The Athletic Identity Measurement Scale: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis from 1993 to 2021
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- I consider myself an athlete.
- I have many goals related to sport.
- Most of my friends are athletes.
- Sport is the most important part of my life.
- I spend more time thinking about sport than anything else.
- I need to participate in sport to feel good about myself.
- Other people see me mainly as an athlete.
- I feel bad about myself when I do poorly in sport.
- Sport is the only important thing in my life.
- I would be very depressed if I were injured and could not compete in sport.
- I consider myself an athlete.
- I have many goals related to sport.
- Most of my friends are athletes.
- Sport is the most important part of my life.
- I spend more time thinking about sport than anything else.
I need to participate in sport to feel good about myself.Other people see me mainly as an athlete.- I feel bad about myself when I do poorly in sport.
Sport is the only important thing in my life.- I would be very depressed if I were injured and could not compete in sport.
1.1. Athletic Identity Review
1.2. Research Aims
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Information Sources and Search Strategy
- Delimited search to 1995;
- Box 1: athletic identity measurement scale;
- Box 2: sport*.
2.3. Article and Data Selection Process and Data Items
2.4. Risk of Bias Assessments
2.5. Effect Size Measures, Synthesis Methods, and Certainty Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection and Characteristics
3.2. Risk of Bias within Studies
Study Information | Risk of Study Bias Questions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Author(s) [Ref#] | Year | Sampling 1 | Collection 2 | Reliability 3 |
Ohji et al. [22] | 2021 | Yes | In-person | No |
Geary et al. [23] | 2021 | Yes | In-person | No |
Hagiwara [24] | 2020 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Graham and Burns [25] | 2020 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Costa et al. [26] | 2020 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Koper et al. [27] | 2020 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Moazami-Goodarzi et al. [28] | 2020 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Graupensperger et al. [29] | 2020 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Ioannis [30] | 2020 | No (purposeful) | In-person | Yes |
Rongen et al. [31] | 2020 | Yes | Not in-person | No |
Walsh et al. [32] | 2020 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Roethlisberger et al. [33] | 2020 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Samuel et al. [34] | 2020 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Hadiyan and Cosh [35] | 2019 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Kola-Palmer et al. [36] | 2019 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Pummell and Lavallee [37] | 2019 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Piatt et al. [38] | 2018 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Voelker et al. [39] | 2018 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Bell et al. [40] | 2018 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Franck et al. [41] | 2018 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Chang et al. [42] | 2018 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Prioios [43] | 2017 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Giannone et al. [44] | 2017 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
O’Rourke et al. [45] | 2017 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Turton et al. [46] | 2017 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Geukes et al. [47] | 2017 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Fuller [48] | 2017 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Van Lone et al. [49] | 2017 | Yes | Unable to determine | Yes |
Peiró-Velert et al. [50] | 2016 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Nagata and Long [51] | 2016 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Haralabos et al. [52] | 2016 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Samuel et al. [53] | 2016 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Franck et al. [54] | 2016 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Huang et al. [55] | 2016 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Waldron [56] | 2015 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Samuel et al. [57] | 2015 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Poux and Fry [58] | 2015 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Houle and Kluck [59] | 2015 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Schutte and McNeil [60] | 2015 | No (used panel system) | Not in-person | Yes |
de Subijana et al. [61] | 2015 | Yes | Unable to determine | Yes |
