The Changes of Flavonoids in Honey during Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Honey Samples
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. HPLC-DAD Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source of Variation | n | Total Flavonols | Total Flavanons | Total Flavones | Σ Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Honey type | p ≤ 0.01 † | p = 0.07 ‡ | p ≤ 0.01 † | p ≤ 0.01 † | ||
Acacia Honey | 20 | 1.07 ± 0.14 b | 0.70 ± 0.10 a | 0.73 ± 0.09 b | 2.50 ± 0.28 b | |
Multifloral Honey | 20 | 2.60 ± 0.14 a | 0.97 ± 0.10 a | 1.58 ± 0.09 a | 5.15 ± 0.28 a | |
Shelf life | p ≤ 0.01 † | p ≤ 0.01 † | p ≤ 0.01 † | p ≤ 0.01 † | ||
1 month | 8 | 1.58 ± 0.22 b | 0.42 ± 0.16 b | 0.66 ± 0.15 b | 2.65 ± 0.45 c | |
3 months | 8 | 2.38 ± 0.22 a | 0.79 ± 0.16 b | 1.18 ± 0.15 c | 4.34 ± 0.45 b | |
6 months | 8 | 2.57 ± 0.22 a | 1.43 ± 0.16 a | 1.64 ± 0.15 a | 5.63 ± 0.45 a | |
9 months | 8 | 1.14 ± 0.22 b | 0.84 ± 0.16 b | 0.95 ± 0.15 b,c | 2.92 ± 0.45 c | |
12 months | 8 | 1.52 ± 0.22 b | 0.72 ± 0.16 b | 1.36 ± 0.15 a,c | 3.59 ± 0.45 b,c | |
Honey type by Shelf life | p = 0.28 ‡ | p = 0.30 ‡ | p = 0.66 ‡ | p = 0.52 ‡ | ||
Acacia Honey | 1 month | 4 | 0.98 ± 0.31 a | 0.13 ± 0.23 a | 0.24 ± 0.21 a | 1.34 ± 0.63 a |
3 months | 4 | 1.37 ± 0.31 a | 0.70 ± 0.23 a | 0.70 ± 0.21 a | 2.76 ± 0.63 a | |
6 months | 4 | 1.56 ± 0.31 a | 1.44 ± 0.23 a | 1.21 ± 0.21 a | 4.21 ± 0.63 a | |
9 months | 4 | 0.70 ± 0.31 a | 0.88 ± 0.23 a | 0.71 ± 0.21 a | 2.29 ± 0.63 a | |
12 months | 4 | 0.77 ± 0.31 a | 0.35 ± 0.23 a | 0.81 ± 0.21 a | 1.92 ± 0.63 a | |
Multifloral Honey | 1 month | 4 | 2.18 ± 0.31 a | 0.71 ± 0.23 a | 1.08 ± 0.21 a | 3.97 ± 0.63 a |
3 months | 4 | 3.38 ± 0.31 a | 0.87 ± 0.23 a | 1.67 ± 0.21 a | 5.92 ± 0.63 a | |
6 months | 4 | 3.58 ± 0.31 a | 1.41 ± 0.23 a | 2.06 ± 0.21 a | 7.04 ± 0.63 a | |
9 months | 4 | 1.58 ± 0.31 a | 0.79 ± 0.23 a | 1.20 ± 0.21 a | 3.56 ± 0.63 a | |
12 months | 4 | 2.27 ± 0.31a | 1.09 ± 0.23a | 1.91 ± 0.21a | 5.26 ± 0.63a | |
SAMPLE MEAN | 40 | 1.83 ± 0.10 | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 1.16 ± 0.07 | 3.83 ± 0.20 |
Source of Variation | Total Flavonols | Total Flavanons | Total Flavones | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Quercetin | Galangin | Luteolin | Kaempferol | Hesperetin | Pinocembrin | Chrysin | Apigenin | ||
Honey type | p ≤ 0.01 † | p = 0.05 ‡ | p ≤ 0.01 † | p ≤ 0.01 † | p ≤ 0.01 † | p = 0.97 ‡ | p = 0.51 ‡ | p ≤ 0.01 † | ||
Acacia Honey | 20 | 0.20 ± 0.02 b | 0.55 ± 0.10 a | 0.10 ± 0.03 b | 0.22 ± 0.06 b | 0.06 ± 0.02 b | 0.64 ± 0.10 a | 0.44 ± 0.06 a | 0.29 ± 0.05 b | |
Multifloral Honey | 20 | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 0.82 ± 0.10 a | 0.39 ± 0.03 a | 0.86 ± 0.06 a | 0.34 ± 0.02 a | 0.64 ± 0.01 a | 0.50 ± 0.06 a | 1.08 ± 0.05 a | |
Shelf life | p = 0.06 ‡ | p ≤ 0.01 † | p ≤ 0.01 † | p = 0.49 ‡ | p ≤ 0.01 † | p ≤ 0.01 † | p ≤ 0.01 † | p ≤ 0.01 † | ||
1 month | 8 | 0.37 ± 0.04 a | 0.60 ± 0.15 a,b | 0.18 ± 0.04 a,b | 0.42 ± 0.09 a | 0.14 ± 0.02 b | 0.28 ± 0.16 b | 0.18 ± 0.10 b | 0.47 ± 0.08c | |
3 months | 8 | 0.45 ± 0.04 a | 0.98 ± 0.15 a | 0.33 ± 0.04 a | 0.62 ± 0.09 a | 0.16 ± 0.02 b | 0.62 ± 0.16 a,b | 0.44 ± 0.10 b | 0.74 ± 0.08 b | |
6 months | 8 | 0.49 ± 0.04 a | 1.15 ± 0.15 a | 0.29 ± 0.04 a | 0.63 ± 0.09 a | 0.21 ± 0.02 a | 1.22 ± 0.16 a | 0.84 ± 0.10 a | 0.80 ± 0.08 b | |
9 months | 8 | 0.18 ± 0.04 a | 0.35 ± 0.15 b | 0.10 ± 0.04 b | 0.51 ± 0.09 a | 0.27 ± 0.02 a | 0.56 ± 0.16 a,b | 0.52 ± 0.10 a,b | 0.43 ± 0.08 c | |
12 months | 8 | 0.33 ± 0.04 a | 0.34 ± 0.15 b | 0.33 ± 0.04 a | 0.51 ± 0.09 a | 0.21 ± 0.02 a | 0.51 ± 0.16 b | 0.37 ± 0.10 b | 0.99 ± 0.08 a | |
Honey type by Shelf life | p = 0.73 ‡ | p = 0.29 ‡ | p = 0.06 ‡ | p = 0.97 ‡ | p = 0.04 † | p = 0.19 ‡ | p = 0.76 ‡ | p = 0.08 ‡ | ||
Acacia Honey | 1 month | 4 | 0.24 ± 0.05 a | 0.51 ± 0.21 a | 0.07 ± 0.06 a | 0.16 ± 0.13 a | 0.06 ± 0.03 a | 0.07 ± 0.23 a | 0.06 ± 0.14 a | 0.17 ± 0.11 a |
3 months | 4 | 0.27 ± 0.05 a | 0.68 ± 0.21 a | 0.15 ± 0.06 a | 0.27 ± 0.13 a | 0.06 ± 0.03 a | 0.64 ± 0.23 a | 0.42 ± 0.14 a | 0.27 ± 0.11 a | |
6 months | 4 | 0.29 ± 0.05 a | 0.82 ± 0.21 a | 0.15 ± 0.06 a | 0.29 ± 0.13 a | 0.06 ± 0.03 a | 1.39 ± 0.23 a | 0.90 ± 0.14 a | 0.31 ± 0.11 a | |
9 months | 4 | 0.11 ± 0.05 a | 0.34 ± 0.21 a | 0.06 ± 0.06 a | 0.18 ± 0.13 a | 0.08 ± 0.03 a | 0.80 ± 0.23 a | 0.51 ± 0.14 a | 0.20 ± 0.11 a | |
12 months | 4 | 0.12 ± 0.05 a | 0.40 ± 0.21 a | 0.07 ± 0.06 a | 0.18 ± 0.13 a | 0.05 ± 0.03 a | 0.30 ± 0.23 a | 0.31 ± 0.14 a | 0.49 ± 0.11 a | |
Multifloral Honey | 1 month | 4 | 0.51 ± 0.05 a | 0.69 ± 0.21 a | 0.30 ± 0.06 a | 0.68 ± 0.13 a | 0.23 ± 0.05 b | 0.48 ± 0.23 a | 0.30 ± 0.14 a | 0.78 ± 0.11 a |
3 months | 4 | 0.63 ± 0.05 a | 1.29 ± 0.21 a | 0.50 ± 0.06 a | 0.97 ± 0.13 a | 0.27 ± 0.05 b | 0.61 ± 0.23 a | 0.46 ± 0.14 a | 1.20 ± 0.11 a | |
6 months | 4 | 0.69 ± 0.05 a | 1.48 ± 0.21 a | 0.44 ± 0.06 a | 0.97 ± 0.13 a | 0.36 ± 0.05 a | 1.05 ± 0.23 a | 0.78 ± 0.14 a | 1.28 ± 0.11 a | |
9 months | 4 | 0.24 ± 0.05 a | 0.36 ± 0.21 a | 0.14 ± 0.06 a | 0.83 ± 0.13 a | 0.46 ± 0.05 a | 0.33 ± 0.23 a | 0.53 ± 0.14 a | 0.66 ± 0.11 a | |
12 months | 4 | 0.54 ± 0.05 a | 0.29 ± 0.21 a | 0.59 ± 0.06 a | 0.84 ± 0.13 a | 0.36 ± 0.05 a | 0.73 ± 0.23 a | 0.42 ± 0.14 a | 1.48 ± 0.11 a | |
SAMPLE MEAN | 40 | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.07 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.54 ± 0.04 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.64 ± 0.07 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.69 ± 0.04 |
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Šarić, G.; Vahčić, N.; Bursać Kovačević, D.; Putnik, P. The Changes of Flavonoids in Honey during Storage. Processes 2020, 8, 943. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8080943
Šarić G, Vahčić N, Bursać Kovačević D, Putnik P. The Changes of Flavonoids in Honey during Storage. Processes. 2020; 8(8):943. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8080943
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠarić, Goran, Nada Vahčić, Danijela Bursać Kovačević, and Predrag Putnik. 2020. "The Changes of Flavonoids in Honey during Storage" Processes 8, no. 8: 943. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8080943