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Article

Gender Asymmetries: An Exploratory Study of Women’s Experiences in Portuguese Football Organizations

by
Maria Helena Santos
1,*,
António Manuel Marques
2 and
Joana Salvador
3
1
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (Iscte-IUL), CIS-Iscte, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
2
Escola Superior de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal
3
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (Iscte-IUL), 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14(5), 1228-1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050081
Submission received: 19 February 2024 / Revised: 15 April 2024 / Accepted: 1 May 2024 / Published: 4 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Topic Interdisciplinary Approaches to Sports in the 21st Century)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The main objective of this exploratory study is to analyze the negative effects associated with the phenomenon of tokenism for Portuguese women in non-playing football roles, as well as their strategies for integration into a context where they are a minority and the social functions are dominated by men. To this end, we carried out semi-structured individual interviews with eight men and eight women, undertaking functions in the fields of coaching, psychology, medical team, planning, refereeing, and management in football organizations, and with their contents then subject to thematic analysis. Our analysis confirms how the football context strongly demarcates gender differences with women being more visible and leads to the stereotypical roles being associated with traditional femininity. The findings also observe how, in order to integrate, women align with the norms imposed by the dominant group (men) and accept being circumscribed to the spaces that hegemonic gender ideologies and practices attribute to them.
Keywords: football; tokenism; gender relations; Portuguese women football; tokenism; gender relations; Portuguese women

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MDPI and ACS Style

Santos, M.H.; Marques, A.M.; Salvador, J. Gender Asymmetries: An Exploratory Study of Women’s Experiences in Portuguese Football Organizations. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14, 1228-1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050081

AMA Style

Santos MH, Marques AM, Salvador J. Gender Asymmetries: An Exploratory Study of Women’s Experiences in Portuguese Football Organizations. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(5):1228-1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050081

Chicago/Turabian Style

Santos, Maria Helena, António Manuel Marques, and Joana Salvador. 2024. "Gender Asymmetries: An Exploratory Study of Women’s Experiences in Portuguese Football Organizations" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, no. 5: 1228-1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050081

APA Style

Santos, M. H., Marques, A. M., & Salvador, J. (2024). Gender Asymmetries: An Exploratory Study of Women’s Experiences in Portuguese Football Organizations. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(5), 1228-1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14050081

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