Kroshus et al. [62] | 2015 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Stambulova et al. [63] | 2015 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Hagiwara and Isogai [64] | 2014 | Yes | Unable to determine | No |
Nagata [65] | 2014 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Harris and Watson [66] | 2014 | Yes | In-person | No |
Price et al. [67] | 2014 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Voelker et al. [68] | 2014 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Madrigal and Gill [69] | 2014 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Mitchell et al. [70] | 2014 | Yes | In-person | No |
Bimper [71] | 2014 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Poczwardowski et al. [72] | 2014 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Petrie et al. [73] | 2014 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Martin et al. [74] | 2014 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Weinberg et al. 2013 [75] | 2013 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Proios [76] | 2013 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Tyrance et al. [77] | 2013 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Martin and Horn [78] | 2013 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
McKay et al. [79] | 2013 | Yes | In-person | No |
Tasiemski et al. [80] | 2013 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Verkooijen et al. [81] | 2012 | Yes | Not in-person | No |
Wiśniowska et al. [82] | 2012 | Yes | Unable to determine | Yes |
Tasiemski et al. [83] | 2012 | Yes | Unable to determine | Yes |
Steinfeldt and Steinfeldt [84] | 2012 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Harrison et al. [85] | 2011 | Yes | Unable to determine | Yes |
Kissinger et al. [86] | 2011 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Samuel and Tenenbaum [87] | 2011 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Sturm et al. [88] | 2011 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Steinfeldt et al. [89] | 2011 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Gapin and Petruzello [90] | 2011 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Visek et al. [91] | 2010 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Chen et al. [92] | 2010 | Yes | In-person | No |
Lau et al. [93] | 2010 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Mateos et al. [94] | 2010 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Packar [95] | 2010 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Caudroit et al. [96] | 2010 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Steinfeldt and Steinfeldt [97] | 2010 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Steinfeldt et al. [98] | 2010 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Maxwell and Visek [99] | 2009 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Groff et al. [100] | 2009 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Kokaridas et al. [101] | 2009 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Steinfeldt et al. [102] | 2009 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Mateos et al. [103] | 2008 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Mignano et al. [104] | 2006 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Phoenix et al. [105] | 2005 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Albion and Fogarty [106] | 2005 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Lau et al. [107] | 2004 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Tasiemskie et al. [108] | 2004 | Yes | Not in-person | No |
Grove et al. [109] | 2004 | Yes | Both | Yes |
Schmid and Seiler [110] | 2003 | Yes | Unable to determine | Yes |
Kornspan and Etzel [111] | 2001 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Horton and Mack [112] | 2000 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Martin [113] | 1999 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Lantz and Shroeder [114] | 1999 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Hale et al. [115] | 1999 | Yes | Not in-person | No |
Smith et al. [116] | 1998 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Wiechman and Williams [117] | 1997 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Murphy et al. [118] | 1996 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Martin et al. [6] | 1995 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Cornelius [119] | 1995 | Yes | Not in-person | Yes |
Brewer et al. study 1 [4] | 1993 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
Brewer et al. study 3 [4] | 1993 | Yes | In-person | Yes |
3.3. AIMS Total and Subscale Results
3.4. Correlate Results
4. Discussion
4.1. AIMS Score Differences
4.2. AIMS Correlates
4.3. AIMS Literature and Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Category Specifics |
---|---|
Elite | Olympics, world championships, international competition, professional, and samples >18 years of age |
Advanced | College athletes in all countries, youth/adolescents in talent programs (e.g., sport schools), beyond high school or local city club team, and national-level competition |
