, 1458–1461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Suzuki, A.; Kassai, B.; Wang, Y.; Omar, A.; Löscher, R.; Tomilov, S.; Hoffmann, M.; Saraceno, C.J. High-peak-power 2.1 μm femtosecond holmium amplifier at 100 kHz. Optica 2025, 12, 534–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Ng, G.; Li, L. The effect of laser peak power and pulse width on the hole geometry repeatability in laser percussion drilling. Opt. Laser Technol. 2001, 33, 393–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Limpert, J.; Roser, F.; Schimpf, D.N.; Seise, E.; Eidam, T.; Hadrich, S.; Rothhardt, J.; Misas, C.J.; Tunnermann, A. High repetition rate gigawatt peak power fiber laser systems: Challenges, design, and experiment. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2009, 15, 159–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Ding, D.; Lv, X.; Chen, X.; Wang, F.; Zhang, J.; Che, K. Tunable high-power blue external cavity semiconductor laser. Opt. Laser Technol. 2017, 94, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Huang, M.C.; Zhou, Y.; Chang-Hasnain, C.J. A nanoelectromechanical tunable laser. Nat. Photonics 2008, 2, 180–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Fedorova, K.A.; Cataluna, M.A.; Krestnikov, I.; Livshits, D.; Rafailov, E.U. Broadly tunable high-power InAs/GaAs quantum-dot external cavity diode lasers. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 19438–19443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. McComb, T.S.; Sims, R.A.; Willis, C.C.; Kadwani, P.; Sudesh, V.; Shah, L.; Richardson, M. High-power widely tunable thulium fiber lasers. Appl. Opt. 2010, 49, 6236–6242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Panarella, E. Spectral purity of high-intensity laser beams. Phys. Rev. A 1977, 16, 672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Dong, J.; Zhang, L.; Jiang, H.; Yang, X.; Pan, W.; Cui, S.; Gu, X.; Feng, Y. High order cascaded Raman random fiber laser with high spectral purity. Opt. Express 2018, 26, 5275–5280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Lin, N.; Chen, Y.; Wei, X.; Yang, W.; Leng, Y. Spectral purity systems applied for laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet lithography sources: A review. High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, e64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Nicolodi, D.; Argence, B.; Zhang, W.; Le Targat, R.; Santarelli, G.; Le Coq, Y. Spectral purity transfer between optical wavelengths at the 10–18 level. Nat. Photonics 2014, 8, 219–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Dang, L.; Huang, L.; Shi, L.; Li, F.; Yin, G.; Gao, L.; Lan, T.; Li, Y.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, T. Ultra-high spectral purity laser derived from weak external distributed perturbation. Opto-Electron. Adv. 2023, 6, 210149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Račiukaitis, G. Ultra-short pulse lasers for microfabrication: A review. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2021, 27, 1100112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Nolte, S.; Schrempel, F.; Dausinger, F. Ultrashort pulse laser technology. Springer Ser. Opt. Sci. 2016, 195, 1. [Google Scholar]
  48. Finger, J.; Kalupka, C.; Reininghaus, M. High power ultra-short pulse laser ablation of IN718 using high repetition rates. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2015, 226, 221–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Ren, J.; Cheng, W.; Li, S.; Suckewer, S. A new method for generating ultraintense and ultrashort laser pulses. Nat. Phys. 2007, 3, 732–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Günter, G.; Anappara, A.A.; Hees, J.; Sell, A.; Biasiol, G.; Sorba, L.; De Liberato, S.; Ciuti, C.; Tredicucci, A.; Leitenstorfer, A.; et al. Sub-cycle switch-on of ultrastrong light–matter interaction. Nature 2009, 458, 178–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. Liu, G.; Chen, W.; Xiong, Z.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Xia, Z. Laser-driven broadband near-infrared light source with watt-level output. Nat. Photonics 2024, 18, 562–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Gutzler, R.; Garg, M.; Ast, C.R.; Kuhnke, K.; Kern, K. Light–matter interaction at atomic scales. Nat. Rev. Phys. 2021, 3, 441–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Sun, J.; Qiu, L.; Liu, L.; Sheng, L.; Cui, Y.; Huang, L.; Pan, M.; Nian, F.; Hu, J. Output Characteristics of External-Cavity Mode-Hop-Free Tunable Laser Source in C+L Band. Photonics 2024, 11, 677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Liu, H.; Qiu, J.; Chen, Y.; Wang, H.; Wang, T.; Liu, Y.; Song, X.; Fan, Z. 1.2 kW, 20 kHz Nanosecond Nd:YAG Slab Laser System. Photonics 2024, 11, 297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Liu, Z.; Wang, J.; Li, N.; Yang, Z.; Li, S.; Li, S.; Wang, W.; Bayan, H.; Cheng, W.; Zhang, Y.; et al. A 2 µm Gallium Antimonide Semiconductor Laser Based on Slanted, Wedge-Shaped Microlens Fiber Coupling. Photonics 2024, 11, 108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Han, X.; Liu, Z.; Li, S.; Li, S.; Yang, Z.; Su, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Bayanheshig; Xia, Y.; Wang, Y.; et al. Pulse Duration Compression by Two-Stage Stimulated Brillouin Scattering and Stimulated Raman Scattering. Photonics 2024, 11, 104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Feng, L.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, W.; Sun, D. Combined Compression of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering and Laser–Induced Breakdown Enhanced with Sic Nanowire. Photonics 2024, 11, 96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Song, F.; Chen, Q.; Tang, X.; Xu, F. Analytical Model of Point Spread Function under Defocused Degradation in Diffraction-Limited Systems: Confluent Hypergeometric Function. Photonics 2024, 11, 455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Zhang, H.; Wang, J.; Wang, S. Experimental Investigations and Modeling of Interference Fringe Geometry in Line-Shaped Gaussian Beam Intersections for Laser Doppler Sensors. Photonics 2023, 10, 1132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Wang, Y.; Zhou, X.; Fan, X.; Huang, X.; Zhang, L.; Wang, C. Exploration of Illicit Drug Detection Based on Goos–Hänchen Shift. Photonics 2023, 10, 1270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Li, J.; Zhang, W.; Li, Y.; Jin, G. Prediction of Shock Wave Velocity Induced by a Combined Millisecond and Nanosecond Laser Based on Convolution Neural Network. Photonics 2023, 10, 1034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, Z.; Li, S.; Sun, J. High-Power Lasers and Light–Matter Interactions. Photonics 2025, 12, 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050464

AMA Style

Liu Z, Li S, Sun J. High-Power Lasers and Light–Matter Interactions. Photonics. 2025; 12(5):464. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050464

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Zhaohong, Sensen Li, and Jiawei Sun. 2025. "High-Power Lasers and Light–Matter Interactions" Photonics 12, no. 5: 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050464

APA Style

Liu, Z., Li, S., & Sun, J. (2025). High-Power Lasers and Light–Matter Interactions. Photonics, 12(5), 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050464

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop