On the Degradation of 17-β Estradiol Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- 17β-estradiol can be efficiently destroyed from mixtures urine/methanol. This removal is simultaneous with the removal of uric acid and leads to the formation of other organic species that behave as intermediates. This opens the possibility of using a concentration strategy based on the adsorption of pollutants using granular activated carbon and their later desorption in methanol, at a much higher concentration. Despite methanol being a well-known radical scavenger, the electrolysis is found to be very efficient and, in the best case, current charge lower than 7 kAh·m−3 is enough to completely deplete the hormone from urine.
- Increases in the operation current density lead to faster but less efficient removal of the 17β-estradiol. Increases in the operation flowrate do not markedly affect the efficiency in the removal, indicating that the process is not mass transport controlled and that mediated oxidation plays a very important role.
- Degradation of 17β-estradiol and uric acid can fit first order models. However, in the case of 17β-estradiol, two zones are clearly discerned. In the first the removal is faster and it can be explained in terms of the lack of competition with the oxidation of intermediates or, alternatively/simultaneously, with the oxidation of the solubilized 17β-estradiol as it is contained in solution in the form of micelles and solubilized.
- Degradation of 17β-estradiol is favoured with respect to that of uric acid at low current densities and at high flowrates. In those conditions, direct oxidation processes on the surface of the anode are promoted. This means that these direct processes can have a higher influence on the degradability of the hazardous species and opens the possibility for the development of selective oxidation processes, with a great economic impact on the degradation of the hazardousness of hospitalary wastewater.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Structure | Concentration/mg·L−1 |
---|---|---|
Calcium phosphate | 28.34 | |
Diammonium phosphate | 83.34 | |
Sodium carbonate | 166.67 | |
Magnesium sulphate | 170 | |
Potassium chloride | 1000 | |
Uric acid | 50 | |
Creatinine | 166.67 | |
Urea | 3333.34 |
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Maldonado, S.; Rodrigo, M.; Cañizares, P.; Roa, G.; Barrera, C.; Ramirez, J.; Sáez, C. On the Degradation of 17-β Estradiol Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes. Processes 2020, 8, 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8060710
Maldonado S, Rodrigo M, Cañizares P, Roa G, Barrera C, Ramirez J, Sáez C. On the Degradation of 17-β Estradiol Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes. Processes. 2020; 8(6):710. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8060710
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaldonado, Sandra, Manuel Rodrigo, Pablo Cañizares, Gabriela Roa, Carlos Barrera, Javier Ramirez, and Cristina Sáez. 2020. "On the Degradation of 17-β Estradiol Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes" Processes 8, no. 6: 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8060710