Intermediate | 14–18 years of age, USA high school, club, not identified as elite or in college, etc., but in extensive training and regional-level competition |
Recreational | College intramural and city teams |
Youth | Below high school, not identified as elite in some way, and sample mean age <14 |
Mix | Unable to determine one category for sample data |
Study Information | Participant Characteristics | AIMS Information | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author(s) [Ref#] | Year | Level | % Female | Country | Age | Version | Items | Data |
Ohji et al. [22] | 2021 | M | 52.30 | JP | 20.00 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Geary et al. [23] | 2021 | E | 0.00 | IE | NR | 1993 | 10 | M |
Hagiwara [24] | 2020 | I | 0.00 | JP | 19.18 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Graham and Burns [25] | 2020 | M | 55.00 | US | 20.00 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Costa et al. [26] | 2020 | M | 52.80 | IT | 27.41 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Koper et al. [27] | 2020 | E | 22.00 | Mix | 29.80 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Moazami-Goodarzi et al. [28] | 2020 | A | 51.00 | FI | 16.00 | 2001 | 10 | M, r |
Graupensperger et al. [29] | 2020 | A | 63.00 | US | 19.84 | 2001 | 10 | M |
Ioannis [30] | 2020 | M | 23.13 | GR | 34.98 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Rongen et al. [31] | 2020 | I | 0.00 | GB | 12.98 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Walsh et al. [32] | 2020 | A | 100.00 | US | 21.50 | 1993 | 10 | r |
Roethlisberger et al. [33] | 2020 | I | 100.00 | US | 11.70 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Samuel et al. [34] | 2020 | E | 56.60 | IT | 25.17 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Hadiyan and Cosh [35] | 2019 | E | NR | IR | 21.25–24.50 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Kola-Palmer et al. [36] | 2019 | E | 0.00 | GB | 25.01–25.75 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Pummell and Lavallee [37] | 2019 | E | 42.86 | GB | 15.10 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Piatt et al. [38] | 2018 | I | 27.66 | US | 15.57 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Voelker et al. [39] | 2018 | E | 0.00 | US | 18.45 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Bell et al. [40] | 2018 | A | 75.00 | US | 20.00 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Franck et al. [41] | 2018 | I | 36.36 | SE | 16.10–16.60 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Chang et al. [42] | 2018 | A | NR | TW | 19.97 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Prioios 2017 [43] | 2018 | I | 30.20 | GR | 19.78 | 1993 | 10 | r |
Giannone et al. [44] | 2017 | A | 75.00 | CA | 22.10 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
O’Rourke et al. [45] | 2017 | I | 52.94 | US | 14.53 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Turton et al. [46] | 2017 | I | 44.31 | GB | 38.77 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Geukes et al. [47] | 2017 | E | 49.07 | AU | 24.06 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Fuller [48] | 2017 | A | 0.00 | US | 20.00 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Van Lone et al. [49] | 2017 | M | 48.00 | US | 20.00 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Peiró-Velert et al. [50] | 2016 | Y | 49.43 | ES | 15.00 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Nagata and Long [51] | 2016 | A | 8.62 | US | 34.79 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Haralabos et al. [52] | 2016 | A | 40.00 | GR | 18.50 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Samuel et al. [53] | 2016 | E | 0.00 | IL | 31.81 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Franck et al. [54] | 2016 | I | 31.12 | SE | 16.27, 16.44, 16.69 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Huang et al. [55] | 2016 | A | 35.00 | TW | 21.58 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Waldron [56] | 2015 | A | 65.16 | US | 17.80 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Samuel et al. [57] | 2015 | E | 0.00 | US | 21.83 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Poux and Fry [58] | 2015 | A | 50.00 | US | 20.00 | 1993 | 7 | M, r |
Houle and Kluck [59] | 2015 | A | 52.00 | US | 20.00 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Schutte and McNeil [60] | 2015 | R | 50.50 | US, AU | 45.95 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
de Subijana et al. [61] | 2015 | E | 50.00 | ES | 21.4, 22.4 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Kroshus et al. [62] | 2015 | A | 0.00 | US | 20.60 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Stambulova et al. [63] | 2015 | A | 50.00 | SE | 16.00 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Hagiwara and Isogai [64] | 2014 | M | NR | JP | 19.58 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Nagata [65] | 2014 | A | 8.62 | US | 34.79 | 1993 | 10 | r |
Harris and Watson [66] | 2014 | M | NR | US | 9.17, 12.61, 16 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Price et al. [67] | 2014 | A | 52.00 | US | 20.53 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Voelker et al. [68] | 2014 | M | 100.00 | US | 15.63 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Madrigal and Gill [69] | 2014 | A | 100.00 | US | NR | 1993 | 10 | M |
Mitchell et al. [70] | 2014 | Y | NR | GB | 17.00 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Bimper [71] | 2014 | A | 0.00 | US | 19.45 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Poczwardowski et al. [72] | 2014 | A | 33.33 | US | 23.50 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Petrie et al. [73] | 2014 | A | 0.00 | US | 20.08 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Martin et al. [74] | 2014 | E | 72.58 | US | 21.61 | 1993 | 10 | r |
Weinberg et al. [75] | 2013 | R | 47.69 | US | 20.03 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Proios [76] | 2013 | Y | 79.29 | GR | 11.86 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Tyrance et al. [77] | 2013 | A | 52.60 | US | 20.07 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Martin and Horn [78] | 2013 | I | 100.00 | US | 16.64 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
McKay et al. [79] | 2013 | E | 0.00 | CA | 15.00 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Tasiemski et al. [80] | 2013 | M | 24.14 | PL | 35.00 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Verkooijen et al. [81] | 2012 | A | 51.00 | NL | 18.60, 19.20 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Wiśniowska et al. [82] | 2012 | A | 0.00 | PL | 24,35 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Tasiemski et al. [83] | 2012 | E | 28.00 | PL | 33,37 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Steinfeldt and Steinfeldt [84] | 2012 | A | 0.00 | US | 19.53 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Harrison et al. [85] | 2011 | A | 0.00 | US | NR | 1993 | 10 | M |
Kissinger et al. [86] | 2011 | A | 0.00 | US | NR | 1993 | 10 | M |
Samuel and Tenenbaum [87] | 2011 | M | 37.28 | US | 21.20 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Sturm et al. [88] | 2011 | A | 35.64 | US | 20.00 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Steinfeldt et al. [89] | 2011 | A | 0.00 | US | 19.39 | 2001 | 7 | r |
Gapin and Petruzello [90] | 2011 | R | 50.84 | US | 35.88 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Visek et al. [91] | 2010 | A | 0.00 | US, CN | 20.00 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Chen et al. [92] | 2010 | A | 37.50 | US | 20.00 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Lau et al. [93] | 2010 | Y | 48.69 | CN | 10 to 12 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Mateos et al. [94] | 2010 | E | 51.43 | SI | 21.63 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Packard [95] | 2010 | E | 51.57 | ES | 21.40 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Caudroit et al. [96] | 2010 | I | 0.00 | FR | 23.00 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Steinfeldt and Steinfeldt [97] | 2010 | I | 0.00 | US | 15.74 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Steinfeldt et al. [98] | 2010 | A | 0.00 | US | 19.70 | 1993 | 10 | r |
Maxwell and Visek [99] | 2009 | M | 0.00 | CN | NR | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Groff et al. [100] | 2009 | M | 50.00 | US | 18.00 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Kokaridas et al. [101] | 2009 | E | 0.00 | GR | 30.20 | 1993 | 10 | r |
Steinfeldt et al. [102] | 2009 | A | 0.00 | US | 19.47 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Mateos et al. [103] | 2008 | E | 51.43 | SI | 21.63 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Mignano et al. [104] | 2006 | A | 100.00 | US | 19.28 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Phoenix et al. [105] | 2005 | M | 49.16 | UK, CA | 20.00 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Albion and Fogarty [106] | 2005 | A | 50.00 | AU | 16.50 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Lau et al. [107] | 2004 | Y | 50.00 | GB | 12.54 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Tasiemskie et al. [108] | 2004 | M | 38.69 | GB | 44.50 | 2001 | 7 | M |
Grove et al. [109] | 2004 | A | 100.00 | AU | 16.83 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Schmid and Seiler [110] | 2003 | E | NR | DE | 25.30 | 2001 | 7 | M, r |
Kornspan and Etzel [111] | 2001 | A | 31.27 | US | 19.38 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Horton and Mack [112] | 2000 | R | 25.42 | US | 40.81 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Martin [113] ^ | 1999 | E | 47.37 | GB, IE, US | 16.20 | 1993 | 9 | M, r |
Lantz and Shroeder [114] | 1999 | A | 48.38 | US | 20.00 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Hale et al. [115] | 1999 | E | 44.62 | GB, US | 18.32, 19.59 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Smith et al. [116] | 1998 | M | 26.79 | GB | 32.70 | 1993 | 10 | r |
Wiechman and Williams [117] | 1997 | I | 56.00 | US | 15.00 | 1993 | 10 | M |
Murphy et al. [118] | 1996 | A | 40.05 | US | NR | 1993 | 10 | M |
Martin et al. # [6] | 1995 | E | 47.37 | GB, IE, US | 16.20 | 1993 | 9 | M, r |
Cornelius [119] | 1995 | R | 54.77 | US | 20.08 | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Brewer et al. study 1 [4] | 1993 | M | 50.00 | US | NR | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Brewer et al. study 3 [4] | 1993 | I | 0.00 | US | NR | 1993 | 10 | M, r |
Effect Size Statistics | Publication Bias Statistics | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | k | n | M (SE) | 95% CI | Z-value | I2 | Fail-Safe n | Trim n | M [95% CI] |
AIMS | 165 | 20,498 | 4.77 (0.08) | 4.62, 4.92 | 62.49 | 99.62 | >1000 | 19 | 4.61 [4.47, 4.76] |
Exclusivity | 22 | 3976 | 4.53 (0.20) | 4.12, 4.93 | 21.90 | 98.55 | >1000 | 0 | No adjustment |
Neg. Affectivity | 21 | 3916 | 4.92 (0.21) | 4.52, 5.33 | 23.79 | 98.63 | >1000 | 4 | 4.70 [4.28, 5.12] |
Self-Identity | 4 | 1187 | 4.13 (0.11) | 3.92, 4.33 | 38.98 | 72.97 | >1000 | 1 | 4.07 [3.86, 4.27] |
Social Identity | 23 | 4116 | 5.24 (0.15) | 4.94, 5.53 | 34.62 | 98.32 | >1000 | 2 | 5.14 [4.80, 5.47] |
Scale | Category | k | n | M (SE) | 95% CI | QTB | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AIMS | Elite | 38 | 3209 | 5.13 (0.15) | 4.83, 5.42 | ||
Advanced | 64 | 8687 | 5.01 (0.11) | 4.78, 5.23 | |||
Intermediate | 29 | 3466 | 4.94 (0.17) | 4.60, 5.27 | |||
Recreational | 15 | 2343 | 3.49 (0.24) | 3.02, 3.95 | |||
Youth | 10 | 1290 | 3.32 (0.29) | 2.75, 3.89 | 64.09 | <0.001 |
Effect Size Statistics | Publication Bias Statistics | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlate | k | n | r | 95% CI | Z | I2 | Fail-Safe n | Orwin’s n | Trim n | Mean [95% CI] |
Positive correlates with | ||||||||||
AIMS | 52 | 6901 | 0.22 | 0.12, 0.31 | 4.46 ** | 96.41 | >1000 | 109 | 12R | 0.31 [0.22, 0.38] |
Exclusivity | 12 | 2902 | 0.19 | −0.10, 0.44 | 1.30 | 98.48 | 961 | 29 | 3L | 0.05 [−0.31, 0.41] |
Neg. Affectivity | 13 | 3115 | 0.16 | −0.06, 0.35 | 1.44 | 97.59 | 638 | 26 | 4R | 0.26 [0.10, 0.41] |
Self-Identity | 2 | 57 | 0.37 | 0.16, 0.55 | 3.37 ** | 31.90 | Not enough data to run analysis | |||
Social Identity | 11 | 2845 | 0.31 | 0.03, 0.54 | 2.17 * | 98.51 | >1000 | 43 | 2R | 0.36 [0.14, 0.54] |
Negative correlates with | ||||||||||
AIMS | 45 | 3318 | 0.17 | 0.11, 0.22 | 5.69 ** | 83.46 | >1000 | 44 | 0 | No adjustment |
Exclusivity | 10 | 472 | 0.04 | −0.10, 0.18 | 0.57 | 83.62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | No adjustment |
Neg. Affectivity | 10 | 763 | 0.10 | −0.03, 0.22 | 1.52 | 82.61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | No adjustment |
Self-Identity | 5 | 236 | −0.06 | −0.25, 0.13 | −0.61 | 81.91 | 0 | 0 | 0 | No adjustment |
Social Identity | 10 | 519 | −0.02 | −0.16, 0.12 | −0.30 | 83.51 | 0 | 0 | 2L | −0.09 [−0.22, 0.05] |
Effect Size Statistics | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor Category | Correlate | k | n | r | 95% CI | Z-Value | I2 |
Positive | Intrinsic motivation, commitment | 6 | 2442 | 0.51 | 0.24, 0.71 | 3.50 ** | 97.66 |
Positive | Mastery, task goal orientation | 4 | 761 | 0.39 | 0.25, 0.51 | 5.13 ** | 72.35 |
Positive | Introjected, identified regulations | 3 | 492 | 0.35 | 0.24, 0.44 | 6.13 ** | 61.23 |
Negative | Ego, win goal orientation | 4 | 761 | 0.31 | 0.21, 0.41 | 5.67 ** | 47.12 |
Negative | Amotivation, external regulation | 4 | 562 | 0.18 | −0.08, 0.42 | 1.36 | 87.86 |
Positive | Positive affect, emotions, feelings | 16 | 2486 | 0.16 | 0.07, 0.24 | 3.62 ** | 81.47 |
Negative | Neg. affect, emotions, feelings | 17 | 2012 | 0.16 | 0.06, 0.27 | 2.97 * | 84.92 |
Negative | Body issues | 20 | 1116 | 0.14 | 0.11, 0.17 | 8.39 ** | 47.12 |
Positive | Self-esteem, worth, competence | 23 | 3645 | 0.13 | 0.04, 0.21 | 2.97 * | 86.09 |
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Lochbaum, M.; Cooper, S.; Limp, S. The Athletic Identity Measurement Scale: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis from 1993 to 2021. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2022, 12, 1391-1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12090097
Lochbaum M, Cooper S, Limp S. The Athletic Identity Measurement Scale: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis from 1993 to 2021. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2022; 12(9):1391-1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12090097
Chicago/Turabian StyleLochbaum, Marc, Sydney Cooper, and Sara Limp. 2022. "The Athletic Identity Measurement Scale: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis from 1993 to 2021" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 12, no. 9: 1391-1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12090097